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Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Architecture + Planning 11.334/4.264 - Advanced Workshop in Landscape + Urbanism (3-0-9G) Professor: Alan Berger, Fadi Masoud Spring 2016 - Fridays 12-3PM, Rm. 10-485

Down-zones Boston Resiliency Districts Masoud (2015) MIT Center for Advanced Urbanism INVESTIGATING RESILIENCY ON RECLAIMED LAND ADVANCED WORKSHOP IN LANDSCAPE + URBANISM Description: This workshop explores the relationships between landscape, ecology, and urbanism, and the theories, tactics, and workings of the field of Landscape Urbanism. Rather than solely qualifying it as a practice-based discipline, it conceives of Landscape Urbanism as an intellectual re-alignment of landscapes role in urbanization processes. A wide array of multi-disciplinary topics is presented through weekly lectures, readings, and guest speakers. Students will conduct group research that identifies future work for the field. Topics will vary from year to year as Landscape Urbanism evolves. This year we question Landscape Urbanisms ability to deal with issues of resiliency and climate change adaptation. At the front lines of coastal vulnerability are sites built on reclaimed land. The workshop positions these artificially constructed (and imperiled) districts as opportunities for reconsidering urbanisms relationship with dry ground, as well as an opportunity to interrogate hard-engineered infrastructures hegemonic authority over coastal defense. It further examines the ability of ecological and landscape frameworks in redirecting flux (and gradients of wet to dry) as physical agents in shaping 21st century urbanism.

DRAFT

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Course Objectives: The first objective of this course is to rethink the relationships between landscape, urbanism, and planning. Working within a myriad of texts from within, and out outside of the discipline, a broader acknowledgment for landscape as a robust medium of urbanization will be presented. We will also be retrospectively analyzing some of the disciplines most canonical texts (such as the Landscape Urbanism Reader, Large Parks, and Drosscape) in light of their ten-year publication anniversary. The second objective is to establish the link between coastal urban expansion and the physical terrain it occupies. By associating the act of artificial land creation (terra-forming, land-reclamation), larger indeterministic environmental forces at play (erosion, waves, wind, currents..etc..), and city building (provision of infrastructure, buildings, open space.. etc.), we diametrically impart the relationship between landscape and urbanism. Additionally we will assess and evaluate the sustainability, resiliency, durability, and robustness of select projects built on reclaimed land. Will explore sites such the Back Bay Fens in Boston, Flamengo Park in Rio, Battery Park in New York, Spartly Islands in the South China Sea, Yas and Palm Islands in the UAE, Songdo Incheon in South Korea, and the Leslie Street Spit in Toronto. The third objective is to critique and evaluate contemporary design competitions, discourse, and precedents as they deal with issues of urban coastal resiliency. By exploring a handful of competitions such as Rebuild By Design, Rising Currents, and Waterfront Toronto, we will extract a set of landscape driven frameworks and guidelines that maybe adopted for future transformation of sites built on reclaimed land. CLASS STRUCTURE Weekly sessions are structured as follows: 1 to 2 hour lectures introducing contemporary practice, theory and criticism of a weekly topic; about 1 hour (the remaining time) is reserved for discussion and group meetings. Guest lecturers are invited throughout the semester to share expertise on landscape + urbanism topics. Please refer to the Schedule of Topics regarding lecture information. Readings: The readings are broken into weekly topics covering a wide spectrum of disciplinary thought. The purpose of this categorization is not to become experts in all the given subjects, but to become acquainted with some of the fields most foundational and relevant themes. Weekly topics are not to be viewed in isolation from each other, but rather as a cumulative contaminating or cross-pollinating of ideas. Summaries: Students are responsible for individually reading 25 pages per week of their choosing from the bibliographic materials in the reader. For example, if a selection from the required reading list is only 3 pages in length, you must find another reading(s) that is minimally 22 pages long. You are encouraged to read more than 25 pages/week as your schedule permits. Each student must then produce a single page summary / response to those readings. Each student is required to hand in a printed copy of their summary at the beginning of class. Summaries are to be two pages double spaced (approx 500 words). Please place your name on the summary. Discussions: We will discuss ideas from lectures and readings in forum style, with selected students leading the discussion and debate. It is paramount that students come prepared each week with a detailed summary of required readings and a series of questions for group discussions. Participation is absolutely encouraged and necessary for the success of this course. In the spirit of lively debate and divergent interests, we encourage all students to develop their own polemical stance on the issues covered in the readings. It will not be enough to simply read, comprehend, and regurgitate the words of each author. We expect to hear your viewpoint, agreeable or not, to the author's thesis or statement.

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SCHEDULE OF TOPICS: Week 1 Feb. 5 Unpacking Landscape + Urbanism Alan Berger + Fadi Masoud Introduction + Discussion of research project Week 2 Feb. 12 Contemporary Resilient Design+ Sites on the Third Condition Fadi Masoud - Precedent - Site selection w/groups Modeling + Dynamic Representation Workshop I Matthew Spremulli MIT Center for Advanced Urbanism Week 1 Feb. 19 Islands and Atolls Luis Callejas LCLA Office, Harvard University Modeling + Dynamic Representation Workshop II Matthew Spremulli MIT Center for Advanced Urbanism Week 4 Feb. 26 Landscape as Infrastructure Landscape as Power Pierre Blanger OPSYS, Harvard University Week 5 Mar. 4 Systemic Thinking, Ecological Process, Emergence and Representation Alan Berger Week 6 Mar. 11 Group Student Presentations (Part I Due) Week 7 Mar. 18 Resiliency Districting Alan Berger + Michael Wilson Week 8 Mar. 25 No Class, Spring Break Week 9 Apr. 1 Future of Suburbia Conference MIT Center for Advanced Urbanism Media Lab Week 10 Apr. 8 The Climax End-State Fallacy Fadi Masoud Week 11 Apr. 15 Urban Ecology The Organismal Approach Peter del Tredici Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University Week 12 Apr. 22 Revisiting the Valley Section The Geologic and Geographic Fadi Masoud Week 13 Apr. 29 Ten Years Later - is Landscape Urbanism? Alan Berger Week 14 May 6 Final Student Presentations (Part I + II Due) Week 15 May 13 Final Graphic Reports Due

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Spartly (Artifical) Islands Urbanization as Territory in the Sea http://i.imgur.com/oKF1Snd.jpg - http://www.fyjs.cn/ SEMESTER GROUP PROJECT This is semester-long visual and analytical research investigation to be presented in lecture and report format. Each group is to select (three ) sites from two different categories*. Each team is to also select (three ) resilient design competition entries to evaluate and study.* No two groups may select the same site, or same competition. Over the span of the semester, groups will document the development and evolution of each project / district. Using a class-wide pre-set template, teams will illustrate the progression of each site, and trace it back from its current condition (2016) to its original hydrological state (pre-infill) - to be presented in the mid-review. For the second half of the semester, students will forecast, depict, and animate various environmental forces (sea level rise, wave action, currents, erosion, windetc.) affecting their chosen sites. Using the competition precedents, lectures, and reading materials, teams will create a landscape-urbanism based resiliency strategy and a set of projective and informed guidelines / recommendations for the future of their coastal sites. The research must yield various quantitative and qualitative matrices and indices to assess the quality, value, and durability of each project. These indices will assess the cultural, economic, ecological, and structural significances of their sites over time. Teams must aim for a highly articled piece of criticism to be presented in a report and lecture format. Previous knowledge of graphic / Modeling software and GIS is highly recommended but not required. We will provide limited workshops and assistance for the completion of the course-work. *Number of sites depending on class size and number of participants

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SITES BUILT ON RECLAIMED LAND: The process of large-scale land reclamation (creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lakebeds by importing rock, sand, cement and gravel) has been a part of urban expansion and transformation ever since the 16th century. At times deemed necessary and systematically linked to the provision of land use, as well as broader hydrological and infrastructural networks, such as the case of Dutch polders. In others land reclamation is a real estate driven and speculative practice that results in outlandish formal developmental schemes. The following is a non-exhaustive list of sites and projects built on reclaimed land. Student teams must select one project from three of the categories to document and analyze for the term project. Student teams may select one site that is not on the list with approval from the instructors. *Highly recommended sites Claiming Territory The following projects are / were deemed critical on a national and/or regional scale:

Notre-Dame Island and Expo67 Site - Montreal Flevopolder and Beemster - The Netherlands* Toronto Islands and Leslie Street Spit - Toronto Spartly Islands - South China Sea Making Real-Estate The following projects are developer driven and create instantaneous urbanism:

Manama Pearl Waterfront Bahrain Palm Islands and Dubai Waterfront - UAE Al Reem Island, Yas, Lulu Islands - Abu Dhabi, UAE Songdo - Incheon, South Korea* Jurong Island - Singapore Molding Novel Urban Districts: The following projects are acclaimed districts that serve as extensions to historic cores:

Abandoibarra Etorb Bilbao, Spain Aker Bryggne and Tjuvholmen Oslo, Norway Hammarby Sjostad Stockholm, Sweden* Borneo Sporenburg Amsterdam, The Netherlands Transforming Brownfields: The following projects use landscape urbanism as a framework to transform post-industrial infill:

Toronto Waterfront, Lake Ontario Park, and Lower Donlands Toronto* Darling Harbour and Brangaroo Reserve - Sydney Battery Park City and Chelsea Piers - New York Brooklyn Bridge Park and DUMBO - New York Preserving Historical Junctures: The following infill projects enabled significant cultural districts to emerge:

Back Bay Fens and the Emerald Necklace Boston* MIT- Kendall Square and Cambridge Port - Cambridge Flamengo Park - Rio de Janeiro Miami Beach or Key West Florida From Blue-Collar to Brown Water : The following suburban industrial brownfield sites are essential regional economic engines:

North Greenwich, Silvertown, and North Woolwich - East London, England Minamihamacho, Nishinomiyahama and Fukaehamamachi, Osaka - Japan Port of Rotterdam -The Netherlands Prescot and Emeryville Oakland, California Parco San Giuliano and Triestina Mestre Venice, Italy*

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GRAPHIC TEMPLATE: A consistent and mandatory graphic template for all drawings and posters will be made available to students. This is meant to streamline the publication post-production process. Adobe Illustrator and InDesign packages will be given to the teams at the start of the semester. Please see link below for Part I and Part II Templates as well as attachment https://www.dropbox.com/sh/4ejn2d4oe7uqv28/AADS0-ziAMt_0WQpBzmMapbca?dl=0 Please see link below for Part III Resilient Precedent Research Poster Template https://www.dropbox.com/sh/0y4oiyf36tqz20z/AADAwvurm8btkFdqfnLueKZ7a?dl=0

Evaluation and Grading: Grades will be based on the following distribution: Class participation and attendance 25% Reading summaries 25% Terminal presentation and project 50% READINGS: Week 1 Feb. 5 Unpacking Landscape + Urbanism Alan Berger Introduction + Discussion of research project Please prepare a list of 3 characteristics that you feel differentiates Landscape Urbanism (as described by our authors) from established planning and design fields (Planning, Landscape Architecture, Architecture, Urban Design). We will develop a more comprehensive list using your findings. Class Readings: Allen, Stan. Infrastructural Urbanism in Points + Lines: Diagrams for the City (New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999): 46-89. Berger, Alan. The Production of Waste Landscape and Post-Fordism: Waste Landscape through Accumulation in Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America (NewYork: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006): 46-52, 53-75 Corner, James. 2006 Terra Fluxus Published in The Landscape Urbanism Reader Ed. Charles Waldheim New York: Princeton Architectural Press, pp. 21-33. Frampton, Kenneth. 1995. Toward an Urban Landscape in Columbia Documents of Architecture and Theory, Volume 4. pp. 83-93. Girot, Christophe. Immanent Landscape. Harvard Design Magazine, Spring - Summer 2013. http://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/issues/36/immanent-landscape. Koolhaas, Rem. 1998. What Ever Happened to Urbanism? S,M,L,XL. New York: Monacelli. pp. 961-971. Shane, Graham. 2003. The Emergence of Landscape Urbanism in Harvard Design magazine Fall 2003/Winter 2004. Swaffield, Simon, and Jacky Bowring. Shifting Landscapes In-Between Times. Harvard Design Magazine, Spring - Summer 2013. http://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/issues/36/shifting-landscapes-in-between-times. Waldheim, Charles. 2006. Landscape as Urbanism Book Chapter Published in The Landscape Urbanism Reader Ed. Charles Waldheim New York: Princeton Archi tectural Press, pp. 35-54. Waldheim, Charles. Design / Agency / Territory: Provisional Notes on Planning and the Emergence of Landscape. Edited by Neyran Turan. New Geographies 0, no. 0 (2008): 614.

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Week 2 Feb. 12 Contemporary Resilient Design Precedents Sites on the Third Condition Fadi Masoud Precedent / Site selection w/groups Modeling Workshop + Dynamic Representation I Matthew Spremulli Discuss Readings from Week 1 Autin, Gary. Green Infrastructure for Landscape Planning: Integrating Human and Natural Systems. 1 edition. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2014. Chapter 7 8: green Infrastructure networks pg.128-172 Cantrell, Bradley E., and Justine Holzman. Responsive Landscapes: Strategies for Responsive Technologies in Landscape Architecture. Routledge, 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=TZX4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PR4&dq=Bradley+Cantrell+and+Justine+Holzman:+Responsive+Landscapes&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjpy8SU0cXKAhUEhYMKHdCNCKAQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=Bradley%20Cantrell%20and%20Justine%20Holzman%3A%20Responsive%20Landscapes&f=false. Cowles. Empower: Visualizing Ecosystem Infrastructure, Pamphlet Earth: A Global Live Map of Wind, Weather, and Ocean Conditions. Accessed January 25, 2016. http://earth.nullschool.net/. Hoeksema, R. J. Designed for Dry Feet: Flood Protection and Land Reclamation in the Netherlands /. Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers, c2006. Marsh, William. Landscape Planning: Environmental Applications. 5 edition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010. Chapter 15 Shoreline Processes, Sand Dunes, and Coastal Management: pg 281- 300 Chapter 16 Sun Angles, Solar Heating, and Environment: pg 303 318 NASA MSFC Earth Science Office, Live Atmospheric Information http://weather.msfc.nasa.gov/sport/modeling/# http://weather.msfc.nasa.gov/GOES/ Picon, Antoine. Substance and Structure II: The Digital Culture of Landscape Architecture. Harvard Design Magazine, Spring Summer 2013. http://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/issues/36/substance-and-structure-ii-the-digital-culture-of-landscape-architecture. Wall, Alex. Programming the Urban Surface in Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture edited by James Corner (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999): 233-250. http://www.fastcodesign.com/3020633/innovation-by-design/perspective-how-i-saved-brooklyn-bridge-park-from-sandys-fury http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/30/world/asia/what-china-has-been-building-in-the-south-china-sea.html

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Week 3 Feb. 19 Islands and Atolls Luis Callejas LCLA Office, Harvard University Modeling Workshop + Dynamic Representation II Matthew Spremulli + Fadi Masoud Callejas, Luis, Islands and Atolls, Pamphlet Architecture 33, Princeton Architectural Press, 2013. Jr, Orrin H. Pilkey, and J. Andrew G. Cooper. The Last Beach. Durham: Duke University Press Books, 2014. Design for Flooding: Architecture, Landscape, and Urban Design for Resilience to Climate Change. 1 edition. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010. Chapter 7 flood design analysis: pg 135 -148 Chapter 8 the coast: pg 150 167 Chapter 10- Flood Resistant Design: pg 199-216 Kolbert, Elizabeth. The Siege of Miami. The New Yorker, December 21, 2015. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/12/21/the-siege-of-miami. Week 4 Feb. 26 Landscape as Infrastructure Landscape as Power Pierre Blanger OPSYS, Harvard University

Do you think that the current fascination with infrastructure in the planning and design fields is going to make any meaningful and lasting impact? If so, how?

Can planning and design in the U.S. achieve a regional agenda to solve tough environmental problems? What will be the tipping point of change to this scale?

What are three ways that planners and designers can take lead roles in infrastructure development (instead of engineers)?

Class Readings: Belanger, Pierre. Ecology 5.0. Edited by Daniel Ibaez and Nikos Katsikis. New Geographies 6 Grounding Metabolism (2014). Belanger, Pierre , Is Landscape Infrastructure Edited by Doherty, Gareth, Charles Waldheim, Is Landscape?: Essays on the Identity of Landscape. Routledge, 2015. Blanger, Pierre. 2009. Landscape as Infrastructure in Landscape Journal Vol. 28 Issue 1 (Spring/Summer): 79-95. Be langer, Pierre. 2010. Regionalisation: Probing the Urban Landscape of the Great Lakes Region in Journal of Landscape Architecture (JOLA), Autumn 10, England: Eclas, pp. 6-23 Be langer, Pierre. 2010. Redfining Infrastructure In Ecological Urbanism, edited by Mostafvai, Moshen, and Doherty, Gareth. Lars Muller Publishers and Harvard Graduate School of Design. Pp. 332-349

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Week 5 Mar. 4 Systemic Thinking, Ecological Process, Emergence and Representation Alan Berger + Fadi Masoud Class Readings: Berger, Alan. 2002. Representation and Reclaiming: Cartographies, Mappings, and Images of Altered American Western Landscapes Essay Published in Landscape Journal, 21:1, pp. 1-22 Berrizbeitia, Anita. Re-Placing Process in Large Parks edited by Julia Czerniak and George Hargreaves (New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007): 175-198. Corner, James. 1999. "Eidetic Operations and New Landscapes" in Recovering Landscape. Edited by James Corner. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 153-169. Costanza, R., R. d'Arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, S. Naeem, K. Limburg, J.Paruelo, R.V. O'Neill, R. Raskin, P. Sutton, and M. van den Belt. 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253-260. Cox, David. An Ecosystem Timeline: Changing Definitions in Ecology, 19351990s. Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University: Institute for Cultural Landscape Studies Forman, Richard T.T., 2008. Basic Principles for Molding Land Mosaics in Urban Regions, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 223-242. Mathur, Anuradha and Dilip da Cunha. 2001. Mississippi Floods: Designing a Shifting Landscape. New Haven: Yale University Press. McHarg, Ian L. The City, Process & Form in Design With Nature. San Val, Incorporated, 1969. North, Alissa. Processing Downsview Park: Transforming a Theoretical Diagram to Master Plan and Construction Reality. Journal of Landscape Architecture 7, no. 1 (May 1, 2012): 819. Odum, Howard T. Energy, Ecology, and Economics. Ambio 2, no. 6 (1973): 22027. doi:10.1080/18626033.2012.693777. Odum, Howard T. Cities and Regions in Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1983): 532-553. Reed, Chris, Nina-Marie Lister, and Actar. Ecology and Design: Parallel Genealogies. Places Journal, April 14, 2014. https://placesjournal.org/article/ecology-and-design-parallel-genealogies/. Reed, Chris. 2010. The Agency of Ecology In Ecological Urbanism, edited by Mostafvai, Moshen, and Doherty, Gareth. Lars Muller Publishers and Harvard Graduate School of Design. Pp. 324-329 Spirn, Anne. Ian McHarg, Landscape Architecture, and Environmentalism: Ideas and Methods in Context, in Environmentalism and Landscape Architecture, edited by Michael Conan, Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2000, 97-114. https://books.google.com/books?id=wr385lQxrbsC&lpg=PA97&ots=hOCROkyMsX&dq=Spirn%2C%20Anne.%20%E2%80%9CIan%20McHarg%2C%20Landscape%20Architecture%2C%20and%20Environmentalism%3A%20Ideas%20and%20Methods%20in%20Context%2C%E2%80%9D%20in%20Environmentalism%20and%20Landscape%20Architecture%2C%20edited%20by%20Michael%20Conan&pg=PA97#v=onepage&q&f=false Spirn, Anne Whiston. The Role of Natural Processes in the Design of Cities. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 451 (1980): 98105.

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Week 7 Mar. 18 Resiliency Districting Alan Berger + Michael Wilson ARUP, and The Rockefeller Foundation. City Resilience Framework, 2014. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/report/city-resilience-framework/. Berger, Alan, et al. 2010. The Five Neglects: Risks Gone Amiss in Learning from Catastrophes: Strategies for Reaction and Response, Howard Kunreuther and Michael Useem (eds.), Philadelphia, PA: Wharton School Publishing, pp. 83-99 Beck, Ulrich. Environment, Knowledge, and Indeterminacy: Beyond Modernist Ecology? in Risk, Environment & Modernity edited by Scott Lash, Bronislaw Szerszynski and Brian Wynne (London, Sage Publications, 1996): 27-43. Campanella, Thomas J., and APA Planners Press. Jane Jacobs and the Death and Life of American Planning. Places Journal, April 25, 2011. https://placesjournal.org/article/jane-jacobs-and-the-death-and-life-of-american-planning/. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2012. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13457. New Meadowlands: Productive City + Regional Park. Rebuild by Design. Accessed January 25, 2016. http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/project/mit-cau-zus-urbanisten-final-proposal/. Perrow, Charles. Living with High-Risk Technologies in Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies (New York: Basic Books, 1984): 305-352 Pickett, Steward T. A., Brian McGrath, M. L. Cadenasso, and Alexander J. Felson. Ecological Resilience and Resilient Cities. Building Research & Information 42, no. 2 (March 4, 2014): 14357. doi:10.1080/09613218.2014.850600. Sink or Swim | MIT Center for Advanced Urbanism. Accessed January 26, 2016. https://vimeo.com/140228130. The Next Frontier of Climate Change Resilience. The Rockefeller Foundation, November 28, 2015. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/the-next-frontier-of-climate-change-resilience/. Vale, Lawrence J. The Politics of Resilient Cities: Whose Resilience and Whose City? Building Research & Information 42, no. 2 (March 4, 2014): 191201. doi:10.1080/09613218.2014.850602. Winners Announced for Rebuild By Design Competition. The Rockefeller Foundation, June 5, 2014. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/winners-announced-for-rebuild-by-design-competition/.

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Week 9 Apr. 1 Future of Suburbia MIT Center for Advanced Urbanism Conference Berger, Alan, Joel Kotkin, and Celina Balderas Guzman. Introduction. In Infinite Suburbia, edited by Alan Berger, Joel Kotkin, and Celina Balderas Guzman. Princeton Architectural Press, 2017. Booth, Robert. Prize-Winning Designer Says Double Size of 40 English Towns. The Guardian, September 3, 2014, sec. Cities. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/sep/03/wolfson-winner-green-belt-development. Bruegmann, Robert. Anti-Suburban Crusades. In Infinite Suburbia, edited by Alan Berger, Joel Kotkin, and Celina Balderas Guzman. Princeton Architectural Press, 2017. Bruegmann, Robert. Defining Sprawl and Early Sprawl in Sprawl: A Compact History (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2005): 17-20, 21-32. Fishman, Robert. Beyond Sprawl: The New American Metropolis Chapter in Lars Boelling and Thomas Sieverts, editors, Mitten am Rand: auf der Weg von der Vorstadt ueber die Zwischenstadt zu den regionalen Stadtlandschaft [In the Middle of the Edge: From the Suburb to Sprawl to the Regional City]. Wuppertal, Germany: Mueller and Busmann, 2004 Pp. 138-161. Fishman, Robert The Divided Metropolis. In Infinite Suburbia, edited by Alan Berger, Joel Kotkin, and Celina Balderas Guzman. Princeton Architectural Press, 2017. Gant, Robert L., Guy M. Robinson, and Shahab Fazal. Land-Use Change in the edgelands: Policies and Pressures in Londons Ruralurban Fringe. Land Use Policy 28, no. 1 (January 2011): 26679. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.06.007. Gottman, Jean. The Main Street of the Nation and The Dynamics of Urbanization in Megalopolis (New York, NY: Twentieth Century Fund, 1961): 3-22. Kotkin, Joel. The Next Hundred Million: America in 2050. Penguin, 2011. https://books.google.com/books?id=IVaN0gPWmBYC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Next%20Hundred%20Million%3A%20America%20in%202050&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false. Marot, Sebastien. Sub-Urbanism / Super-Urbanism - From Central Park to La Villette. AA Files: Annals of the Architectural Association School of Architecture., no. 53 (2006): 20. Lerup, Lars. 2000. Chapter IV The Frontier in After the City Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 156-175, and Chapter II The Suburban Metropolis pp. 46-83. Stim and Dross: Rethinking the Metropolis in After the City (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000): 46-63. Olmsted, Frederick Law. Expanding Cities: Random Versus Organized Growth (1868) in Civilizing American Cities: Writings on City Landscapes edited by S.B. Sutton (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971): 21-99. Pickard, Jim, and Kate Allen. Let UKs Towns Grow over Greenbelt, Says Feted Planner. Financial Times, September 3, 2014. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/19c81c0a-336b-11e4-9607-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3yMrhkQLO. Sieverts, Thomas. The Living Space of the Majority of Mankind: an Anonymous Space with no Visual Quality in Cities without Cities (London, UK: Spon Press, 2003): 1-47. Simone, AbdouMaliq. At the Frontier of the Urban Periphery in Sarai Reader 2007: Frontiers edited by Monica Narula, Shuddhabrata Sengupta, Jeebesh Bagchi and Ravi Sundaram (Delhi, India: Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, 2007): 462-470. Weller, Richard. Landscape (Sub)Urbanism in Theory and Practice. Landscape Journal 27, no. 2 (September 2008): 24767. Wirth, Louis. Urbanism as a Way of Life in Cities and Society, edited by Paul K. Hatt and Albert J. Reiss, Jr. (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1957): 62-62. Urbed, and Wolfson Economic Prize. Uxcester Garden City, 2014. http://urbed.coop/sites/default/files/URBED%20Wolfson%20Submission.pdf.

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Week 10 Apr. 8 The Climax End-State Fallacy Fadi Masoud Adamson, Paul. Looking on Our Future: Conflicting Visions and Realities of the Modern American City in Modern City Revisited ed. Deckker, Thomas. (2005) Taylor & Francis, pp. 214-234 Beck, Ulrich. Environment, Knowledge, and Indeterminacy: Beyond Modernist Ecology? in Risk, Environment & Modernity edited by Scott Lash, Bronislaw Szerszynski and Brian Wynne (London, Sage Publications, 1996): 27-43. Campanella, Thomas J., and APA Planners Press. Jane Jacobs and the Death and Life of American Planning. Places Journal, April 25, 2011. https://placesjournal.org/article/jane-jacobs-and-the-death-and-life-of-american-planning/. Bosselman, Fred P. The Influence of Ecological Science on American Law: An Introduction. Chicago-Kent Law Review 69 (January 1, 1994): 847. Botkin, Daniel B. The Moon in the Nautilus Shell: Discordant Harmonies Reconsidered. Oxford University Press, 2012. https://books.google.com/books?id=Tyl_93ngxi8C&lpg=PA3&ots=dCFsGj05bt&dq=Daniel%20Botkin%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Moon%20in%20the%20Nautilus%20Shell%20-%20A%20View%20from%20a%20Marsh%3A%20Myths%20and%20Facts%20about%20Nature&pg=PA22#v=twopage&q&f=true. Chapter 1- A View from a Marsh: Myths and Facts about Nature pg 3-22, Chapter 12 the Winds of Mauna Loa climate in a changing world pg 245-287 Chapter 14: The Moon in the Nautilus Shell: Nature in the Twenty-First Century pg. 321-327, The City Civilization and Nature pg 354-359 Campanella, Thomas J., and APA Planners Press. Jane Jacobs and the Death and Life of American Planning. Places Journal, April 25, 2011. https://placesjournal.org/article/jane-jacobs-and-the-death-and-life-of-american-planning/. Forman, Richard T. T. Landscape Change in Landscape Ecology by Richard T. T. Forman and Michel Godron (New York: Wiley, 1986): 427-458. Irwin, Elena G., and Nancy E. Bockstael. The Evolution of Urban Sprawl: Evidence of Spatial Heterogeneity and Increasing Land Fragmentation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 52 (December 26, 2007): 2067277. doi:10.1073/pnas.0705527105. Hirt, Sonia A. Zoned in the USA: The Origins and Implications of American Land-Use Regulation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014. https://books.google.com/books?id=xfNqBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=zoned+in+the+USA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib7NyC_sXKAhUGPD4KHSmzBEgQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Kmiec, Douglas W. Deregulating Land Use: An Alternative Free Enterprise Development System. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 130, no. 1 (1981): 28130. doi:10.2307/3311810. Masoud, Fadi. Coding Permanent Flexibility. In Infinite Suburbia, edited by Alan Berger, Joel Kotkin, and Celina Balderas Guzman. Princeton Architectural Press, 2017. Nelson, Robert H. Zoning Myth and Practice - from Euclid into the Future in Zoning and the American Dream edited by Jerold Kayden and Charles M. Haar (Chicago, IL.: Planners Press, 1989): 299-318. Scott, James C. Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999. Scott, Mel. American City Planning Since 1890: A History Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the American Institute of Planners. University of California Press, 1971. Serkin, Christopher, and Gregg P. Macey. Post-Zoning: Alternative Forms of Public Land Use Controls. SSRN Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, August 6, 2013. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2290256. Tabors, Richard D., Michael H. Shapiro, and Peter P. Rogers. Land Use and the Pipe: Planning for Sewerage. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, c1976., 1976 pg 1-9 Tarlock, A. Dan. Zoned Not Planned. Planning Theory 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 99112. doi:10.1177/1473095212469942. Wolf, Michael Allan. The Zoning of America: Euclid v. Ambler. Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas, 2008.

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Week 11 Apr. 15 Urban Ecology The Organismal Approach Peter del Tredici Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University

What do you think about the Native Plants movement? How could municipal resources be more effectively spent on managing public landscape and vegetation? Should native plants be used when native soils and water regimes are no longer present? Even if this costs more to

maintain? What is the best way to educate people about disturbed landscapes and the need for new ways for thinking about

environmental strategies on them? Class Readings: Additional readings will be available 1 week prior to class, provided by the guest lecturer. Del Tredici, Peter, and Michael Luegering. A Cosmopolitan Urban Meadow for the Northeast. Harvard Design Magazine:, 2014. http://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/issues/37/a-cosmopolitan-urban-meadow-for-the-northeast. Del Tredici, Peter. Brave New Ecology, Landscape Architecture 96 (February, 2006): 46-52. Del Tredici, Peter. 2008. Disturbance Ecology and Symbiosis in Mine-Reclamation Design book chapter in Berger, Alan, 2008, Designing the Reclaimed Landscape, Taylor & Francis: New York/London, pp. 13-25. Kirkwood, Niall. Here Come the Hyper-accumulators! in Harvard Design Magazine 17 (Design, Inc.), Fall 2002/Winter 2003, pp. 52-56. McHarg, Ian. An Ecological Method for Landscape Architecture, Landscape Architecture 57 (January 1967): 105-107 Odum, Howard T. Cities and Regions in Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1983): 532-553. Reed, Chris, Nina-Marie Lister, and Actar. Ecology and Design: Parallel Genealogies. Places Journal, April 14, 2014. https://placesjournal.org/article/ecology-and-design-parallel-genealogies/. Reed, Chris. 2010. The Agency of Ecology In Ecological Urbanism, edited by Mostafvai, Moshen, and Doherty, Gareth. Lars Muller Publishers and Harvard Graduate School of Design. Pp. 324-329 Week 12 Apr. 22 Revisiting the Valley Section The Geologic and Geographic Fadi Masoud Branzi, Andrea. Agronica in Weak & Diffuse Modernity: The World of Projects at the Beginning of the 21st century (Milan, IT: Skira, 2006): 132-146. Dozier, Jeff and William Marsh. Energy Processes on the Earths Surface in Landscape: An Introduction to Physical Geography (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing, (1981): 1-20. Easterling, Keller. Partition: Watershed & Wayside in Organization Space: Landscapes, Houses and Highways in America (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999): 54-66. Garnett, Nicole Stelle. Redeeming Transect Zoning? Brooklyn Law Review 78, no. 2 (Winter 2013): 57188. Geddes, Patrick. The Evolution of Cities in Cities in Evolution: an introduction to the town planning movement and to the study of civics (London, UK: Williams and Norgate, 1915): 1-24. Imbert, Dorothe. Let Them Eat Kale, Architecture Boston (Fall 2010): 24-26.

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Masoud, Fadi Revisiting the Valley Cross-section in New Geographies 5: The Mediterranean, Edited by: Antonio Petrov, Harvard University Press (2013), Cambridge, Massachusetts. Mazoyer, Marcel and Laurence Roudart. Humanitys Agrarian Heritage in A History of World Agriculture: From the Neolithic Age to the Current Crisis, trans. James H. Membrez (New York, NY: Monthly Review Press, 2006): 9-26. Odum, Howard W. and Harry Estill Moore. The Rise and Incidence of American Regionalism in American Regionalism: A Cultural-Historical Approach to National Integration (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1938): 3-34. Waldheim, Charles, and Actar. Notes Toward a History of Agrarian Urbanism. Places Journal, November 4, 2010. https://placesjournal.org/article/notes-toward-a-history-of-agrarian-urbanism/. Welter, Volker M. The Region-City: A Step toward Conurbations and the World City in Biopolis: Patrick Geddes and the City of Life (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002): 70-75. Week 13 Apr. 29 Ten Years Later - is Landscape Urbanism? Party of Critics Berger, Alan. The Altered Western Landscape in Reclaiming the American West (New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2002): 15-55. Berger, Alan. The Production of Waste Landscape and Post-Fordism: Waste Landscape through Accumulation in Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006): 46-52, 53-75. Berger, Alan and Sagan, Dorion. "Ruins of the Present" in Cabinet 22-A Quarterly Magazine of Art & Culture, New York, July 2006. http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/22/berger_sagan.php Botkin, Daniel B. The Moon in the Nautilus Shell: Discordant Harmonies Reconsidered. Oxford University Press, 2012. https://books.google.com/books?id=Tyl_93ngxi8C&lpg=PA3&ots=dCFsGj05bt&dq=Daniel%20Botkin%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Moon%20in%20the%20Nautilus%20Shell%20-%20A%20View%20from%20a%20Marsh%3A%20Myths%20and%20Facts%20about%20Nature&pg=PA22#v=twopage&q&f=true. Del Tredici, Peter. Brave New Ecology, Landscape Architecture 96 (February, 2006): 46-52. Girot, Christophe. Immanent Landscape. Harvard Design Magazine, Spring - Summer 2013. http://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/issues/36/immanent-landscape. Harvard GSD. Planning, Ecology, and the Emergence of Landscape Charles Waldheim. Accessed January 25, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiWgkHz2EBQ. Jackson, J. B., McKim C. Norton, Christopher Tunnard, Charles W. II Eliott, and Hideo Sasaki. Harvard Graduate School of Design 1965 Urban Design Conference. In Third Meeting: Can the Natural Environment Be Saved?, 6783. Harvard University - Sanders Theater, 1965. 6783. McHarg, Ian. An Ecological Method for Landscape Architecture, Landscape Architecture 57 (January 1967): 105-107. Niedzviecki, Hal. Trees on Mars: Our Obsession with the Future. Seven Stories Press, 2015. pg 241-270 Petroski, Henry. Things Small and Large in Success through Failure: the paradox of design (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006): 97-115. Picon, Antoine. Substance and Structure II: The Digital Culture of Landscape Architecture. Harvard Design Magazine, Spring - Summer 2013. http://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/issues/36/substance-and-structure-ii-the-digital-culture-of-landscape-architecture. Waldheim, Charles. Landscape as Urbanism in The Landscape Urbanism Reader (New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006): 35-54. Waldheim, Charles. Design / Agency / Territory: Provisional Notes on Planning and the Emergence of Landscape. Edited by Neyran Turan. New Geographies 0, no. 0 (2008): 614.

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Waldheim, Charles. Landscape as Architecture. Harvard Design Magazine, Spring - Summer 2013. http://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/issues/36/landscape-as-architecture. Talen, Emily, and Andrs Duany, eds. The Zombies of Gund Hall Go Forth to Eat Americas Brains, 2013. http://kunstler.com/other-stuff/articles/jhks-essay-on-harvards-landscape-urbanism-program/ Spirn, Anne Winston. Constructing Nature: The Legacy of Fredericlz Law Olmsted, 1996. http://history-of-architecture-frank.wiki.uml.edu/file/view/Olmsted_Spirn_article.pdf/533163272/Olmsted_Spirn_article.pdf.

RESILIENT URBANISM COMPETITIONS:

Each group must select 4 total resilient precedent projects from the list below to investigate and study in further detail. You will compose one poster per project (using the provided template) to describe and critique these precedents. Below are dropbox links as well as web links for the projects. Rebuild By Design General Folder: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/52ejr31uvmxqaj7/AACKTVZbEb3adi6Atbk1H6zCa?dl=0 Website: http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/winners-and-finalists/

Resilience + Beach Sasaki http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/project/sasakirutgersarup-final-proposal/

Big U BIG Team: http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/project/big-team-final-proposal/

New Meadowlands MIT CAU: http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/project/mit-cau-zus-urbanisten-final-proposal/

Resist, Delay, Discharge OMA: http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/project/oma-final-proposal/

Rising Currents General Folder: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/iyuef3w8aucwhif/AADNtq3S6hPfvzNw93ehEG99a?dl=0 Website: http://www.moma.org/explore/inside_out/category/rising-currents

Zone 0: dlandstudio: Lower Manhattan and the northern edge of the Upper Bay Zone 1: LTL Architects: Northwest Palisade Bay/Hudson River Zone 2: Matthew Baird Architects: Southwest Palisade Bay Zone 3: nARCHITECTS South Palisade Bay Zone 4: SCAPE Northeast Palisade Bay/Buttermilk Channel and Gowanus Canal

Waterfront Toronto General Folder: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/zf1o89louk0zqqi/AAAyU40yRlYV7WYwEQM25-10a?dl=0

Lower Don Lands + Keating Channel + Portland Estuary Toronto - MVVA http://www.waterfrontoronto.ca/lower_don_lands/clinton_climate_change_initiative http://www.waterfrontoronto.ca/explore_projects2/lower_don_lands

Far Roc General Folder: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/6n92n8by64o99vp/AABzcga0RxheVRvMbYA3OFTSa?dl=0 Website: http://www.farroc.com/solutions/

Rockaway Rising Lateral Office: http://lateraloffice.com/ROCKAWAY-RISING-2013

Small Means and Great Ends White + ARUP http://www.farroc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/WHITE_PROJECT-BOOK.pdf

Fostering Resilient Ecological Development F.R.E.D Ennad http://www.farroc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/ENNEAD_PROJECT-BOOK.pdf

Far Rockaway Seeding Office http://www.farroc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/SEEDING-OFFICE_PROJECT-BOOK.pdf

New York Suburban Prototype FRPO http://www.farroc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/PhaseI_FRPO.pdf