Drill: Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced at -23oC under 83.1 kPa pressure when

5.1 g of ammonia is decomposed.

AP CHM HW•Read Chapter 7

•Review PP-15

Bonding

Types of Bonds•Ionic

•Covalent

•Metallic

Metallic Bonds•Electrons are shared by many atoms

•Electrons free to move

•Two or more metals

Metallic Compounds•Generally high MP

•Hard & lusterous

•Less brittle

•Conductors

Metallic Bonds•No debate about metallic bonds

•Easy to identify

•Will not be discussed

Ionic Bonds•Electrons are transferred from one atom to another creating (+) & (-) ions

•Metal & nonmetal

Ionic Compounds•Held together by electrostatic charge

•Very high MP

•Brittle

Covalent Bonds•Electrons are shared by two atoms

•Two nonmetals

•Weaker than ionic

Covalent Compounds•Low MP

•Two nonmetals

•Flexible

•Some exceptions

Network Covalent or

Macromolecules•VHMP

•Extremely hard

Molecule•Any compound

that can exist as an entity by itself

Distinguishing Bonds•Distinguishing ionic & covalent bonds can be difficult, but generally determined by differenceelectronegativity

Bonds Types•Ionic

•Polar covalent

•Non polar covalent

Bond Types• Ionic: EN > 1.5-1.8

• Covalent: EN < 1.5-1.8

• Polar Covalent: 0.5<EN<1.5

• Non polar covalent :EN< 0.5

• Nothing is absolute

Coordinate Covalent Bonds

• A covalent bond in which the two electrons

are donated by one atom

Classify Bonds•Na-F H-Cl

•C-O Mg-O

•Fe-Fe

Dipole•Polar bonds

•Polar molecules

DipoleH F+ -

Ionic Bonding

-

+

Covalent Bonding

Occurs when electron orbitals

overlap

Homework•Work problems 47, 49, & 51 on pages 204 & 205

List & describe the three types

of bonds

OrbitalsOn the board

Max 2 e- per orbital

Hybridization•When s, p, and/or d orbitals (electron clouds) mix to make a new type of multi-lobed orbital

Hybrid Orbitals•sp dsp3

•sp2 d2sp3

•sp3

Homework•Work problems 53, 55, 57, & 59 on page 205

Drill: List 5 types of hybrid orbitals,

then give the geometric shapes &

bond angles

Electron Cloud Repulsion

• In molecules each electron cloud repels other clouds enough to spread as far apart as possible

VSEPR•Valance Shell Electron Pair Repulsion

•Electron pairs repel each other to spread out as much as possible

Bonding OrbitalsType Hybrid VSEPR• 2 lobes sp AX2

• 3 lobes sp2 AX3

• 4 lobes sp3 AX4

• 5 lobes dsp3 AX5

• 6 lobes d2sp3 AX6

Look at the diagrams on pages 186 & 190

to see diagrams of the VSEPR theory or

hybridization theory.

VSEPR Orbitals

Bonding Orbital Shape• 2 lobes: Linear 180o

• 3 lobes: Trigonal planar 120o

• 4 lobes: Tetrahedral 109.5o

• 5 lobes: Hexahedral 120&180o

• 6 lobes: Octahedral 90&180o

Drill: Calculate the density SO2 at 47oC under 83.1

kPa Pressure:

CHM II HW•Read: Chapter 7

•Problems: 7, 10, 35, & 37

•Page: 300 & 301

Types of Bonds•Ionic

•Covalent

•Metallic

Draw the Bonding Electron Dot

Diagrams for Each Element

Bonding Electron Dot Diagrams

•Electron dot diagrams that go through 4 singles before any electrons are paired up

1A: 1 single2A: 2 singles3A: 3 singles4A: 4 singles 5A: 1 pair & 3 singles6A: 2 pair & 2 singles7A: 3 pair & 1 single8A: 4 pair

Drill: Equate each of the following:

sp3 AX2 2 lobes

sp AX3 4 lobes

dsp3 AX4 6 lobes

sp2 AX5 3 lobes

d2sp3 AX6 5 lobes

Lewis Dot Diagrams

•Representation of valence electrons and bonds in a molecule or polyatomic ion

Drawing LDDsDraw the bonding electron dot

diagram for each element in the molecule with the element with the most unpaired e- near the center

Drawing LDDs• If there is more than one carbon, connect the carbons by connecting single dots between one carbon & another

Drawing LDDs• Connect a single dot on

one atom to a single dot on another (never two on the same atom)(never connect one dot to more than one other dot)

Drawing LDDs•Repeat connecting the dots until all singled dots are connected making sure to obey the octet rule if possible

Drawing LDDs• Recognize polyatomic ions

•H2CO3: CO3-2 is a

polyatomic ion; thus, the three Os must connect to the C

Drawing LDDs•Redraw the molecule neatly making sure to include all dots

Draw LDDs for:•BeCl2 H2O

•BF3 C2H6

•CH4 C3H6

•NH3 CH2O

AP Homework•Work problems 1 & 19 on pages 202 & 203

Chm II Homework•Work problems 9, 10, 35, & 37 on page 301

Lab 07 on Atomic & Molecular

Orbitals will be done tomorrow.

Drill: Draw the LDD for:

C4H8

H2CO3

Drill: Draw LDDs for:•H2C2O4

•C4H6

Coordinate Covalent BondA covalent bond in which both electrons are donated by one

atom

Draw LDDs for:

SO4-2

SO2

AP CHM HW•Work problem 23 on page 203.

CHM II HW•Work problem 36 & 41 on page 301.

Resonance Structures

Equally valid Lewis Dot Diagrams for molecule

or polyatomic ion.

OO N O

OO N O

-1 -1

Draw LDDs:HNO3

C4H5NO

Drill: Draw LDDs for:

•PH3 PO3-3

•HCN C4H8O

Expanded Octets•Sometimes atoms can be surrounded by more than 8 electrons

• Columns 5A-8A

If more atoms are bound to the central

atom than its unpaired electrons,

then split some paired electrons

Example: 5 things bound to P

P P

HintWhen drawing expanded LDDs for polyatomic ion, adjust the charge of the central atom

Draw LDDs for:

•PH5

•SCl5-1

Homework•Work problem 4, 6, 31, 41, 51, & 53 on page 203 - 205.

Drill: Draw LDDs:

•SiF6-2

•XeF4

Drill: Draw LDDs:

• ICl3

• IF4+1

Drill: Draw LDDs:

•P3O10-5 SCl5

-1

•K2SO4 C5H8O

Draw LDDs for:

CO2 H2O

CO3-2

C2H6O

Homework•Work problem 33 & 35 on page 204

•Predict all

Draw LDDs for:

•PO4-3 P2O7

-4

•K2SO4 C5H8O

Drill: Draw LDDs for:

C4H6O SCl2

C3H6O2 SiOF2

Draw LDDs for:BeH2 AlCl3 SO2

CF4 NH3 H2O

Hybridizations

•sp 2 lobes

•sp2 3 lobes

•sp3 4 lobes

Bond Angles

•sp ~180o

•sp2 ~120o

•sp3 ~109.5o

Sigma Bonds()• End to end orbital overlap

• All single bonds are sigma bonds

• All multiple bonds contain one sigma bond

Pi Bonds ()•Side by side orbital overlap

•Multiple bonds contain bonds

Multiple Bonds•Double: 1 & 1

•Triple: 1 & 2

AP Homework•Work problems 67, 71 on page 205

AP Homework•Problem 17 & 19

Page 203

Drill: Predict the type hybridization & VSEPR type for central atoms

containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 lobes of electron clouds

Drill: Draw LDDs for:

H2SO4 SCl4

C3H6O2 XeF3-1

Molecular Orbital Theory• Count valence e-s• Draw orbital diagram (s & p e-s)• Draw bonding & anti-bonding Os• Fill in the chart with total # of e-s• Add the total bonding &

antibonding orbital to get bond order

X Y

2p_ _ _

2s_

_ _ _2p

_2s

Each line represents an orbital that can contain up to two electrons

X Y

2p_ _ _

2s_

_ _ _2p

_2s

2p _ _ _ anti-bonding

2p _ _ _ bonding2s _ anti-bonding

2s _ bonding

Determine the Bond Order of N2

•Each N has 5 valence e-s

•The total valence e-s = 10

N N

2p_ _ _

2s_

_ _ _2p

_2s

2p _ _ _

2p _ _ _2s _

2s _

N N

2p_ _ _

2s_

_ _ _2p

_2s

2p _ _ _

2p _ _ _2s _

2s _

N N

2p_ _ _

2s_

_ _ _2p

_2s

2p _ _ _

2p _ _ _2s _

2s _

N N

2p_ _ _

2s_

_ _ _2p

_2s

2p _ _ _

2p _ _ _2s _

2s _

N N

2p_ _ _

2s_

_ _ _2p

_2s

2p _ _ _

2p _ _ _2s _

2s _

N N

2p_ _ _

2s_

_ _ _2p

_2s

2p _ _ _

2p _ _ _2s _

2s _

N N

2p_ _ _

2s_

_ _ _2p

_2s

2p _ _ _

2p _ _ _2s _

2s _

N N

2p_ _ _

2s_

_ _ _2p

_2s

2p _ _ _

2p _ _ _2s _

2s _

N N

2p_ _ _

2s_

_ _ _2p

_2s

2p _ _ _

2p _ _ _2s _

2s _

N N

2p_ _ _

2s_

_ _ _2p

_2s

2p _ _ _

2p _ _ _2s _

2s _

N N

2p_ _ _

2s_

_ _ _2p

_2s

2p _ _ _

2p _ _ _2s _

2s _

4 bonding –1 antibonding

Bond Order of N2 = 3

Determine the bond order of:

H2 He2 O2

F2 CO Xe2

Drill: Draw the LDD & predict all for:

SO4-2

SCl4

Intermolecular Forces• Weak temporary

attractions between atoms from one molecule to another or another part of a larger molecule

Intermolecular Forces• Hydrogen-bond

• Dipole-dipole

• Dipole-induced dipole

• London dispersion forces

Hydrogen Bond• Strongest of the

intermolecular forces

• Occurs when H is bound to one highly EN element & connects to another

Dipole-Dipole•When two polar molecules connect

Dipole-Induced Dipole

•When a polar molecule gets near a non-polar one, it induces the non-polar one to become polar; thus, they connect

London Dispersion• Instantaneous attraction

for fractions of seconds in which non-polar molecules connect

• Very weak force

Draw Lewis Dot Diagram for:

ICl5

Determine: bond s, hybridization, VSEPR, & shape

Drill: Draw the bonding electron dot diagrams

for one element in each of the columns that go to the top of the chart.

Identify as ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds

Na-Cl Fe-CrS-Cl H-Cl

Mg-S C-CN-O Fe-Fe

Draw LDDs for:

HONO H3PO4

CO2 C3H4O2

Draw LDDs & Predict All for:

CF4 NH3

BF3 CO2

SeCl4 XeF4

Draw LLDs & Predict All For:

H3PO4 ICl5

IF3 CO

SeCl4 C4H6O2

Draw LDDs & predict VSEPR, Hybridization,

bond s, & shape of:

XeF4 SCl4

XeO4

List & describe the four types of intermolecular

forces

Draw Lewis Dot Diagrams of:

C4H5NO2