dr. phil mcgillivary us coast guard pacarea, science...
TRANSCRIPT
The 11 Coast Guard Missions: 1) Port, Waterway & Coastal Security 2) Drug Interdiction 3) Aids to Navigation (ATON) 4) Search & Rescue (SAR) 5) Living Marine Resources (LMR) 6) Marine Safety (incl. Safety of Life at Sea, SOLAS) 7) Defense Readiness 8) Migrant Interdiction 9) Marine Environmental Protection (MEP) 10) Ice Operations 11) Other Law Enforcement
Key Coast Guard Challenges: 1) Persistent Surveillance (and ship tracking) 2) Space-time response coverage w/ manned ship assets 3) Space-time response coverage w/ manned aircraft assets 4) “Crisis response”: natural & environmental disasters,
e.g. Hurricanes Katrina & Sandy, DeepWater Horizon Oil Spill, ship groundings/ accidents (eg Shell KULLUK)
5) International relations/response 6) Arctic Capabilities 7) Fuel Costs (ship & aircraft), and cost variability 8) Training costs, and cost variability 9) Ship & aircraft maintenance 10) Technology Refreshment 11) Whale-ship collision avoidance near Ports & Harbors
The ‘networking’ involves: 1) Use of Delay & Disruption Tolerant Wireless
Networking (DTN) comms, an open source Internet Engineering Research Group protocol managed by a router hub (upper left), and using ASVs (e.g. WaveGlider , lower left) to manage AUV comms w/ UAS, ships and shore.
DTN ensures reliable comms critical for control (and legal liability!); and, 2) Adaptive Sampling / Anomaly Mapping software that
coordinates sampling among multiple autonomous vehicles w/o human input, but allowing human input.
1) Responsibility/liability : UK & EU Perspectives in SARUMS (Safety And Regulations for Unmanned Maritime Systems) documents
(EU perspective key as systems easily cross national borders) 2) [FAA] Privacy (re UAS): … a maritime government use perspective is needed! 3) National Security: coordinating w/ military for removing detections of military ships/subs & avoiding system loss in foreign waters 4) Right of Way & SOLAS (Safety of Life At Sea): “Your ASV/AUV ran in front of/into my ship/diver!” 5) International: Errant systems = “Spies” or “Terrorists”… Open Ocean incidents-issues / Port & Harbor Security issues
Persistent surveillance is key! Ideally via a hi altitude UAS with broad area monitoring with lo altitude UAS for close observation (and comms w ASVs and AUVs). Hi-resolution satellite info helps but temporal coverage inadequate for legal cases. One goal: capture of short-lived environmental events; Another goal: establish a legal case against IUU fishers. Related goals: (1) lower cost=‘arrest @dock’ vs ‘chase @sea’; and, (2) increased deterrence by online visibility of surveillance efforts/results. Contrast w/ now: surveillance is spotty so secret, interdictions of known IUU fishing <20%, limited deterrent effect, higher cost for at-sea interdictions.
Where are we w/ persistence of hi and lo altitude UAS? Medium & hi altitude long endurance UAS (MALE & HALE): now>1mo., increasing. DARPA and various companies (eg Boeing) pursuing independently. DARPA TERN (Tactical Exploited Reconnaissance Node) MALE RFP 3/13 DARPA VULTURE HALE UAS (@60K feet altitude) to fly 2014 Lo altitude: 2 recharge methods - induction and lasers , both portable. Laser recharge COTS from LaserMotive, Inc.
Recent UAS design advances include: 1) Aerovel Flexrotor - good for ships as takes off vertical, goes horizontal for flight,
reverses to land in comb-like ‘catcher’ landing platform 2) Navy Research Lab Stop-Rotor UAS converts from rotary to fixed wing, good for ship ops as above, without need for launch/land platform
1) Persistent monitoring capabilities 2) Pollution (oil spills, noise, harmful algal blooms, alien species, and
disease organisms, both human and fish) 3) Ocean Acidification (OA) 4) IUU Fishing 5) Climate Change 6) Ice 7) Shipping 8) Primary productivity 9) Oxygen Minima 10) Whale-ship Collision Avoidance 11) Data communications (bandwidth and timeliness) 12) Data Management and Real-time Displays
Autonomous systems can bridge gaps in spatial & temporal documentation of both natural events and human activities.
UAS have been used for seabird and marine mammal surveys, sea ice ridge height and sea ice cover photo-mosaics.
Various long-endurance autonomous underwater and surface vessels exist. Clockwise: Z-ray from SIO; Wave-Adaptive Modular Vessel from Marine Robotics; WaveGlider ,with surveillance camera , from Liquid Robotics; Solar Autonomous Vessel from UCSC.
WaveGlider ASVs have been developed to measure Ocean Acidification, and can be configured to measure air-sea CO2 flux.
1) Persistent monitoring capabilities 2) Pollution (oil spills, noise, harmful algal blooms, alien species, and
disease organisms, both human and fish) 3) Ocean Acidification (OA) 4) IUU Fishing 5) Climate Change 6) Ice 7) Shipping 8) Primary productivity 9) Oxygen Minima 10) Whale-ship Collision Avoidance 11) Data communications (bandwidth and timeliness) 12) Data Management and Real-time Displays: Still need integration on
ships
Communications & Database Management/Analysis Issues Delay & Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) Wireless Comms provide reliable, high bandwidth comms, so are essential. HD Video bandwidth from AUVs and UAS requires enhanced data acquisition, storage and search hardware and software. UAS video images in particular have to be geo-referenced. HADOOP software is currently used by CIA, DoD, and national geospatial data mapping agencies for UAS video archiving and analysis. This capability is being offered by Google for video storage and analysis ‘in the cloud,’ which is both inexpensive and essential due to data volumes. HADOOP has the advantage of using same software used by national geospatial data agencies, and so should be used by all data aggregators.
New laser communications capabilities permit very high bandwidth comms (20MB/sec = @HD video and multibeam seafloor maps) from AUVs to ASVs to UAS. Optical Transmitter on left; receiver on right: both omni-directional.
Policy Issues for Shipping (Greywater disposal, Black Carbon & Noise Emissions, Whale Collisions, Alien Species introductions) Policy Issues for the Arctic (SAR, pollution response & responsibility, fishing, navigation, certification/training, ‘escort’ requirements, nuclear issues) Policy Issues for MPAs: surveillance/monitoring, management, climate change Policy Issues for Climate Change: Ocean Acidification, Pollutants, Runoff Policy Issues for Fisheries: sustainability in the face of environmental change & variability Policy Issues Relating to Native Rights: subsistence rights issues
Still needed are: 1) Data ingestion and archiving standard methods (eg HADOOP) 2) Improved data integration & displays, especially for ships 2) Near real-time optical data communication (incl. military
‘scrubbing’) 3) New sensor capabilities development/testing (eg multispectral) 4) New persistence capabilities (powering systems) 5) Operator (and scientist and manager) training requirements 6) Assessment and demonstration of potential for more cost-
effective & directed MLE 7) Assessment and demonstration of potential for maintaining
native subsistence rights 8) Further demonstration of utility in disaster scenarios, man-made
or natural