draft - future saudi cities · for the printing of the holy quran and many archaeological islamic...

DRAF

T

M A D I N A C P I P R O F I L E2016

M A D I N A C P I P RO F I L E2016

02

C O N T E N T S

CO

NTE

NTS

CONTENTS 02

LIST OF TABLES 03

LIST OF FIGURES 03

ABBREVIATIONS 03

INTRODUCTION 04

OVERVIEW OF THE CITY 05

Geography and Location of the City 05

Demographic Background of the City 05

Socio-Economic Background of the City 06

Trend in Urban Growth and Existing Spatial Plans 06

The Overall City Prosperity Index for Madina 08

THE CITY PROSPERITY INDEX (CPI) - ASSESSMENT 08

Analysis of the Productivity Dimension 09

Analysis of the Infrastructure Dimension 10

Analysis of Quality of Life Dimension 11

Analysis of Equity and Social Inclusion Dimension 13

Analysis of Environmental Sustainability Dimension 14

Analysis of Governance and Legislation Dimension 15

SWOT Analysis based on City Prosperity Index Assessment 16

LOCAL URBAN OBSERVATORIES 17

About of Urban Observatories 17

MADINA – Local Urban Observatory 17

Performance of the Local Urban Observatory 17

REFERENCES 18


03LI

STS

ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

KSA Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaCPI City Prosperity IndexLUO Local Urban ObservatoriesSWOT Analysis Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats AnalysisUN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements ProgrammeMOMRA Ministry of Municipality and Rural AffairsFSCP Future Saudi Cities Programme GIS Geographic Information SystemGUO Global Urban Observatory NUO National Urban ObservatoryMDGs Millennium Development GoalsPI Productivity Index IDI Infrastructure Development IndexQoLI Quality of Life Index ESII Equity and Social Inclusion Index ESI Environmental Sustainability Index GLI Governance and Legislation Index

Table 1: Productivity Index (45.8%) 09Table 2: Infrastructure Development Index (59.5%) 10Table 3: Quality of Life Index (65.1%) 12Table 4: Equity and Social Inclusion Index (45.4%) 13Table 5: Environmental Sustainability Index (32.5%) 14Table 6: Governance and Legislation Index (51.7%) 15Table 7: CPI Based SWOT Analysis 16

Figure 1: Trends of Estimated City Population & No. of Households 05Figure 2: Land use and urban growth limits. 07Figure 3: Scale of Urban Prosperity 08Figure 4: City Prosperity Index Dimensions 09Figure 5: The Productivity Indicators 09Figure 6: The Infrastructure Development Indicators 11Figure 7: Quality of Life Indicators 12Figure 8: Equity and Social Inclusion Indicators 13Figure 9: Environmental Sustainability Indicators 14Figure 10: Governance and Legislation 15

L I S T S


04

INTRODUCTION

INTR

OD

UC

TIO

N

Source: Madina Local Urban Observatory

The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-

HABITAT) and Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs in the

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (MOMRA) jointly launched UN-

HABITAT Saudi Arabia Programme titled “ Future Saudi

Cities Programme (FSCP)”. The UN-HABITAT Office provides

technical support to the MOMRA and targets 17 key cities

in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The cities include Riyadh,

Makkah, Jeddah, Taif, Medina, Tabouk, Dammam, Qatif, Ihsa,

Abha, Najran, Jazan, Hail, Araar, AlBaha, Buraydah, and Sakaka,

to respond to national and local urban challenges.

UN- Habitat provides a new approach for measuring urban

prosperity: which is holistic, integrated and essential for the

promotion and monitoring of socio-economic development,

inclusion and progressive realization of the urban-related

human rights for all. This new approach redirects cities to

function towards a path of an urban future that is economically,

politically, socially and environmentally prosperous. The new

approach or monitoring framework, The Cities Prosperity

Index (CPI), is a multidimensional framework that integrates

six carefully selected dimensions and several indicators

that relate to factors and conditions necessary for a city to

thrive and prosper. The six dimensions include productivity,

infrastructure development, equity and social inclusion,

environmental sustainability, and urban governance. The

CPI uses the concept of The Wheel of Urban Prosperity and

the Scale of Urban Prosperity to enable stakeholders to assess

achievements in cities. The City Prosperity Index (CPI) not only

provide indices and measurements relevant to cities, but it is

also an assessment tool that enables city authorities as well

as local and national stakeholders, to identify opportunities

and potential areas of intervention for their cities to become

more prosperous.

Under the umbrella of FSCP, The UN-HABITAT and MOMRA

in cooperation with the city administration and the Local

Urban Observatory, have been working on developing urban

statistics and spatial information (Geographic Information

System) to provide relevant urban information that strongly

support decision-making process on urban development and

urban planning in the city.

This CPI Profile Report applies the CPI framework and provide

a summary of the basic information and urban statistics about

the City and gives an overview of the city’s achievements,

opportunities and potential areas that contribute to

its prosperity in areas such productivity, infrastructure

development, equity and social inclusion, environmental

sustainability and urban governance and legislation.



05

OV E R V I E W O F T H E C I T Y

OV

ERV

IEW

OF

THE

CIT

Y

Al Madinah is the city of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be

upon him) and also his burial place. It is the city whose people

supported Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him) when he

immigrated to it from Makkah. It comprises the Mosque of the

Prophet, his grave, the Islamic University, King Fahd Complex

for the Printing of the Holy Quran and many archaeological

Islamic features. The first mosque of Islam is also located in

Madinah and is known as Masjid Al Quba.

G E O G R A P H Y A N D LO C AT I O N O F T H E C I T Y

Al Madinah is the capital city of Al Madina region located

in Eastern Part of Al Hijaz area in the north-western part of

the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, about 250Km to the east of

the Red Sea. A number of mountains surround it: Al-Hujaj

to the West, Salaa to the north-west, Al-E’er to the north.

Madinah city is on a flat mountain plateau at the junction of

the three valleys of Al-Aql, Al-Aqiq, and Al-Himdh. The city is

620 meters above sea level and covers an area of about 700

square kilometres. The area has a hot, continental climate.

The high-temperature ranges between 36-46 degrees Celsius

during the summer months and cold temperatures ranges

between 15- 20 degrees Celsius during winter, while the

average temperature in summer is 30oC and 15oC in winter.

The area receives little rain falls with an average of 94mm; the

rain does mainly fall between November and January.

D E M O G R A P H I C B AC KG RO U N D O F T H E C I T Y

According to the Central Department of Statistics and

Information, the total population of Madina was about 1.1

million in 2010, today it’s estimated at 1.278 million. The city

has a population growth rate of 4.5%. The city has a population

density of about 5000 persons per square kilometre and an

estimated total number of households of about 284,000, each

with an average household size of 4.5 persons. The Madina

region had a population of about 2million in 2013, representing

about 6.54% of the total population of the Kingdom, which

stood at about 30 million people. Madina governorate which

also comprises Madina city accounts for 66.6% (1.3 Million)

of the total population of the region.

ା Figure 1: Trends of Estimated City Population & No. of Households


06

OV

ERV

IEW

OF

THE

CIT

Y

S O C I O - E C O N O M I C B AC KG RO U N D O F T H E C I T Y

Al Madina enjoys major historical, religious and economic

importance, for its unique location and the presence of the Holy

Prophet’s Mosque. The Prophet’s Mosque and his sacred tomb

attract millions of pilgrims to visit it every year, making Madina

one of the tourism cities in the Kingdom. Madina Industrial city

makes Madina an industrial economy, the number of factory

workers in Madina region recorded about 32,500 workers

representing around 3.9% of the total industrial manpower

in the Kingdom which amounted to 828,000 workers by the

end of 20131. Madina region has a good network of roads

and bridges connecting its major cities and industrial and

commercial facilities, and linking the region to the neighbouring

areas. Trade is one of the key sectors in Madina because of

1 Economic report, Madina region 2014 (SAGIA).

the various vital economic and productive activities in the

city and spread throughout the region. In addition, the large

volume of the consumer market due to the large numbers of

visitors to the Holy Prophet Mosque is very important. The

mining and quarrying is a significant sector which contributes

to the exploitation of the natural resources in the region and

serves the needs of the construction and industrial sectors with

raw materials. The agricultural sector is still one of the most

important economic sectors in the region, thanks to the fertile

soil around Madina. In 2011, the total crop area amounted to

about 27.5 thousand hectares, representing about 3.5% of

the total crop area in the Kingdom, which amounted to 788

thousand hectares in the same year.

T R E N D I N U R B A N G RO W T H A N D E X I S T I N G S PAT I A L P L A N S

Al - Madinah city is the largest and most important urban center

in the Al Madinah region. Its religious significance makes it one

of the most visited places in the Islamic world, it receives

over 8 million Muslim pilgrims each year. The city has been

expanding rapidly since the 1970s, due to the rapid growth

the government invested a heavily in physical infrastructure,

which attracted labour from all over the Kingdom and other

countries leading to further growth of the city. The population

growth exerted pressure on the boundaries creating more

demand for land leading explosion in land subdivision. Land

subdivision is considered the main process by which rural land

is converted to urban land. Land has been subdivided with

diminutive reference to the rate of development or occupancy,

which has resulted in an enormous proportion of the subdivided

plots remaining vacant.



07O

VER

VIE

W O

F TH

E C

ITY

ାF

igu

re 2

: La

nd

use

an

d u

rba

n g

row

th li

mit

s.

ାT

he

fig

ure

ab

ove

is s

ho

win

g th

e t

ren

d o

f u

rba

n g

row

th li

mit

co

ntr

ol a

nd

lan

d u

se f

or

the

cit

y o

f A

l Ma

din

ah

.


08

THE

CIT

Y P

RO

SPER

ITY

IN

DEX

(C

PI)

- A

SSES

SMEN

T

Prosperity is about successfully meeting today’s needs without

compromising tomorrow and working together for a smart,

competitive economy, in a socially inclusive society and a

healthy, vibrant environment for individuals, families, and

communities. In order to measure the current and future

progress of cities on the road to prosperity, UN-Habitat

introduced a monitoring framework: The Cities Prosperity

Index. This index, along with a conceptual matrix, The Wheel

of Urban Prosperity, are intended to help decision-makers

and partners to use existing evidence and formulate clear

policy interventions for their cities. The UN-Habitat’s Cities

Prosperity Index (CPI) allows authorities and local groups

to identify opportunities and potential areas for action or

adjustments in order to make their cities more prosperous. The City Prosperity Index (CPI) is a multidimensional measurement framework that integrates several dimensions and indicators that are not only related but have a direct and indirect influence on each other on the path to prosperity. These components are embodied in the following six dimensions: Productivity, Infrastructure Development, Quality of life, Equity and social inclusion, Environmental sustainability, and Governance and legislation.

Since the indicators of prosperity are measured in different units, the CPI computation starts with the standardization/normalization of the indicators into values ranging between

0 and 11; the standardized values are aggregated stepwise to create the single value called the City Prosperity Index. The chart below shows the six-point scale of urban prosperity.

This section applies the CPI framework, the concept of the

Wheel of Urban Prosperity and the Scale of Urban Prosperity

to conduct an assessment of the level of prosperity in the

city. The assessment provides an indication of the strengths

or weaknesses in the factors of prosperity (using the scale

of urban prosperity); it also provides an indication of the

level of achievement towards the set prosperity goals called

benchmarks (through the CPI scores); and highlights whether

there are disparities between and within the six dimensions

of prosperity (Wheel of Urban Prosperity-stressing balance).

An in-depth analysis of the findings will help to identify which

particular indicators and sub-dimensions contribute to high

or low values in each of the dimensions and the CPI scores.

T H E OV E R A L L C I T Y P RO S P E R I T Y I N D E X F O R M A D I N A

The city of Madina has an overall prosperity index score of

48.8%, according to the global scale of urban prosperity the

city is given a weak rating. For good performance, cities are

required to have high scores and less disparities between and

within the dimensions. Cities where some dimension are very

high and others too low tend to have undesirably low scores.

This low rating observed in the city of Madina is an indication

that the city has many weak dimensions sub-dimensions which

need to be upgraded. The same can be seen in the chart below

where only one dimension, the quality of life (65.1%), is rated -

moderately strong. The ratings of all the remaining dimensions range between very weak and moderately weak. On the flip side, the city seems to have less disparities compared to other cities; the advantage of having a balanced city is that despite the low level of prosperity, the citizens of the city may not suffer extreme deprivations. This is the reason why it is advisable that in the attempt to increase prosperity, strong factors can be held constant while improving extremely low factors up to acceptable levels.

1 Can also be expressed in percentages so that values range between 0% and 100%,

as used in this report

T H E C I T Y P RO S P E R I T Y I N D E X (C P I ) - A S S E S S M E N T

ା Figure 3: Scale of Urban Prosperity


09TH

E C

ITY

PR

OSP

ERIT

Y I

ND

EX (

CP

I) -

ASS

ESSM

ENT

Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Economic Growth (72.1%)

City Product per Capita 26,570.67 USD (PPP)/Inhab 71.9% Strong

Mean Household Income 30,208.00 USD(PPP) 62.1% M. Strong

Old Age Dependency Ratio 4.65 % 82.2% V. Strong

Employment (48.4%)

Employment to Population Ratio 33.50 % 6.7% V. Weak

Informal Employment 17.40 % 90.0% V. Strong

Unemployment Rate 7.80 % 48.4% Weak

Economic Agglomeration (16.9%) Economic Density 144,990,717 USD (PPP)/km2 16.9% V. Weak

ା Table 1: Productivity Index (45.8%)

ା Figure 4: City Prosperity Index Dimensions

be held constant while improving extremely low factors up to acceptable levels. The analysis in the following sections will dig deeper into all the six dimensions of prosperity to identify areas of strengths and weaknesses to enable the design of

appropriate interventions.

A N A LY S I S O F T H E P RO D U C T I V I T Y D I M E N S I O N

Productivity is about how cities generate income or create wealth. The productivity dimension includes how a city contributes to economic growth and development, employment creation and availability of equal opportunities to the city dwellers. The findings show that the productivity index for the Madina City is 45.8% which is weak according to the global scale of prosperity. The weak rating implies that the city’s productivity factors include indicators that are very weak. The table below shows that only economic growth (72%) is strong, all the remaining sub-dimension like employment (48.4%) and economic agglomeration (16.9%) are weak. Economic agglomeration measures the spatial distribution

of the outcomes of productivity or the benefits of prosperity.

On the flip side, the city seems to have less disparities (the polygon has a more rounded shape) than many other cities; the advantage of having a balanced city is that despite the low level of prosperity, the citizens of the city may not suffer extreme deprivations. This is the reason why it is advisable that in the attempt to increase prosperity, strong factors can

It is, therefore, indicative that the productivity of the city could

be stronger, but it is watered down by the extremely weak

economic density (16.9%). The overall score for the productivity

dimension is weak mainly because of the three indicators

namely economic density, employment to population ratio

and unemployment rate. By tackling these three indicators,

the productivity of the city should move from weak to strong.

ା Figure 5: The Productivity Indicators


10

A N A LY S I S O F T H E I N F R A S T RU C T U R E D I M E N S I O N

Urban infrastructure is a fundamental element of the proper

functioning of the community. Infrastructure ensures delivery

of public health services, safety and security, supports local

economic development and contributes toward the delivery

of other basic public services to the community. The benefits

of a functional basic urban infrastructure, therefore, are

overwhelmingly community ‐ wide. The infrastructure

dimension measures how a city uses available resources

to provide a functional and efficient basic infrastructure,

physical assets and amenities. Basic services such as piped

water, sanitation, power supply, road network, and information

and communications technology are required to sustain the

population, for economic development, and a better quality

of life. The statistics in the table below indicates that the city

has a moderately weak infrastructure development index

score of 59.5%. The weakness is associated with the poor

social infrastructure with 28.8%, ICT with 59%, and urban

mobility with 52.4%. Nevertheless, the city enjoys a strong

housing infrastructure with 74.1%, and street connectivity

infrastructure with 83.3%.


Housing Infrastructure (74.1%)

Access to Electricity 100.00 % 100.0% V. Strong

Access to Improved Sanitation 52.18 % 43.7% V. Weak

Access to Improved Water 96.48 % 93.0% V. Strong

Access to Improved Shelter - % - -

Population Density 5,073.87 Inhab/Km2 33.8% V. Weak

Sufficient Living Area 100.00 % 100.0% V. Strong

Social Infrastructure (28.8%)

Number of Public Libraries 0.08 #/100,000 inhab. 0.0% V. Weak

Physician Density 2.70 #/1,000 inhab. 57.6% M. Weak

ICT (59.0%)

Average Broadband Speed 9.55 Mbps 44.8% Weak

Home Computer Access 77.20 % 77.2% Strong

Internet Access 55.00 % 55.0% V. Strong

Urban Mobility (52.4%)

Average Daily Travel Time 19.80 minutes 100.0% V. Strong

Affordability of Transport 2.10 % 100.0% V. Strong

Length of Mass Transport Network 0.00 Km/1M Inhab. 0.0% V. Weak

Road Safety (traffic fatalities) 12.36 #/100,000 inhab. 62.1% V. Strong

Use of Public Transport - % - -

Street Connectivity (83.3%)

Intersection Density 153.80 #/km2 100.0% V. Strong

Land Allocated to Streets 27.19 % 70.6% Strong

Street Density 15.85 Km/KM2 79.3% Strong

ା Table 2: Infrastructure Development Index (59.5%)

THE

CIT

Y P

RO

SPER

ITY

IN

DEX

(C

PI)

- A

SSES

SMEN

T


11

ା Figure 6: The Infrastructure Development Indicators

The poor score observed in the urban mobility infrastructure

sub-dimension is due to the absence of mass public transport

system and complete disuse of existing public transport system.

Mass transit system refers to public shared transportation, such

as trains, buses, ferries, etc. that can commute a larger number

of passengers from origin to destination on a nonreserved basis

and in lesser time. Cities of the 21 century and beyond grow to

astronomical sizes in population and require public transport

systems that can transport a large number of passengers fast.

Similarly, the social infrastructure also has very weak rating

mainly because all indicators associated with it are weak, for

example, the city has a negligible number of public libraries and

inadequate medical personnel relative to it’s large and rapidly

growing population. The ICT infrastructure is moderately

weak as well, mainly because of the low internet access (55%)

and low internet speeds (44.8%). The housing infrastructure is

strong mainly because it has three very strong indicators and

two weak ones. Lastly, the street connectivity infrastructure

is the most stable with all strong indicators, each with 70%.

A N A LY S I S O F Q UA L I T Y O F L I F E D I M E N S I O N

The quality of life is about happiness, wellbeing and a sense

of security in the society, the quality of life index is a measure

of the level of achievement a city has made in the provision of

important services and facilities that directly affect the well-

being of individuals and the society at large. Such services

and facilities may include social services, education, health,

recreation, safety, and security, etc. Although the quality of

life index for the city is moderately high (65.1%), it has some

elements of weaknesses especially in the education and public

spaces sub-dimensions which are moderately weak and very

weak respectively. Conversely, the main sources of strength

in the quality of life dimension are the health provision with

69.9% and the safety and security of 97.6%.

THE

CIT

Y P

RO

SPER

ITY

IN

DEX

(C

PI)

- A

SSES

SMEN

T



12

Increasing the level of quality of life would require that focus

be directed to extremely weak indicators such as the early

childhood education programmes, Under five mortality, net

enrolment in higher education and access to public spaces

especially the green area per capita.


Health (69.9%)

Life Expectancy at Birth 74.30 years 73.4% M. Strong

Eradicate Maternal Mortality 12.05 #/100,000 live births 64.4% M. Strong

Eradicate Under-5 Mortality 26.21 #/1000 live births 43.9% Weak

Vaccination Coverage 98.10 % 98.1% V. Strong

Education (59.4%)

Early Childhood Education 4.78 % 4.8% V. Weak

Net Enrolment in Higher Education 45.10 % 45.1% Weak

Literacy Rate 93.00 % 91.9% V. Strong

Mean Years of Schooling 13.40 % 95.7% V. Strong

Safety and Security (97.6%)

Homicide Rate 1.10 #/100,000 inhab. 98.8% V. Strong

Theft Rate 37.63 #/100,000 inhab. 96.4% V. Strong

Public Space (33.4%)

Green Area per Capita 5.01 m2 / inhabitant 33.4% V. Weak

Accessibility to Open Public Space - % - -

ା Table 3: Quality of Life Index (65.1%)

ା Figure 7: Quality of Life Indicators

THE

CIT

Y P

RO

SPER

ITY

IN

DEX

(C

PI)

- A

SSES

SMEN

T


13

A N A LY S I S O F E Q U I T Y A N D S O C I A L I N C L U S I O N D I M E N S I O N

Cities which care about those who are most at risk of exclusion,

including the youth, children, women and poor people from

diverse backgrounds, are said to be inclusive cities. They work

for everyone. In the 21 century and beyond cities should be

inclusive and ensure resources are distributed equitably

among all citizens. No matter how rich a city is, whether it

has high average income or good infrastructure – cities with

large segments of the population living in deprivation are not

prosperous. In this respect, the Holy City of Madina can be

said to be doing badly, it weak. The ESII for the city is weak

(45.4%). The poor performance can be associated with the

extremely low scores in social inclusion sub-dimension with

6%. The other two sub-dimensions, social and gender inclusion

are moderately strong with 64.7% and 65.5% respectively.


Economic Inclusion (64.7%) Poverty Rate 2.90 % 64.7% M. Strong

Social Inclusion (6.0%)

Slum Households - % - -

Youth Unemployment 55.30 % 6.0% V. Weak

Gender Inclusion (65.5%)

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment 0.89 0 - ∞ 89.0% V. Strong

Women in local government 42.31 % 84.6% V. Strong

Women in the workforce 11.50 % 23.0% V. Weak

ା Table 4: Equity and Social Inclusion Index (45.4%)

ା Figure 8: Equity and Social Inclusion Indicators

In general, the city of Madina has more strong factors of equity

and inclusion than the weak factors. Nonetheless, the city

should increase the number of women in the workforce and

improve the economic integration aspect to put the city on its

path to an equitable, inclusive and prosperous city.

THE

CIT

Y P

RO

SPER

ITY

IN

DEX

(C

PI)

- A

SSES

SMEN

T


14

A N A LY S I S O F E N V I RO N M E N TA L S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y D I M E N S I O N

Massive growth is threatening the sustainability and the

quality of city life in cities. Mass urbanization can lead to

social instability, undermining the capacity of cities to be

environmentally sustainable and economically successful. Cities

should ensure that as they grow and develop economically, the

city environment is not destroyed or degraded but remains

healthy and loveable for future generation. And the city’s

natural assets and resources are preserved for posterity. The

ESI accounts for the measures put in place to ensure that the

city environment is conserved, the findings in the table below

show that the Holy City of Madina has not succeeded in this

regard. The ESI score for the city is (32.5%) which is very low.

The city’s main weaknesses are in the energy consumption and

solid waste recycling, with 0% and 10% respectively.

Although the management of solid waste collection is very good,

there is insignificant solid waste recycling. The city collects 90%

of the solid waste and only recycle 10% of the collected solid

waste, meaning less than 10% of all the solid waste generated

is recycled. The city is at risk of witnessing huge landfills which

will be very dangerous for the environment. Overdependence

on fossil fuel as the only source of energy is also a source of air

pollution and is not sustainable in the long run.

Sub-

DimensionIndicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Energy (0.0%) Share of renewable energy consumption 0.00 ug/m3 0.0% V. Weak

Waste Management

(65.1%)

Solid Waste Collection 90.20 % 90.2% V. Strong

Solid waste recycling share 5.00 % 10.0% V. Weak

Waste water treatment 95.00 % 95.0% V. Strong

ା Table 5: Environmental Sustainability Index (32.5%)

ା Figure 9: Environmental Sustainability Indicators

THE

CIT

Y P

RO

SPER

ITY

IN

DEX

(C

PI)

- A

SSES

SMEN

T


15

A N A LY S I S O F G OV E R N A N C E A N D L E G I S L AT I O N D I M E N S I O N

Good governance and appropriate legislation are prerequisites

for sustainability and growth; it’s only through good urban

governance and accountable leadership that a city can be able

to deploy practical and effective policies, laws and regulations,

and create adequate institutional frameworks required for

growth and prosperity. Due to an average score of 51.7%, the

Holy City of Madina can be said to have a moderately weak

governance and legislation system. The city’s strongest pillar

of good governance and legislation is the number of days

required to register and start a new business. However, citizen

participation in local elections as a measure of participation

and accountability aspects is very weak (30.5%).

To forge ahead in the prosperity path, the city needs to improve

by opening more space for citizen participation and leadership

accountability and improve some aspects of municipal finance

management.


Participation & Accountability

(30.5%)Voter turnout 30.49 % 30.5% V. Weak

Municipal Finance (73.0%)

Own revenue collection - % - -

Days to start business 7.00 Days 73.0% Strong

Local expenditure efficiency - % - -

ା Table 6: Governance and Legislation Index (51.7%)

ା Figure 10: Governance and Legislation

THE

CIT

Y P

RO

SPER

ITY

IN

DEX

(C

PI)

- A

SSES

SMEN

T


16

STRENGTH WEAKNESSES

1. Good economic growth fundamentals such as moderately, low old age dependency ratio and good employment factors are good for the city economic stability.

2. High literacy rate: the youth and women have untapped potential to contribute allot to economic growth. There is allot of unutilised skilled manpower (human capital), especially among women.

3. Good safety and security, as well as political stability, provide a conducive environment for growth and development.

4. There is good healthcare provision in the city: a healthy population is productive, happy and peaceful.

5. Equitable secondary school enrolment is a very strong point towards achieving gender balance and inclusion.

1. Very low employment to population ratio.

2. Provision of education especially early childhood and enrolment in higher education are too low.

3. Low access to improved sanitation – connection to sewerage system reduce diseases.

4. Few public libraries – libraries promote learning and access to information and provide empowering knowledge.

5. Low physician density and high maternal mortality – compromises the quality of healthcare.

6. Access to home computers – home computers and internet access improve access to information.

7. Few women in the workforce – literacy and education level among Saudi women is considerably high; this is a critical economic resource in terms of manpower.

8. Poor availability of public spaces in the city – limiting recreation and better quality of life.

9. Youth unemployment is high – in a youthful population this is not good.

10. No source of renewable energy like solar and wind.

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

1. Good and Stable economic fundamentals create a good environment for growth and development in many areas of the economy. Eradication of the informal employment is a big advantage.

2. High access to home computers presents great opportunity to expand use of internet and to encourage higher speeds and promote innovation in the ICT sector especially among the youth with young creative minds.

3. High connectivity index presents good opportunity to promote or encourage alternative means of transport such as walking and cycling to reduce excessive use of private cars.

4. High productivity, good economic fundamentals, good safety & security and political stability in the city provide a conducive environment for attracting foreign investments.

5. For the environment – the high of solid waste collection is a good starting point for recycling and ensuring a clean environment.

1. Very Low employment to population ratio together with high youth unemployment is not good in a country with generally young population; bulging youth population mean high labour force in near future. Demographic phenomenon.

2. High investment is required to meet the needs of the rapidly growing population.

3. There are other factors affecting the already low usage of public transport such as cultural and extreme temperature unless they are appropriately addressed they may affect the usage of the Metro Train system as a public transport system when it is completed.

4. No renewable energy – complete dependence on fossil fuel which is not renewable source may not be the best for the city. Investment in other renewable energy sources such as the solar and the wind is advisable.

ା Table 7: CPI Based SWOT Analysis

S W OT A N A LY S I S B A S E D O N C I T Y P RO S P E R I T Y I N D E X A S S E S S M E N T

This section attempts to analyse the findings of the CPI and use it to identify areas of Strength, Weaknesses or Challenges,

Opportunities for growth and possible Threats that the city may have so that appropriate recommendations and actions can

be designed.

THE

CIT

Y P

RO

SPER

ITY

IN

DEX

(C

PI)

- A

SSES

SMEN

T


17LO

CA

L U

RB

AN

OB

SER

VA

TOR

IES

LO C A L U R B A N O B S E R VATO R I E S

A B O U T O F U R B A N O B S E R VATO R I E S

Urban Observatories is a global network with the following

tiers: Global Urban Observatory (GUO) –Regional Urban

Observatories (RUO) National Urban Observatories (NUO)

Local Urban Observatories (LUO) (city level). NUOs are national

platforms for policy information the country level, coordinated

by GUO. LUOs are local platforms for policy information at

the city level, coordinated by National Urban Observatories.

The following are the main roles of Local Urban Observatories:

Develop tools, collect and analyze their own urban indicators to

monitor a range of local priority issues – e.g. social development,

economic performance, service delivery; Establish permanent

mechanisms for monitoring MDGs and Urban Development

Indicators; Promote the use of urban data in planning and

policy- making at local and national level and participate in

addressing urban challenges resulting from urban development

and population growth.; Disseminate information to strengthen

transparency; Create a network of data management and

flow from the sources and to the consumers; Help create

or catalyse new partnerships between (National Statistical

Office and local authority, Different municipal departments,

Citizens and local authority); Establish strong links with local

policy making processes.

According to a rapid survey conducted by UN-Habitat-

KSA in June 2015 targeting 17 LUO/cities, it was found

that only 15 LUOs exist. The findings showed that 88%

of Local Urban Observatories are under Municipal

Departments while 12% are under Authority Development.

It also revealed that 71% of the Local Urban Observatories

are Active while the operations of 23% are suspended due to

staff/contractual arrangements. In terms of connections with

the GIS departments, 59% of the LUOs have connections with

the GIS department while 18% do not. The findings showed

that 71% of the LUOs have GIS data while 6% do not have.

M A D I N A – LO C A L U R B A N O B S E R VATO R Y

The Local Urban Observatory of Madina was established in

2004 (operational 11years) as a department located within the

municipality to be responsible for developing tools, collecting

and analysing urban indicators at the city level. Madina LUO has

a total of 18 employees, of which 9 are Non-Saudi Consultants

provided by a private consulting firm contracted to do technical

management of the LUO, the other 9 are Saudi government

staff. The contract with the consulting firm has lasted 24

months.

P E R F O R M A N C E O F T H E LO C A L U R B A N O B S E R VATO R Y

Madina LUO has produced four rounds of indicators and now

working on the fifth round of urban indicators, so far they have

produced a total of 113 urban indicators. This puts Madina

LUO as the 7th best performing LUO after Makkah with 300

urban indicators, Abha (140), and Skaka (137) among others.

In addition to producing urban indicators, LUOs are also

required to assist in the collection and production of CPI

indicators, according to a rapid survey conducted by UN-

Habitat-KSA in June 2015, Madina had produced a total of

30 CPI indicators and by June 2016 the number of indicators

reaches 51 out possible 74, this placed it eighth and is among

the cities with least number of CPI indicators. One survey

has been conducted for producing the spatial indicators of

the city of Madina.


18

REF

EREN

CES

R E F E R E N C E S

• A. A. AlKhedheiri (2002) The Role of Secondary Cities in

the National Development Process of the Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia.

• A. Al-Otaibi (2004) The Aspiration for Housing in Jeddah

Saudi Arabia. The university of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK,

Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2004.

• Abdul Salam et al (2014) Population Distribution and

Household Condition in Saudi Arabia: Reflection from 2010

Census, Springer Plus 2014, 3:530.

• A. A. Abou-Korin & F. S. Al-Shihri (2015) Rapid Urbanization

and Sustainability in Saudi Arabia: The Case of Dammam

Metropolitan Area. Journal of Sustainable Development;

Vol. 8, No. 9; 2015 ISSN 1913-9063 E-ISSN 1913-9071.

Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education

• A. A. Salam (2013) Population and Household Census,

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2010: Facts and Figures. Center

for Population Studies King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi

Arabia. International Journal of Humanities and Social

Science Vol. 3 No. 16, August 2013.

• High Commission for the Development of Riyadh (2015):

ArRiyadh Urban Indicator 2013, http://www.arriyadh.com/

openshare/ar/Photos/----------/En-3-Big.jpg.

• I. E. Ascoura (2013) Impact of Pilgrimage (Hajj) on the Urban

Growth of the Mecca. Journal of Educational and Social

Research Vol. 3 (2) May 2013. ISSN 2239-978X

• J. Gamboa (2008), City Expanding to the Desert Horizon:

Riyadh’s problem of explosive growth and urban sprawl,

Geography 554

• R Rantala and F Al Mazroa (2011): Intersectoral Action in

Abha City, Saudi Arabia – A Healthy City Tackling NCDs.

World Health Organization Centre for Health Development,

Kobe, Japan and Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

• Saudi Arabia General Investment Authority (2014): Madina

Region Economic Report 1434-1435-2014.

• UN-Habitat (2012) The State of Arab Cities 2012: Challenges

of Urban Transition, United Nations Human Settlements

Programme, Nairobi.

• UN-Habitat (2013) The State of the World Cities 2012/2013:

Prosperity of Cities, United Nations Human Settlements

Programme, Nairobi.

• UN-Habitat (unpublished) MEASUREMENT OF CITY

PROSPERITY: Methodology and Metadata.

• UNICEF and WHO (2013) IMMUNIZATION SUMMARY:

A statistical reference containing data through 2011. The

2013 Edition.

• Y. H. Yassin (2010) The UN-Support to the National Spatial

Strategy and Urban Planning Efforts of Saudi Arabia UNDP

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

• UN-Habitat NATIONAL SPATIAL FRAMEWORKS: Lessons

Learnt from International Experiences

• Dar Al Sahan (1995) Urban Development in Saudi Arabia:

Challenges and Opportunities. ISBN 9960-9054-0-3

A L L R I G H T S R E S E R V E D

2016

draft - future saudi cities · for the printing of the holy quran and many archaeological islamic...

Documents