drainage basins, river discharge, and flooding - · pdf filelongitudinal profile down the...
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Drainage basins, river discharge, and flooding
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Concept of a drainage basin
Figure 5.7
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Drainage basin: All water flows out B
Also knownas a watershed
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Longitudinal profile down the river
Figure 5.7b
Bedrock or braided
Meandering
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Downstream changes in channel geometryUpstream
Downstream
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How much water? Measuring discharge
Discharge: The volume of water per unit timeUSGS uses cubic feet per second
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USGS stream gage network
Real-time data: www.USGS.gov
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A standard USGS river gage station
Continuous recordof water height
which is STAGE,in feet above a referenceelevation
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Gage instruments
Staff gage
Old school
Modern electronic
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A HYDROGRAPH: Record of a flood event
But note that the X axis is discharge, not stage
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Getting from stream height to discharge
A local example:
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Current meter
USGS technicianmakes a series of measurementsacross the stream
Repeated visits atdifferent stages
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Measurements of flow rate across the stream
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Ottawa River at the University of Toledo
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Big rivers andhigh flow
This can get dangerous
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The Stage – Discharge Relationship
Figure 5.D
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Break point for discharge measurements
Flood spills out of the channel
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A discharge rating curve
Compiled from LOTS of individual measurements
NOTE
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Stage-discharge measurements
The Blanchard River near Findlay
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Maumee River at Waterville
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Maumee River at Waterville
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Determining flood recurrence intervals
Figure 5.E
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As a flood moves downstream
Figure 5.18a
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As a flood moves downstream
Figure 5.18b
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A different way of looking at the same data
Figure 5.18c
Discharge per unit areaof the drainage basin
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Figure 5.35aMassive rainfall inthe entire drainagebasin
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Figure 5.26a
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Important Concept:Reservoir volumeand retention time
Figure 5.26
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Watershed land use and discharge
Hardwood forest
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Tallgrass prairie
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Mixed prairie with wooded riparian zone
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Mixed forest riparian zone
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Hardwood swamp on a floodplain
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Agricultural fields Does season matter?
Does soil type matter?
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Important point: It’s not just about water run-off
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Impervious surfaces and engineered drainage
text
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Where does the water go?How fast does it get there?
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Figure 5.25
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Mixed land use
text
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Mixed land use
text
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Suburban lawns
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Storm drains
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Storm drains / storm sewersCommonly have direct
outflow into a waterway
Comment: Surface runoff from Seattle metro area into Puget Sound
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Separated sewer system
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Municipalsewagetreatment
Removesdebris,sediments,organic matter,chemicals,nutrients
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Combinedseweroverflow
CSO
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text
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Combined vs separate sewer systems
Separate
Combined
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CSO’s in Toledohttp://www.toledowaterwaysinitiative.com/
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CSO’s in ToledoThe 15-year series of improvements to upgrade the City’s aging sewer system is expected to cost more than $450 million. Funding for the program will come from an incremental increase of sanitary sewer rates over the next 15 years.