dr technologies, strategies and case studies · hvac - global temperature adjustment •gta based...
TRANSCRIPT
1
DR Technologies, Strategies and Case Studies
March 3, 2011
Mary Ann Piette, Sila Kiliccote, Dave Watson, Rish Ghatikar
Research Director, DRRCDeputy, Building Technologies Department
Staff Scientist, [email protected]
2
Concepts and Terminology Levels of Automation in DR
• Manual DR – Building operators manually turn off
switches and change set points at each device
• Labor intensive
• Poor reliability, repeatability
• Day ahead notification req’d
• Semi-Automated DR - pre-programmed DR strategies
initiated by a person via centralized control system
• Better reliability, repeatability
• Hours ahead notification req’d
• Fully-Automated DR - pre-programmed DR strategies
automatically initiated upon receipt of remote signal
• Most reliable & repeatable
• Sheds can occur within seconds
3
HVAC - Global Temperature Adjustment
• GTA based DR strategies can be used:
• Manually by building operators
• Automatically based on remote signals
• GTA Signal from central EMCS server to all space
temperature controllers throughout the facility.
• GTA well suited for HVAC equipment such as:
• VAV boxes
• Fan coil units
• CAV multi-zone temperature control valves
• heat pumps & DX package units.
• Heating setpoints should remain the same or be
reduced during GTA mode.
4
Auto-DR in 130,000 ft2 County Office Current Practice
5
DR Field Tests from 2003, 2004 & 2005
GSA, Phillip Burton
Federal Building
Federal (San Francisco)
Office
1,424,000 ft²
2,130 kW peak
GSA, Ronald Dellums
Federal Building
Federal (Oakland)
Office
978,000 ft²
4,100 kW peak
GSA, National Archive
& Record Admin.
Federal (San Bruno)
Archive storage
238,000 ft²
280 kW peak
US Postal Service
San Jose PDC
Federal (San Jose)
Process, distribution
390,000 ft²
1,630 kW peak
Joe Serna Jr. Cal EPA
Headquarters Building
State (Sacramento)
Office
950,000 ft²
1,990 kW peak
UC Santa Barbara
Davidson Library
State (Santa Barbara)
Library
289,000 ft²
1,090 kW peak
6
Typical Power Densities
– California Commercial End-Use Survey (CEUS) and eleven field test buildings (Yin et al. 2010)
– The simulation results from DRQAT are lower than field test data and CEUS, likely due to the assumed lighting densities, HVAC system efficiencies and building envelope of the prototypical building model
0.00
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#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 CEUS DRQAT
No
rm
ali
zed
Wh
ole
Bu
ild
ing
Pea
k D
em
an
d
(W/f
t2)
7
Results using GTA (2003-2005)
Site name Area (ft2)
Cooling
Capacity
(Tons)
Strategy Used
# Days
of
Testing
Climate
Zone
Outside
temperature at
time of peak
Average
shed
(W/ft2)*
Peak shed
(W/ft2)
GSA Oakland
Federal
Building
978,000 3,840Global Temp
Adjustment4 3 88 0.30 1.10
Contra Costa
County 2350
Arnold
131,000 240Global Temp
Adjustment2 12 90 0.30 0.67
Contra Costa
County 50
Douglas
90,000 240Global Temp
Adjustment2 12 90 0.58 1.34
GSA Santa
Rosa Federal
Building
80,000 200Global Temp
Adjustment*20 2 95 1.50 2.40
Sacramento
County Building80,000 180
Global Temp
Adjustment*3 12 70 0.75 1.00
Cisco 4,354,000 24,600
Global Temp
Adjustment &
other strategies
1 4 90 0.16 0.20
Echelon 75,000 4,800
Global Temp
Adjustment &
other strategies
2 4 90 0.89 1.22
8
Typical EMCS Graphical User Interface
9
Normal Mode
Global
Temp
Adjustment
72 7374
7576
777879
7170
6968
6766
65
DR Modete
xt
GTA – Conceptual Implementation #1 (Absolute)
10
Normal Mode DR Modete
xt
Global Temp Adjustment
(Relative)
“Relax” each zone
by _2_ deg.F
GTA – Conceptual Implementation #2(Relative)
11
Cost to Implement GTA
• Software only – no hardware cost.
• Several (smaller) vendors already offer this feature
at no extra cost.
• Sold nationwide
• Remaining vendors can add GTA to standard product
line at a low one-time cost.
• GTA can be added to existing buildings
• Zone level DDC required
• Programming cost $2K - $10K per site
12
Comfort: 1.5 deg. F° Temperature Rise at GSA (39 zone average)
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Zone T
em
pera
ture
[D
egre
e F
]
Actual Previous Days Average
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Comfort: Online Tennant Survey
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LBNL DR Strategies Report
•DR Control Strategies for Commercial Buildings:
DR Strategy Global Temperature Adjustment (GTA)
Definition Increase zone temperature setpoints for an entire facility.
HVAC type CAV, VAV systems. Cooling by central plant or package unit DX.
System
applicability
EMCS must have DDC control to the zone level. EMCS must have
Global Temp Adjustment feature.
Sequence of
Operation (DR)
Increase zone temperature cooling setpoints globally throughout
entire facility.
Zone temperature heating setpoints must remain unchanged or be
reduced.
Power savings in: Fans & Cooling systems
Efficiency
potential
Permanent increase in zone temperature setpoints for some zones
may be possible
Rebound
Avoidance
Gradual ramp back to normal setpoints. Lock out chillers etc.
Caution Occupant comfort. Zones will approach increased temperature
setpoints at different rates.
15
Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iii
Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... iv
1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Objectives and Report Organization................................................................... 1
1.2. Objectives and Report Organization................................................................... 2
1.3. Building Operations and Energy Management................................................... 2
1.4. Terminologies and Concepts............................................................................... 5
2. Demand Response Strategy Overview .................................................................... 7
2.1. HVAC System .................................................................................................... 7
2.2. Lighting Systems .............................................................................................. 11
2.3. Miscellaneous Equipments ............................................................................... 12
2.4. Advanced Control Strategies ............................................................................ 12
2.5. Strategies Used in Case Studies........................................................................ 12
3. Demand Response Strategy Detail ........................................................................ 15
3.1. HVAC Systems................................................................................................. 15
3.1.1. Global Temperature Adjustment............................................................... 15
3.1.2. Passive Thermal Mass Storage ................................................................. 18
3.1.3. Duct Static Pressure Decrease .................................................................. 19
3.1.4. Fan Variable Frequency Drive Limit ........................................................ 20
3.1.5. Supply Air Temperature Increase ............................................................. 21
3.1.6. Fan Quantity Reduction ............................................................................ 22
3.1.7. Cooling Valve Limit ................................................................................. 23
3.1.8. Chilled Water Temperature Increase ........................................................ 24
3.1.9. Chiller Demand Limit ............................................................................... 25
3.1.10. Chiller Quantity Reduction ....................................................................... 26
3.1.11. Rebound Avoidance Strategies ................................................................. 27
3.2. Lighting Systems .............................................................................................. 28
3.2.1. Zone Switching ......................................................................................... 28
3.2.2. Fixture/Lamp Switching ........................................................................... 29
3.2.3. Step Dimming ........................................................................................... 31
3.2.4. Continuous Dimming................................................................................ 32
3.3. Miscellaneous Equipments ............................................................................... 33
3.3.1. Fountain pump .......................................................................................... 33
3.3.2. Anti-sweat heater ...................................................................................... 33
3.3.3. Electric vehicle charger............................................................................. 33
3.3.4. Industrial process loads............................................................................. 33
3.3.5. Cold storage .............................................................................................. 34
3.3.6. Irrigation water pump ............................................................................... 34
3.4. Non-Component-Specific Strategies ................................................................ 35
3.4.1. Demand Limit Strategy............................................................................. 35
3.4.2. Signal-level Response Strategy................................................................. 36
Building Control Strategies Guide and Case Studies
16
0
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300
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00
Wh
ole
Bu
ild
ing
Po
wer /
kW
Pre-cooling with Two Steps Temperature Set up
Baseline DR
Precooling and Thermal Mass
Evaluate the Effect of
Control Strategies
based on:
– Utility rate structure
– Peak demand savings
– Zone comfort (PPD and PMV)
0
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100
150
200
250
300
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00
Wh
ole
Bu
ild
ing
Po
wer /
kW
Pre-cooling with Exponential Tempearature Set up
Baseline DR
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250
300
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00
Wh
ole
Bu
ild
ing
Po
wer /
kW
Pre-cooling with Linear Tempearature Set up
Baseline DR
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84
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00
Zo
ne T
em
pera
ture /
Deg
F
Pre-cooling with Linear Tempearature Set up
Baseline DR - Linear DR - Two Steps DR - Exponential
17
Load Statistical Summary (LSS)
LSS a plot of average,
minimum and
maximum points for a
given range of dates.
- Refined to display
Near-base load and
near-high load (2.5
and 97.5 percentile
values) (Price 2010)
2530 Arnold, Jul/2008
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M
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M
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PM
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:00
PM
Time of Day
Wh
ole
Bu
ild
ing
Po
we
r (k
W)
Average of kW Max of kW Min of kW
2008
Jul
2530 Arnold
IKEA-EPA, Sept/2008
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1200
1400
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PM
Time of Day
Wh
ole
Bu
ild
ing
Po
we
r (k
W)
Average of kW Max of kW Min of kW
2008
Sept
IKEA-EPA
18
Fan System Adjustment - Fan speed limit
• Applicable to fans with variable frequency drives
(VFDs).
• Similar to duct static pressure setpoint reduction.
• Less predictable because of the open-loop nature of
the control.
• Fan speed limits may be useful as part of other DR
strategies such as cooling system adjustments.
19
Fan System Adjustment - Fan Quantity Reduction.
• Applicable to constant air volume fan systems.
• Reduce fan energy by turning fans OFF completely.
• May be useful in common areas served by multiple
fans.
• Cooling energy in the fans that remain ON may
increase to make up for those that are OFF.
20
Fan System Adjustment –Increase Supply Air temperature
• Applicable to CAV and VAV fan systems
• Saves mechanical cooling energy
• For air handlers with cooling coils, the savings will occur at the central cooling plant.
• For packaged DX units & heat pumps, the savings will be achieved at each unit.
• Avoid increased fan energy in VAV systems due to increased air flow
• Prevent this effect by limiting fan speeds to prior levels
21
Fan System Adjustment - Cooling System Adjustment
• Applicable to Central Chiller plants & Packaged DX units & Heat Pumps.
• Most modern centrifugal, screw and reciprocating chillers have the capability of reducing demand for power:
• Raise chilled water supply temperature setpoint
• Limit the speed, capacity, number of stages or current draw of the chiller
• The quantity of chillers running can be reduced in some plants
22
Lighting Based DR Strategies• Lighting systems offer great promise as a resource
for DR shed savings
• Lighting systems account for ~ 1/3 electric load in commercial buildings
• Lighting has no rebound effect during the transition from DR events to normal operations
• In California, most commercial buildings already have bi-level switching. 1/3 or 2/3 of the lights in a given office can be turn off.
• Pre-planned automated DR strategies make sheds more repeatable and less labor intensive.
• Technical challenges:
• Few office buildings have centralized control of lighting systems (Kiliccote, et al, 2005).
• Buildings with centralized lighting controls are not necessarily zoned to enable reduced light levels adequate for occupancy.
23
Lighting Based DR Strategies
• Resolution of control is an important factor in determining the usefulness of lighting systems for DR. From highest to lowest resolution.
• Continuous Dimming.
– Allow light output to be dimmed from 100% to 10% (fluorescent) or 100% to 50% (HID).
– Gradual reductions not noticeable
– specific DR shed goals can be achieved
– Energy efficiency benefits in addition to DR
• Stepped Dimming, Lamp Switching, and Fixture Switching
– 2 or 3 light levels
– Noticeable, but manageable light levels.
– Lighting zones must be wired to ensure that all floor space remains illuminated at reduced levels.
• Zone Switching
– Applicable to zones that are unoccupied, or illuminated by windows.
– Egress light levels must be assured.
24
DR Strategies: Lighting ( of )
START
Central lighting
control?
Y NCentral lighting
control?
Y N
Dimmable
ballast?
Y NDimmable
ballast?
Y N
Zone
switching
Zone
switching?
Y NZone
switching?
Y N
Bi-level
switching?
Y NBi-level
switching?
Y N
Do not try DR
at this time
Fixture
switching
Continuous
dimming
Lamp
switching
Step
dimming
Bi-level
infrastructure?
Y NBi-level
infrastructure?
Y N
25
Comparison of End-Use Strategies
•
HVAC Lighting Other
Building use Glo
bal t
em
p. adju
stm
ent
Duct sta
tic p
res. In
cre
ase
SA
T Incre
ase
Fan V
FD
lim
it
CH
W tem
p. In
cre
ase
Fan q
ty. re
ductio
n
Pre
-coolin
g
Coolin
g v
alv
e li
mit
Boile
r lo
ckout
Slo
w r
ecovery
Exte
nded s
hed p
eriod
Com
mon a
rea li
ght dim
Offic
e a
rea li
ght dim
Turn
off li
ght
Dim
mable
balla
st
Bi-le
vel s
witc
hin
g
Non-c
ritic
al p
rocess s
hed
ACWD Office, lab X X X X X X X
B of A Office, data center X X X X X
Chabot Museum X X
2530 Arnold Office X X
50 Douglas Office X X
MDF Detention facility X
Echelon Hi-tech office X X X X X X X X
Centerville Junior Highschool X X
Irvington Highschool X X
Gilead 300 Office X
Gilead 342 Office, Lab X X
Gilead 357 Office, Lab X X
IKEA EPaloAlto Furniture retail X
IKEA Emeryville Furniture retail X
IKEA WSacto Furniture retail
Oracle Rocklin Office X X
Safeway Stockton Supermarket X
Solectron Office, Manufacture X X
Svenhard's Bakery X
Sybase Hi-tech office X
Target Antioch Retail X X
Target Bakersfield Retail X X
Target Hayward Retail X X X X
Walmart Fresno Retail X X
Global temperature
reset migrated to
State Energy Code
26
Global Temperature AdjustmentGlobal Temperature Adjustment Amounts for Auto-DR sites
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Customer
Tem
pera
ture
(F
)
Normal
Moderate
High
CPP
Ave. temp. increase (mod): 2.75 F
Ave. temp. increase (high): 1.88 F
DBP
Ave. temp. increase: 2.3 F
DBP CPP one-level GTACPP two-level GTA
Reta
il
Museum
Offic
e 1 Reta
il 1A
Offic
e 3
Govern
ment 1
Reta
il 2
School
Lab/O
ffic
e2
Govern
ment 2
Govern
ment 3
Govern
ment 4
Reta
il 3
Offic
e 4
Lab/O
ffic
e
Avera
ge
Avera
ge
Avera
ge
27
Aggregated Demand, 6/26/2006 (OAT: 89 °F) - Zone 2, 8 sites
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Po
wer
[MW
]
ACWD B of A Chabot 2530 Arnold 50 Douglas
MDF Echelon Gilead 300 Gilead 342 Gilead 357
IKEA EPaloAlto Oracle Rocklin Target Hayward Adj OAT Reg BL CPP BL
Moderate Price High Price
Aggregated AutoDR Results – June 26, Zone 2
Moderate High Moderate High Moderate High
ACWD 78 91 28% 32% 1.53 1.78
B of A 478 604 9% 12% 0.67 0.85
2530 Arnold 102 140 20% 29% 0.78 1.07
50 Douglas 57 94 13% 22% 0.63 1.04
MDF 90 155 17% 30% 0.52 0.90
Echelon -2 80 0% 22% -0.02 1.07
Oracle Rocklin 85 60 17% 14% 0.85 0.60
Target Hayward 59 56 15% 15% 0.45 0.43
Aggregated 946 1281 11% 16% 0.65 0.88
Average kW Average % Average W/ft²
1.3 MW reduction
during high price
period
28
Consistent Multi-Year Field Performance Automating DROpenADR Application Impacts 2003-2009
PG&E CPP Test Day (all participants)
7/9/2008
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14000
16000
18000
20000
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M
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M
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M
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M
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M
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M
Wh
ole
Bu
ild
ing
Po
wer
(kW
)
CPP MA Baseline
Cumulative Shed on 7/9/08
Martinez, CA Office Building Electricity Use with & without AutoDR
June 21, 2006
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Wh
ole
Bu
ild
ing
Po
wer
[kW
]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
OA
T (
Ou
tsid
e A
ir T
em
pera
ture
)
Actual Building Electricity Use with DR Estimated Building Electricity Use without DR OAT
Moderate
Price
High
Price
Normal
Price
Normal
Price
Price Change Signal Sent
Building automatically reduces electricity
use
29
SMT Test_1, 3/3/2009 (Min OAT: 43 °F)
0
1000
2000
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6000
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:00
Wh
ole
Bu
ildin
g P
ow
er
[kW
]
Actual Baseline (OAT Regression) 3/10 Baseline
Moderate
Price
High Price
Demand Profiles from Test Events
Seattle Municipal Tower, 9/11/2009 (Max OAT: 83 °F)
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Wh
ole
Bu
ild
ing
Po
we
r [k
W]
Actual Baseline 3/10 BL
Test Period
30
Technical Coordination Concept - Automation
• Initially hand-holding customers through the
automation process including DR strategy
development and technology integration done by
LBNL researchers.
• Identified as an important role for successful
commercialization.
• Control vendors identified as ideal candidates.
• Tested with the Demand Response Integration
Services Company (DRISCO) concept in 2006
• Utilized in 2007 Auto-DR (Hands-on vs. Hands-off)
31
DR Enablement Process
Analyze load shapes
Analyze operations,
systems, and end uses
Assess DR
Option
Implement Strategies
Evaluate Effectiveness
1
2
3
4
5
Historical data used for various purposes:
1. Visual analysis
2. Develop Load Statistical Summary
3. Evaluate Load Variability and Weather Sensitivity
Collect information on end uses, systems, controls and
operations
What kind of DR program works for the facility? Mapping
load shapes onto rates and programs
Semi- or fully-automated
Calculate shed - is it acceptable? Variable?
32
Installation and TC Costs for 2007 AutoDR
$-
$50.00
$100.00
$150.00
$200.00
$250.00
1 10 100 1000 10000
Demand Reduction (kW)
Insta
llati
on
an
d T
C c
osts
per
sit
e ($
/kW
)
496 274 5175 100 156 295 7587.5
Industrial1
Industrial2
Office1
Office2
Bakery
Retail2
Museum
Average of New
Commercial Cust.
Average of Legacy
Commercial Cust.Average of New
Industrial Cust.
Lab/Office2B
Gov1 Lab/Office2A
Office4School
Lab/Office1
Retail1B
Retail4
Gov2
Office4
Office6
Retail1A
Gov
4
Office5
Retail3Gov
4
$210.00
Legacy Commercial New Commercial Legacy Industrial New Industrial
33
Demand Side Management and Automated DR Future
OpenADR
Daily
Energy
Efficiency
Daily
Time-Of-
Use
Energy
(TOU Rates)
Dynamic
Peak Load
Management
(Dynamic
Rates)
Scheduled
Demand
Response
Real-Time
Demand
Response
(Ancillary
Reserves)
Regulation
(Ancillary
Services)
Service Levels
Optimized
Time of Use
Optimized
Service Levels
Temporarily Reduced
Increasing Levels of Granularity of Control
Increasing Speed of Telemetry
Increasing Interactions with Grid (OpenADR & Smart Grid)
Resources Sold Back to Grid
OpenADR
34
Ideal start - good commissioning, retro-
commissioning, advanced/new controls
HVAC - Direct digital control (DDC) global temperature adjustment
• In process for California Building Code
• Closed loop
Lighting Continuum - Zone Switching, Fixture Switching, Lamp Switching, Stepped Dimming, Continuous Dimming
Maybe you “can” use a strategy every day?
Desire to try
DR
Global temp.
adjustment
DDC zone
control?
Y N
Global temp.
Adjustment
capability?
Y N
Central plant
control
Air
distribution
control
Air distribution
System DDC?
Y N
Can program
GTA?
Y N Central plant
DDC?
Y N
Do not try DR
at this time
Desire to try
DR
Global temp.
adjustment
DDC zone
control?
Y NDDC zone
control?
Y N
Global temp.
Adjustment
capability?
Y NGlobal temp.
Adjustment
capability?
Y N
Central plant
control
Air
distribution
control
Air distribution
System DDC?
Y NAir distribution
System DDC?
Y N
Can program
GTA?
Y NCan program
GTA?
Y N Central plant
DDC?
Y NCentral plant
DDC?
Y N
Do not try DR
at this time
Linking DR and Energy Efficiency
35
Parameters for Evaluating Load Shapes – also useful for Retro-commissioning
• Near-Base Load (kW): 2.5th
percentile of daily load.
• Near-Peak Load (kW): 97.5th
percentile of daily load.
• High-Load Duration (Hours):
Duration for which load is closer
to near-peak load than to near-
base load.
• Rise Time (Hours): Duration for
load to go from near-base load
to the start of the high-load
period.
• Fall Time (Hours): Duration for
the load to go from the end of
the high-load period to the near-
base load.
36
Future DirectionsDR strategies as a “Modes” in Optimized Control
• Orchestrate modes using schedules, signals, optimization algorithms:
– Occupied/Unoccupied
– Maintenance/Cleaning
– Warm up/Cool down
– Night purge/Pre-cooling
– Low power DR mode
• Intelligence needed for decision making
• Financial feedback systems need to present operational value
• Embed DR communications client in EMCS – work toward codes, support BACnet and LON interoperability
See http://drrc.lbl.gov/ for publications
KWH
37
Summary of EIS State of Technology
* Vendor list and evaluations can be downloaded from: http://eis.lbl.gov/
38
Potential Collaboration– Web-Based EnergyInformation Systems
Problem Optimal energy performance requires high quality, granular building performance data, more timely analysis than monthly utility bills
Projects1. Review of Energy Information Systems (CEC Funded,
complete) • Defined a characterization framework• Evaluated state of the technology – 30 EIS• Conducted user case studies to identify energy savings2. Handbook on Energy Information Applications (DOE
Funded, underway)• Technical Advisory Group to select key applications• Evaluated state of the technology• Conducted user case studies to identify energy savings
38
Data Information Action
39
Results and Next Steps
• Shown how key owners use EIS-need to disseminate best practices and accelerate adoption
• Strong interest in movement toward utility incentives, developing specification for DOE Commerical Building Energy Alliances.
• Partnering/interest from vendors, Consortium for Energy Efficiency, USGBC, Utilities, ASHRAE Standard
• Web site: eis.lbl.gov
39
40
HVACLighting
&
Misc
Facade
Occupant Productivity
Responsive Buildings
Pervasive Energy Monitoring