dragon advanced training course in atmosphere remote ... · dragon advanced training course in...
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 1
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Basics on the atmosphere
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 2
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Overview• Climate and enhanced greenhouse effect• Stratosphere
– Background ozone chemistry– Polar ozone depletion – the ozone hole
• Troposphere– Ozone formation and destruction– Ozone budget– Air pollution
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 3
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Atmospheric temperature distribution
Composition
N2 (~80%) and O2 (~20%)
trace gases < 0.03 % essentialrole in radiation budget and atmospheric chemistry
•
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 4
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Temperature distribution: radiative balance earth-atmosphere system
Incoming solar radiation342 Wm-2
Reflected solar radiation102 Wm-2 (circa 30%)
Outgoing infrared radiation 240 Wm-2Te = 255 K, A = 0.30With atmosphere, Ts = 288 K, 15 C Difference 33 K due to natural greenhouse effect
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 5
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Climate, climate changes due to natural variability and externalcauses
1. Vulcanic eruptions
2. Solar activity
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 6
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSINGIncrease of greenhouse gasesThe greenhouse effect
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 7
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Temperature on earth has increased globally
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 8
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Increase of temperature in last decades mainly caused by enhanced greenhouse effect
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 9
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSINGRadiative forcing
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 10
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Where in the atmosphere is the ozone?
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 11
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
What is ozone?
OxygenAtom (O)
OxygenMolecule (O2)
OzoneMolecule (O3)
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 12
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
How ozone is formed?
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 13
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Why is the ozone layer important?
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 14
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSINGUV-radiation DNA-damage
Skin cancer
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 15
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
How is ozone distributed over the world?
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 16
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Life is due to the ozone layer and the ozone layer is due to life
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 17
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSINGThe ozone hole aboveAntarctica
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 18
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Ozone destruction above the North pole
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 19
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Ozone destruction at the north- and south polar region
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 20
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Ozone destruction
emissions accumulation transport
removal Chemicalreactions
transformation
Uitstoot Ophoping Transport
Omzetting
Chemische reactie
Verwijdering
CFC’s
Wat is hetozongat?
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 21
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Emissions
Ozonafbraak
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 22
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Polar stratospheric ozoneWhere do Cl and Br come from?
Stable compounds (CFCs) are photolyzed by UV in the stratosphere
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 23
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Accumulation
Ozonafbraak
CFC’s are inert in the troposphere
Long lifetime (~100 Year)
Total amount
“effective chlorine”
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 24
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Transport
Ozonafbraak
yearly ca. 5% of all air exchanged between the
the troposphere and the stratosphere
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 25
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
transformation
Ozonafbraak
In the stratosphere CFC’s are destructed through the intense UV-radiation producing Cl and ClO
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 26
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Chemical reactions
Ozonafbraak
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 27
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Removal
Ozonafbraak
By the atmospheric circulation Cl is transported from the stratosphere to the troposphere;
By clouds and precipitation Cl is removed from the atmosphere.
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 28
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
How is the ozone hole created?Necessary:
1) Low temperature (< -78 ºC); → polar stratospheric clouds
2) Chlorine
3) Sunlight
This happens at the end of the polar winter
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 29
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Polar stratospheric ozone Role of PSCsCl and Br in stable reservoirs: HCl, ClONO2 , BrONO2 and HBr.
But on polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs):
ClONO2solid+ HClsas Cl2gas + HNO3solid
Cl2 + hν 2Cl sunlight !
PSCs form at sufficiently low T as ice or NAT (HNO3.3H2O)
Detailed microphysics still not completely understood!
Reformation of the reservoirs after PSCs re-evaporate:HNO3 + hν NO2 + OH
ClO + NO2+ M ClONO2 + M
Re-evaporation may occur after sedimentation !
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 30
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSINGThe future of the ozone layer
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 31
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
The future of the ozone layer: CFC’s
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 32
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Observed temperature trend (1961-96)
Troposphere is warming up, butOzone layer is cooling!
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 33
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Global mean temperature in the stratosphere,1960-2000
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 34
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Causes cooling stratosphere-lower part: mainly increase in ozone-upper part: mainly increase in greenhouse gases
20 km
30 km
50 km
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 35
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Hence:More greenhouse gases →lower temperature stratosphere →more polar stratospheric clouds →more ozone destruction above polar regions → delay in recovery of the ozone layer
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 36
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Tropospheric ozone increase related to emissions
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 37
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Tropospheric ozone budget
23.6 daysLifetime344 TgBurden
508 Tg/yrInflux from stratosphere
720 Tg/yrSurface deposition
212 Tg/yrNet chemical production
4594 Tg/yrChemical loss
4806 Tg/yrChemical production
TM resultsProcess
Zonal mean ozone (ppbv)
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 38
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Air Pollution: Global Tropospheric NO2 from SCIAMACHY
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 39
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Spatio-temporal variability
tropospheric NOx is high
EMEP emissions
SCIAMACHY cloud-free 2003
Model 2003
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D2 – L1 Basics about the atmosphere - Hennie Kelder 40
DRAGON ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE IN ATMOSPHERE REMOTE SENSING
Summary
• Overview of the enhanced greenhouse effect• Introduction to the stratosphere
- Background ozone chemistry– Polar ozone depletion – the ozone hole
• Tropospheric composition– Ozone budget– Ozone in a changed climate– Air pollution