Impact of in utero Heat Stress on Subsequent Growth, Composition

and Reproduction

T.J. Safranski1, B.R. Wiegand1, M.C. Lucy1, J.N. Rhoades1, M.J. Estienne2, J.G.Wiegert2, L.H. Baumgard3, J.W. Ross3, R.P. Rhoads2

Allen D. Leman ConferenceSt. Paul, MN

September 8, 2014

safranskit@missouri.edu

1University of Missouri2Virginia Tech3Iowa State University

Quantifying the Heat Stress Problem

• $300 million annually in U.S.– St. Pierre et al., 2003

• “Seasonality costs me more than PRRS”– Steve Pollman, Director of Operations Murphy-Brown Western Operations

• Wild pig is a seasonal breeder– temperature– photoperiod– other

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Describing the Heat Stress Problem

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Describing the Heat Stress Problem

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Describing the Heat Stress Problem– increased sow mortality– delayed puberty– weaker, shorter and more irregular cycles– increased embryonic death (early)– increased stillborns (late)– decreased lactation feed intake

• decreased piglet growth• increased weight loss• prolonged WEI

– increased aborts and NIP– Need I go on?

Quantifying the Heat Stress Problem

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12/14/05

2/2/06

3/24/06

5/13/06

7/2/06

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Date

An

nu

aliz

ed M

ort

alit

y R

ate

(%)

Steve Meyer

Brody Environmental

Center

TN

HS

TN

HS

Gestation and Breeding

Farrowing

Rectal temperature greater for P1 sows

Amanda Minton Whitney Martin

Safranski and Moore

- OVULATION - OVULATION

PUBERTALESTRUS

ESTRUS

PROGESTERONE

ESTROGEN

PGF2a

Matrix can be fed for any 14d herePG-600 can work here

Figure 2. Porcine estrous cycle and timing of pharmacological interventions(adapted from Isom)

- OVULATION - OVULATION

PUBERTALESTRUS

ESTRUS

PROGESTERONE

ESTROGEN

PGF2a

Matrix can be fed for any 14d herePG-600 can work here

Figure 2. Porcine estrous cycle and timing of pharmacological interventions(adapted from Isom)

Safranski et al., 2013

Safranski et al., 2013

IUTN IUHS

Pro

tein

Acc

reti

on

(g/

d)

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200A

P < 0.01

IUTN IUHS

Ad

ipo

se :

Pro

tein

(g/

g)

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5C

P < 0.01

IUTN IUHS

Ad

ipo

se A

ccre

tio

n (

g/d

)

120

160

200

240

280

320

360 B

P < 0.07

Johnson et al., 2014

60-80kg pigs

Does heat stress in utero affect piglets later in life?

28-34°C18-22°C

GTN G

GTN GHS

TN HS

GTN G

GTN GHS

Wei

ght,

g

HEAT STRESSn=39

THERMONEUTRAL

n=40

PAYLEANCONTROL

PAYLEANCONTROL

CONTROLPAYLEAN

PAYLEANCONTROL

100% NRC LYSINE

n=20

110% NRC LYSINE

n=19

Harvest (121 kg)

30 days prior

(100 kg)

Grow 1 (25 kg)Gestat ional Heat Stress (g.d. 14 -110)

100% NRC LYSINE

n=20

110% NRC LYSINE

n=20

Callahan et al., 2014

Barrow Feed Disappearance

Wilmoth et al., 2014

SE 0.08SE 0.05SE 0.08

Fresh ground pork color

Day GHS GTN

L* 0 55.93±0.31 56.40±0.31

2 55.92±0.43 56.96±0.43

4 56.23±0.37 56.85±0.37

6 56.54±0.35 57.15±0.29

a* 0 18.78±0.14 18.88±0.14

2 17.42±0.65 18.39±0.65

4 16.17±0.18 16.37±0.18

6 14.18±0.30 14.74±0.30

b* 0 9.20±0.11 9.25±0.11

2 8.89±0.12 9.02±0.12

4 8.61±0.41 8.74±0.11

6 8.06±0.11 8.19±0.11

Peckman et al., 2014

Ground pork sausage color

Day GHS GTN

L* 0 54.18±0.28 53.88±0.28

2 54.59±0.30 54.23±0.30

4 54.34±0.31 53.95±0.31

6 54.32±0.29 54.06±0.29

a* 0 16.00±0.17 16.33±0.17

2 13.47±0.14 13.81±0.14

4 12.09±0.13 12.57±0.13

6 10.43±0.13 10.91±0.13

b* 0 8.72±0.12 8.64±0.12

2 7.64±0.10 7.54±0.10

4 7.18±0.10 7.11±0.10

6 6.63±0.10 6.57±0.10

Peckman et al., 2014

Table 1. Effect of heat stress, Lysine, and Paylean® on carcass quality measures

Heat Stress Lysine Paylean

HS TN SEM 100% 110% SEM 0 6.5 g/ton SEM

HCW, kg 98.8 97.81 1.19 98.78 97.82 1.19 96.36b 100.24a 1.19

LEA, cm2 53.07a 50.66b 1.06 51.25 52.48 1.06 48.85b 54.89a 1.06

10th Rib BF, cm 22.78 22.42 0.88 23.15 22.05 0.88 23.4 21.8 1.08

Last Rib BF, cm 28.83 26.51 1.08 27.65 27.68 0.99 28.07 27.27 1.08

Dressing, % 74.5 75.12 0.58 74.93 74.71 0.58 74.15b 75.49a 0.58

Lean, % 52.84 52.54 0.49 52.33 53.05 0.31 51.82b 53.56a 0.49

Callahan et al., 2014

Table 2. Effect of heat stress, Lysine, and Paylean® on Pork quality measures

  Heat Stress   Lysine   Paylean  

HS TN SEM 100% 110% SEM 0 6.5 g/ton SEM

pH 5.58 5.6 0.02 5.58 5.6 0.02 5.56b 5.62a 0.02

Color 2.1 2.35 0.092 2.33 2.13 0.09 2.2 2.25 0.09

Firmness 2.22 2.38 0.11 2.33 2.27 0.11 2.33 2.27 0.11

Marbling 1.18 1.15 0.06 1.18 1.15 0.06 1.23 1.1 0.06

Wetness 1.66 1.9 0.13 1.9 1.66 0.13 1.8 1.76 0.13

Callahan et al., 2014

Table 3. Effect of heat stress,  Lysine, and Paylean® on Pork quality measures 

  Heat Stress   Lysine   Paylean  

HS TN SEM 100% 110% SEM 0 6.5 g/ton SEM

L* 57.3 57.33 0.56 56.89 57.74 0.56 57.75 56.88 0.56

a* 16.42 16.48 0.19 16.58 16.32 0.19 16.49 16.41 0.75

b* 8.53 8.29 0.19 8.32 8.5 0.19 8.66a 8.16b 0.19

Cook Loss, %  22.51 23.88 0.67 23.24 23.15 0.67 23.55 22.84 0.67

WBSF, kg 4.25 4.24 0.16 4.31 4.36 0.16 3.94b 4.73a 0.16

Callahan et al., 2014

Differences exist Most are still within ‘normal’ Most not detectable by consumer Muscling difference intriguing Muscle fiber analyses being performed

GTN G

GTN GHS

From 2-4 months of age progeny gilts (n=165) were evaluated for several measures twice weekly

-At 6am and 2pm rectal temperatures, ear and rump skin temperatures, and respiration rate (RR) were recorded

-Percentage of pigs standing, lying, standing at feeder, standing at water, and sitting was recorded at the top of every hour using video cameras

-Body weights were recorded every three weeks

Lynch et al., 2014

Lynch et al., 2014

Lynch et al., 2014

Lynch et al., 2014

Lynch et al., 2014

Management

• <150d estrous detection with 15 min/d BE

• 6/123 showed estrus within 40d• 81/117 responded to PG-600 (Sept. 28)

• 123 shipped to Suffolk, VA (Oct. 7)

Distribution of PG-600 induced estrus (~1/2 responded)

Management

• Group housed

• Mated AI to Yorkshire boars

• Limit fed in gestation

• ad lib fed in lactation (2x/d)• Minimal fostering (w/in treatment only w/in 24hr)

• PRRS negative• Mycoplasma and ileitis seropositive (no symptoms)

Production Measures*

GHS GTN

Gestation length, d 115.0±.25 114.8±.21

Weight at breeding (lbs) 334.43±10.16 335.86±9.21

Gestation weight gain (lbs) 101.83±9.54 98.68±8.65

Lactation weight loss (lbs) 42.00±8.24 42.61±7.78

*~3/4 of litters farrowed

Lactation Feed Intake*

• tended to differ (P=.10)

– GHS 12.33 ± 0.35 lb/d– GTN 11.52 ± 0.32 lb/d

*~half of litters

Piglet Numbers Per Litter*

a

b

*~3/4 of litters

Conclusions

• Direct effect of thermal stress on pregnant females beginning to be understood

• Mediated through the dam, subsequent progeny are also affected

• True cost of heat stress is underestimated– Reduced feed efficiency– Effects on carcass– Reproductive performance and efficiency

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Future Directions

• Complete farrowing group 4– performance, lactation feed intake

• Assess milk production and composition and whether effects persist to progeny– Michelle Rhoads, VT

• Endocrine profiles by parity

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