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GREGOR MENDEL MEIOSIS

MENDEL, GENETICS, MEIOSIS AND GENE TECHNOLOGY

Name: ______________________

Period: ____

Teacher: ___________________

PUNNETT SQUARES GENE TECHNOLOGY: DNA FINGERPRINTING

STUDENT UNIT PLAN LEARNING TARGETS: MEIOSIS, GENETICS and GENE TECHNOLOGYVOCABULARY TERMS: Meiosis Genotype HomozygousDominant Recessive Phenotype Purebred

Hybrid Heterozygous Allele Chromosome Punnett Square Monohybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross offspring Co-Dominance Incomplete Dominance Sex-Linked traits

Crossing OverMendelian Genetics Law of Independence Law of Segregation Non-disjunctionHomologous Genetic variability Sexual Reproduction Sex Cells (gametes)DNA Fingerprinting Genetic Modifications Karyotype Gregor Mendel Learning Targets: Assignments Stock Questions Level of

Understanding after discussion and assignments: or

1. I recognize the significance of meiosis to reproduction.

Why is it important for the gametes (sex cells) to divide?

How do Mitosis and Meiosis Compare? Contrast?

2. I can explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous; dominant and recessive; and phenotype and genotype.

What is the difference between an inherited and an acquired characteristic?

3. I can predict the possible outcomes of various genetic combinations when used in monohybrid and dihybrid crosses (Punnett Squares).

What is the only way a recessive trait can be expressed.

4. I can explain what a non-disjunction is and its affects.

Why is it important for the homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis?

5. I can predict the outcomes of incomplete dominance, co-dominance and sex-linked punnett squares.

6. I can describe how gene technology such as DNA Fingerprinting, Gene Splicing and Karyotyping are used to study the genomes of organisms.

Why is DNA Fingerprinting important to scientists?

7. I can read and explain how DNA Fingerprinting (electrophoresis) works to give scientists information about an organism’s genome

How is a DNA Fingerprintmade?

8. I can explain how gene modifications are used to study and treat genetic disorders.

Why is it important that genes can be manipulated?

9. I can explain how gene modifications are used to study and treat genetic disorders.10. I can interpret karyotypes to identify genetic disorders

Mendel and Genetics Notes:

Gregor Mendel : known as _______________________________________________.

Laid the foundations for the ___________________________________ through his study of

____________________________________ patterns of _______________ in pea plants.

WHAT IS HEREDITY (INHERITANCE)? It is the ___________________________________________ from _______________________________

or from one generation to the next.

Genes are the ___________________ instructions that define our traits/characteristics.

HOW ARE GENES INHERITED?

Humans have 2 sets of ___________________________ for a total of 46 chromosomes. Each

______________________ contributes only 1 set of chromosomes to their child.

When a sperm cell (23 chromosomes) and an egg cell (23 chromosomes) join during

______________________________, it results in a _________________ (46 chromosomes).

WHAT IS A TRAIT? A trait is the ___________________________________________________________

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF TRAITS?

______________________________ Traits are those traits that can be seen such as eye or hair color.

_______________________________ Traits demonstrate the way one acts/behaves such as “the fetching

behavior of a golden retriever”.

PHENOTYPE: is another word for ____________________________ it describes how someone

looks. Examples of phenotypes are: __________________________________________________

WRITE FOUR PHENOTYPES THAT DESCRIBE YOU: ________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________.

GENOTYPE is the __________________________________________ of an organism’s traits that are

represented by letters. (GG, Gg or gg). GENOTYPE CODES FOR PHENOTYPE!

REMEMBER: Mom gives you have your genes and Dad gives you the other half of your genes.

SPERM + EGG = YOU

Together, these 2 _____________ (one from mom and one from dad) represent your _________________.

Each _____________ is represented by ______________________. EXAMPLE: GG or Gg or gg.

Tall

ShortIMPORTANT VOCABULARY AND EXAMPLES:

Gene __________________________________________________________

Allelle _________________________________________________________

EXAMPLES:

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Dominant Allele:________________________________________________

It is always expressed using a _______________________ letter (T,G,C….)

Recessive Allele:________________________________________________

It is always expressed using a ____________________ letter (t,c,g…)

Homozygous: When both alleles are the _____________________. (TT or tt)

Heterozygous: When both alleles are _______________________. (Tt, Bb)

Mendel’s Principal of Dominance states when there is a _________________

allele and a ______________________________ allele inherited together, the

______________________________ allele will ALWAYS be ________________.

PRACTICE: Use the vocabulary above to fill in the blanks:

HH, Hh and hh are ______________________ BB or bb are _______________________ alleles

Tall, Short, Thin are _____________________ Bb means ________________________ alleles

DD, TT, BB, are _______________________ traits Height, Color of Hair…identifies the ________

dd, tt, bb are _________________________ traits Short, Blonde…… identifies the ____________

SHOULD THIS DOG BE CALLED SPOT?Imagine this microscopic drama. A sperm cell from a male dog fuses with an egg cell from a female dog. Each dog’s gamete carries 39 chromosomes. The zygote that results from the fusion of the gametes contains 78 chromosomes – one set of 39 chromosomes from each parent. One pair of the zygote’s chromosomes is shown below.

Chromosome from the female dog

Chromosome from the male dog

Each chromosome of the homologous pair contains alleles for the same traits. But one chromosome may have a dominant allele and the other may have a recessive allele. Use the drawing above and the table below to answer the questions.

TRAIT Dominant Gene Recessive GeneHair length Short (L) Long ( l )

Hair Texture Wiry (T) Silky ( l )Hair Curliness Curly (H) Straight ( h )Coat Pattern Spotted (A) Solid ( a )

1. Will the new puppy have a spotted coat? _________ Explain why or why not:

2. Does the female dog (mother) have a spotted coat? ______ Explain how you know this:

_________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

3. Does the male dog (dad) have a spotted coat? _______ Explain how you know this:

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

4. What will be the texture of the puppy’s coat? ________________________________________

5. Will the texture of the puppy’s coat resemble that of either of its parents? ___________

L TT

h A

l l

T H a a

Explain how you know this: _______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Will the puppy have curly hair or straight hair? ________________________________________

7. a. Does the female dog have curly hair? ____________________________________________

b. Does the male dog have curly hair? _____________________________________________

8. a. Define the term heterozygous: ________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

b. For which traits is the puppy heterozygous? _____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

9. a. Define the term homozygous ______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

b. For which traits is the puppy homozygous? __________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

10. Explain why you cannot completely describe the puppy’s parents even though you can accurately describe

the puppy. ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Dragons are a curious type of creature. Amazingly, though, their genetics is very similar to that of humans. Hagrid, the Gamekeeper at Hogwarts, wishes to develop a herd of dragons for his Care of Magical Creatures class. Unfortunately, he only has two dragons as of now. The purpose of this activity is to determine what kinds of dragons Hagrid will have in his herd when (and if) his two dragons decide to mate. Interestingly, dragons make good tools for the investigation of genetics and meiosis

My Baby Dragon’sGenotypes and Phenotypes

Trait Genotype(Symbols for

Alleles)

Phenotype(Appearance)

Neck size

Body color

Spikes? (on end of tail or not on end of tail)

Eye color

Number of toes

Horn? (present or absent)

Fire breathing?

Belly color

Color of spikes

Freckles?

Tail length

Color of wings

GenderEar frills present or

MY BABY’S FIRST PICTURE

In rabbits, the gene for black (B) fur is dominant over the gene for white fur (b). Write the genotype and phenotype for the following table.

GENOTYPE PHENOTYPEHeterozygous

Homozygous Dominant

Homozygous Recessive

1. The pair of letters that represent the genes of an organism is called the __________.

2. The description of the trait by gene expression (such as black fur or white fur) is called the ______________.

3. A capital letter (B) represents the gene as ____________________________________________.

4. A lower case letter (b) represents the gene as ________________________________________.

5. Genes that are alike in an organism are called _______________________________________.

6. Genes that are different in an organism is called _____________________________________.

Circle the correct answer:

7. Bb is (circle one) : homozygous or heterozygous?

8. BB is (circle one): homozygous or heterozygous?

9. bb is (circle one): homozygous or heterozygous?

10. B is (circle one): dominant or recessive?

11. b is (circle one): dominant or recessive?

12. Bb is the genotype or phenotype?

13. Black is the genotype or phenotype?

14. White is a genotype or phenotype?

15. BB is a genotype or a phenotype?

16. bb is a genotype or a phenotype?

WHEN IN DOUBT PUNNETT!!BIOLOGY 1

DIRECTIONS: Work the following problems using the Punnett squares provided below and be sure to show ALL your work to include the genotype and phenotype results.

18. Cross a homozygous tall (A) plant 19. Cross a heterozygous blue (B) plant with a homozygous short ( a ) plant. homozygous red (b) plant.

Cross: ____________ X ______________ Cross: ____________ X __________

Genotype %: ________ Genotype %: _______Phenotype %: ________ Phenotype %: ______

_

20. Cross two heterozygous smooth (H) 21. Cross a homozygous Blue plant with leaved plants (h will be rough) a heterozygous Blue plant.

Cross: __________ X ___________ Cross: __________ X __________

Genotype % _____ Genotype %

Phenotype % _____ Phenotype % _____

22. Cross a heterozygous yellow (G) 23. Cross a homozygous smooth leaved seeded plant with a green (g) plant (R) with a rough (r) leaved plant.

seeded plant.

Cross: _______ X _________ Cross: _________ X _________

Genotype % ______ Genotype % _______

Phenotype % ______ Phenotype % ______

Here are some more Punnett Squares for practice. Remember your definitions for the following problems:

_____ 1. Genes of an organism that are alike a. Dominant

_____ 2. Covers a weaker gene b. Recessive

_____ 3. An organism that has different genes c. Genotype

_____ 4. The actual genetic make-up of an organism d. Phenotype

_____ 5. The physical appearance of an organism e. Homozygous

_____ 6. A weaker gene that can be covered. F. Heterozygous

Punnett Practice: Assign capital letter G to be the DOMINANT gene and lowercase g as the recessive gene for every punnett square.

REMEMBER: GG OR gg is Homozygous and Gg is Heterozygous. G is dominant and g is recessive.

Green hair is DOMINANT over pink hair

G will represent the dominant gene

g will represent the recessive gene

1. Homozygous Dominant X Homozygous Dominant: _____________X___________

Genotype %: ________________

Phenotype %: _______________

MORE PUNNETT PRACTICE !!!!!!

2. Homozygous Dominant X Homozygous Recessive: _________ X _________

3. Heterozygous X Heterozygous: ___________ X ____________

4. Heterozygous X Homozygous Recessive: ___________ X __________

5. Homozygous Recessive X Homozygous Recessive: __________ X __________

Genotype %: ________________

Phenotype %: _______________

Genotype %: ________________

Phenotype %: _______________

Genotype %: ________________

Phenotype %: _______________

Genotype %: ________________

Phenotype %: _______________

Use the chart to identify the genotypes of the following traits and to solve the following problem:

Trait Dominant gene Recessive GeneBody Shape Squarepants (A) Roundpants (a)Body Color Yellow (B) Blue (b)Eye Shape Round ( R) Oval (r)Nose Style Long (L) Stubby (l)

6. Heterozygous round eyes, blue body _____________________________ 7. Hybrid (Heterozygous) eye shape, purebred (Homozygous) roundpants __________________________ 8. Purebred (Homozygous) roundpants, Hybrid (heterozygous) long nose _____________________

SpongeBob’s Aunt Betty, who is a roundpants, has a cute, stubby nose. She has finally found the sponge of her dreams and is ready to settle down. Her new boyfriend, Tommy, always comments on how adorable her nose is (he says it reminds him of his mother’s – awwww isn’t that sweet?) They wonder what the chances are that their children would have a stubby nose like Betty. Tommy is a purebred squarepants but is a hybrid for a long nose.

9. What is the genotype of Aunt Betty and Tommy? __________ x _________Aunt Betty = roundpants, stubby nose Tommy = Purebred Squarepants, long nose

Genotype ratio: ______________________________

___________________________________________

Phenotype ratio: _____________________________

____________________________________________

Using the dihybrid cross to the right, answer the following questions:

1. What is the cross for this dihybrid?

___________ x ____________

2. What are the chances of offspring being heterozygous

for both traits? _________

3. What are the chances of offspring being homozygous

for long tails? __________

4. What are the chances of the offspring being

homozygous for being submissive and

defeated? ____________

5. What are the chances of the offspring being without

tails? ___________

6. What is the genotypic ratio of this dihybrid?

__________________________________

7. What is the phenotypic ratio of this dihybrid?

_____________________________________

Using the diagram to the right, answer the following questions:

1. What 2 traits do you think are being crossed?

________________________________________

________________________________________

2. What is the genotypic ratio illustrated in this dihybrid

cross? ____________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

3. What is the phenotypic ratio illustrated in this dihybid

cross? ____________________________________

__________________________________________

_________________________________________

OTHER PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE OF GENES

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

Alleles for _____________ traits are distributed to _____________ (& offspring) ____________________ of one another.

Sex-Linked Traits: A trait that is determined by a gene on a _________ chromosome (usually the ___ chromosome).

Examples of Sex Linked Traits: ______________________, __________________ & __________________________

Females must receive __________________________ in order to express the trait. Females with 1 affected X are called

__________________. Males that receive _____________ from their mother expresses the trait.

Practice: Cross a colorblind mother with a father who has normal vision. Give the expected phenotypic and genotypic ratios of the offspring.

Key: _____________________________________________ Cross: __________ x __________

Polygenetic Traits “___________________”; Many __________ are controlled by more than one gene; have a _____________________ for

________________. Example: _______________________________________

Multiple Allele Genes that have more than ____ alleles. For example: ________________ - there are _____ possible alleles for this gene.

Practice: Cross a female who has Type A blood (AA) with a male who has Type O Blood (ii)

Key: _____________________________________________ Cross: ____________ X ______________

Genotypic Ratio: _________________________________

Phenotypic Ratio: ________________________________

Genotypic Ratio: ______________________

Phenotypic Ratio: _____________________

PRACTICE WORKSHEET FOR OTHER PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE:

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Neither allele has “______________” dominance over the other; _______________________________ is a _________ of

the 2 homozygous phenotypes

Ex: ____________________

R = red W = white RW = _________

Practice: Cross a red (R) snapdragon with a White (W) snapdragon. Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

Key: R = red flower W = white flower Cross: RR x WW

Genotypic Ratio: __________________________________

Phenotypic Ratio: _________________________________

Practice: Cross a pink snapdragon with a red snapdragon. Give the expected phenotypic and genotypic ratios.

Key: __________________________ Cross: _________________________

Genotypic Ratio: __________________________________


CODOMINANCE Both alleles _____________ dominance and are always _______________ if present. Ex: _______________________ B = black feathers W = white feathers BW = ____________________ feathers

Practice: Cross a black (B) chicken with a white (W) chicken. Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.Key: BB = black feathers WW= white feathers Cross: BB x WW

Genotypic Ratio: __________________________________


Practice: Cross two black and white feathered chickens. Give the expected phenotypic and genotypic ratios of the offspring.

Key: ___________________________________ Cross: _______________________

Genotypic Ratio: __________________________________


CROSS: A man with normal vision marries and has children with a woman who is a carrier of the colorblindness allele. What percentage of their offspring would be colorblind?

CROSS: A normal blooded male marries and has children with a woman who is a carrier of the hemophilia allele. What percentage of their offspring will have hemophilia?

CROSS: A colorblind male marries and has children with a woman who is a carrier of the colorblind allele. What percentage of their offspring will have hemophilia?

SEX-LINKED PUNNETT SQUARES:

CROSS: ___________________ X ____________________

Genotype %: ________________________________________

Phenotype %: _______________________________________

CROSS: ___________________ x _________________________

Genotype %: ___________________________________________________

Phenotype %: __________________________________________________

CROSS: ___________________ x _________________________

Genotype %: __________________________________________

Phenotype %: __________________________________________

CROSS: In Andalusian fowls, Black individuals (B) and White individuals (W) are homozygous. Fill in the blanks below and do the punnett square. Be sure to show all of your work.

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE PUNNETT SQUARES:

A homozygous black bird is crossed with a homozygous white bird. The offspring produced are bluish-gray.

Genotypes: Black bird = _______ White bird = ______ Offspring = _______

CROSS: What results if a black fowl is crossed with a bluish-gray fowl? Show all your work.

Cross: _______ x _________

SpongeBob and his pal Patrick love to go jellyfishing at Jellyfish Field. The fields are home to a special type of green jellyfish known as Goobers and only really great fishermen are lucky enough to catch some on every trip. Many of the jellyfish are yellow (YY) or Blue (BB) but some end up green.

What would happen if SpongeBob and Patrick crossed two Goobers?

Cross: _______ x ________

CO-DOMINANCE PUNNETT SQUARES:

Brad Pitt is homozygous Type B blood while Angelina Jolie is Type o blood. What are the possible genotype and phenotype % of their offspring?

Cross: ________ x ________

Genotype %: ______________________________________

Phenotype %: ______________________________________

Genotype %: _____________________________

Phenotype %: ___________________________________________________

What % offspring would be yellow? ______What % offspring would be blue? _______What % offspring would be Goobers? ________

MEIOSIS (CELL DIVISION OF GAMETES)

MEIOSIS: a process by which the ____________ of homologous chromosomes per cell ____________

by ________ the number and is referred to as ______________ cells or (n).

Meiosis only happens in __________________ (sex cells – ______________ of ____________)

What are homologous chromosomes?A ___________________pair of chromosomes, one from the___________________ & one from the ______________________________.

What is a Diploid Cell?A cell that contains ________complete sets of _______________________________ chromosomes and is said to be _________________________ or _________. __________________ (body cells) are diploid cells.

What is a Haploid Cell?A cell that contains _____complete set of __________________________________ . These are called ______________________ or ________ cells (egg or sperm)

There are 2 distinct divisions of meiosis: ____________ and ______________ which result in 4 ___________ ________________ cells with “n” number of chromosomes.

Each chromosome pairs with its ______________________________ homologous chromosome to form a structure called a _______________________. There are 4 ______________________ ina tetrad.

As homologous chromosomes pair up, they exchange ______________________ information in a process called _____________________________ over producing new combinations of alleles which account for ___________________________________ among species.

Gamete Formation in Meosis:

HUMAN SPERM + HUMAN EGG = FERTILIZTION WHICH RESULTS IN HUMAN ____________.

MITOSIS MEIOSISType of Cells SomaticExamples of Cells Skin, Blood, HeartNumber of

Chromosomes (2n)

Where in body found?

All over the body

# of times goes through Cytokinesis

Once

MITOSIS VS. MEIOSIS:

BIOTECHNOLOGY

What is Biotechnology? the use of living systems and organisms to ___________________ or _______________________________. It can also be any technological application such as ________________, ___________________________________ (DNA fingerprinting) and ___________________ that uses biological systems and living organisms to ___________ or _____________ products or processes for specific use.

• Artificial Selection: Earliest form of biotechnology that has been used in ________________ and _______________. Its purpose is to produce _____________________ traits. There are 2 types of artificial selection:

1. ____________________ 2. ____________________(aka hybridization)

• Inbreeding: Crossing 2 organisms with ________________________.Purpose: __________________ desirable traits in the same line of organismsRisks: Can cause ________________ _____________ (rr) traits to beexpressed such as deafness, blindness, joint deformations.

• Outbreeding: Crossing 2 organisms from ___________________ species (genotypes). This is also known as “____________________”. It ____________ causes _______________ but can also be used toconserve ___________________________ species and increase _________________ and _____________ in plants and animals.

• Genetic Engineering: Technique(s) used to _______________ or _____________________ genes at the molecular level.

• Many uses such as: determining ___________________, identifying a __________________ of a particular ____________ for a particular disorder, etc. One technique is _______________________________ used to make a pattern called a “DNA Fingerprint”.

• DNA Fingerprinting: an __________________ of ______________ of _____ that have little or no known function in order to identify one individual from another.

• Cloning: A process used to ________________ an organism that is an _________________________________________ of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two (like identical twins).

• Genetically Modified Foods: Also known as __________________ Plants, food that have been genetically engineered for many reasons such as faster _____________, _____________________ to pathogen and production of extra ____________________.

• Gene Splicing: A process used to take ________________ genes from one organism and _____________ them into another organism.

DNA FingerprintingGo to this Website: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/body/create-dna-fingerprint.html

What item was disturbed in Jimmy’s room? _______________________________________________________

What DNA evidence was left behind at the crime scene to test? ________________________________________

What is electrophoresis? ______________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

What charge does DNA have?___________________________________________

What charge is it attracted to?___________________________________________

What size fragment moves easily through the agarose gel? ____________________________________________

By moving the DNA band over the suspects, determine who committed the crime. __________________________

In what ways is it like actual fingerprinting and in what ways is it different? ________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

GENE TECHNOLOGY WORKSHEET:

Build a corn plant gene that is resistant to insects.

Corn Spliced Gene Corn

Build a strawberry gene that is resistant to freezing temperatures.

Strawberry Spliced Gene Strawberry

A farmer decides to grow roses WITHOUT thorns. Create a thornless rose.

Cut along this dotted line

Create a new gene segment by cutting the organism DNA and gluing in the new gene.

Organism Genes

Corn: Color Yellow Insect Resistance

Strawberry: Color Red Cold Resistance

Rose: Color Green

SELF QUIZ

Thor

1. Which of the following accurately identifies all the possible combinations of genes in the offspring of two parents who are heterozygous for the gene with a dominant form (R) and a recessive form (r).

A. rr onlyB. RR onlyC. Rr and rr onlyD. RR, Rr, and rr only

2. The process of DNA fingerprinting allows scientists to study organisms by doing which of thefollowing?

A. Analyzing DNA left behind in the oily residue of fingerprintsB. Making images of sequences of DNA from individual organismsC. Breaking open an individual's cells to release the DNA fragmentsD. Matching of base sequences in the DNA sample with that of finger cells

3. Which statement best describes the significance of meiosis to sexual reproduction?

A. It produces haploid gametes, with half the number of chromosomes.B. It creates organisms with better adaptability to the environment.C. It allows all types of cells to produce two sets of identical chromosomes.D. It produces up to eight haploid cells, each with 46 chromosomes.

4. If a corn plant has a genotype of Ttyy, what are the possible genetic combinations that could result in a single grain of pollen from this plant?

A. Ty, tyB. TY, tyC. TY, Ty, tyD. Ty, ty, tY, TY

5. Which statement below best describes genetic modification?

A. It is a method of identifying proteins of particular DNA sequences.B. It is the replacement of a set of chromosomes of an individual with another.C. It is a technique used to compare DNA sequences of one individual to another.D. It is the insertion of a gene from one organism into a host genome.

6 In fruit flies, the gene for eye color is located on the X chromosome, and the red eye allele (R) is dominant over the white eye allele (r). A female fly with genotype XRXr is mated with a male fly with genotype XrY. Which statement below best describes the expected outcome of this cross?

A. XrY = 0%B. XRY = 25%C. XrXr = 50%D. XRXR = 100%

7. In certain rose plants, white roses (W) and red roses (R) are incompletely dominant to one another. When a red rose is crossed with a white rose, a pink rose(RW) will result. What is the probability of producing more pink roses from two pink parents?

A. 0%B. 25%C. 50%D. 100%

8. The gene for tallness (T) in a pea plant is dominant over the gene for shortness (t). The Punnett square below shows the cross between two tall pea plants (Tt). What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring produced as a result of the cross?

A. 1:2:1B. 9:3:3:1C. 3:1D. 2:1

9. Nondisjunction is an error that occurs during meiosis when a gamete does not receive a copy of one chromosome. Which technique can be used to reveal this abnormality?

A. DNA fingerprintingB. Gel electrophoresisC. KaryotypingD. Genetic modification

10. During meiosis, genetic recombination results because –

A. chromosomes assort independently, and crossing-over occursB. genes from different species can freely mix togetherC. gene mutations occur more frequently than at other timesD. cells divide only once, resulting in genetically identical cells

11. What is the probability that a yellow (Y) and wrinkled pea (r) will appear from a cross of Yyrr x YyRr?

A. 3/8B. 1/2C. 3/4D. 7/8

dragons are a curious type of creature. amazingly, though ...€¦ · web viewsolid ( a ) will...

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