dr. nagwa mohamed amin aref, ph.d.staff.asu.edu.eg/cv/07-04-2017-1203662178.pdfcurriculum vitae ....
TRANSCRIPT
CURRICULUM VITAE
Dr. Nagwa Mohamed Amin Aref, Ph.D. Professor in Microbiology Virology, Molecular Virology, Virus diagnoses,
Immunology. Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture, Microbiology Departmen
e.mails: [email protected]
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Researcher ID: A-5429-2010 Scopus Author ID: 54942267900
Websites:
http://staff.asu.edu.eg//index.php?id=Prof.NagwaAref http://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=54942267900 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8672-0989 http://www.researcherid.com/rid/A-5429-2010 http://kingsaud.academia.edu/ProfNagwaAref/Papers http://www.merlot.org/merlot/viewMember.htm?id=242809 http://www.researchgate.net/profile/N_Aref/publications/ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nagwa_Aref2
MAILING ADDRESS: P.O. Box 68, Hadayek Shobra 11241” Cairo, Muhafazat al Qahirah
EDUCATION 1974 B.Sc. Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shames University, Cairo, Egypt (Excellent, Grade of honor) 1977 M.Sc. Microbiology (Virology), Department of Microbiology, Ain Shames University, Cairo, Egypt. 1984 Ph.D. Scientific Channel System in Microbiology, Molecular Virology.
At Hohenheim University –Institute of plant medicine -Stuttgart-Germany /, Department of Microbiology, Ain Shames University, Cairo, Egypt. /Master's thesis WORK EXPERIENCE 2000- 2016 Professor of Molecular Virology, Department of Botany and Microbiology,
College of Science, King Saud University, Women Students Medical Studies &Sciences. Al-Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
December 7, 2007, Exchange Visitor Professor in the University of California USA.In Electron Imaging Center for Nanomachines, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California University of California, Los Angles. , 1602 Molecular Sciences Bldg, UCLA, CA90095-1489.The scholarship sponsored by King Abdul-Aziz City for Science & Technology (KACST)
1/1/1990- 1/4/1996. Supervised of Molecular Virology lab. At Agricultural Genetic
Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC) Ministry of Agriculture & Land Reclamation (MOALR) Egypt.
1990 - 1992 Consultant as a molecular virologist and co-investigator of Molecular
Virology lab., National Agricultural Genetic Engineering Laboratory (NAGEL), Ministry of Agriculture & Land Reclamation, Egypt.
1993-1996 Senior Scientist, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt and established Molecular Virology lab.of the Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC.
1990-1996 UNDP molecular virologists Expert for the Project entitled "Engineering
transgenic tomato plants Resistant for Tomato yellow Mosaic Gemini Virus" – Scripps Research Institute San Diego USA and Ministry of Agriculture. Egypt
14/11/1991 -7/4/1992 Postdoctoral fellowship in Molecular Biology at Scripps Research
Institute San Diego, USA.
1/9/1984-11/6/1989 Sabbatical leaves at Michigan State University East Lansing USA. The research program was in detection plant viral disease of stone fruit trees.
1974- 1999 Demonstrator, Lecturer Assistant, Lecturer, Associate Professor, and
Professor. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture. Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES Designed and established the Molecular Virology Lab at Agricultural Genetic
Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), at the Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Ministry of Agriculture & Land Reclamation of Egypt. AGERI has become a center of excellence in biotechnology, molecular biology, and genetic engineering research and product development in Africa & Central and West Asia-North Africa (CWANA) region .1990-present
Member of the National Genetic Engineering Committee, Egypt,1993-1996
Member of the National Biosafety Committee (NBC) in Egypt, 1995- 1996 Organized and hosted some international and regional conferences, workshops and
training courses.
Designed a project entitled: "Genetic Engineering; A Technology For Sustainable Agriculture and a Safe Environment" presented to and funded by the UNDP in 1997
Designed developed and supervised an elaborate long-range experimental research program in viral disease, microbiology, and molecular biology.
Supervised Masters & Doctoral programs in Microbiology, Virology, Virus diagnosis Immunology, Molecular Virology, Genetic Engineering and Nanotechnology at Ain Shams University, and some other leading Egyptian Universities. Moreover, King Saud University (More than 15 theses granted).
Designed and taught numerous courses at the graduate and undergraduate levels: Biotechnology, Molecular biology of microorganisms. Advanced Microbial Ecology, Molecular Virology, Advanced Microbial physiology, advanced techniques in virology, Advanced Virology, Plant viruses, Animal viruses, Serology &Immunity Bacteriophages, Microbial physiology. Moreover, Microbial interaction.
Designed and established the Virology Lab at Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University 2005.
Designed and established Green House of Plant Virus Disease at Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University 2007
Published Numerous publications in International, Regional, and Egyptian and Saudi Journals.
CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS AND RESEARCH INTERESTS Microbiology, Virus Diagnoses, Biotechnology and Molecular Virology Molecular virology interest of Plant viruses, Animal Viruses, and Bacteriophages. Viral genetic map Analysis and, Cloning of some viral genes and having recombinant DNA. Molecular and serological Characterizations & Diagnosis of viruses. Genetic engineering of some plant viral genes for having transgenic plants resistant to viruses disease. Searching in host-virus interaction and having nanobiological super bacteriophages that could be
applied successfully in medication and food and dairy science like camel milk. The effect of Silver and gold nanoparticles on virus infection.
MEMBERSHIP IN SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES: Member of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), USA Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), USA. Member of the International Society for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, (IS- MPMI),
USA. Member of the International Society for Plant Molecular Biology (ISPMB), USA. Member of the Egyptian Phytopathological Society (EPS), Egypt. Member of the Governing Board of the Egyptian Society of Applied Microbiology. Member of Saudi Biological Society Member of the Egyptian Journal of Microbiology Member of the Egyptian Society of Genetics (E.S.G.)
Member of the Journal of Agriculture Science –Ain Shams University PATENTs http://patents.justia.com/inventor/nagwa-mohamed-mohamed-amin-aref
• METHOD OF USING A CLAY SUSPENSION TO PREVENT VIRAL AND PHYTOPLASMA DISEASES IN PLANTS
Publication number: 20160360755 https://www.google.com/patents/US20160360755
• Method of inhibiting plant virus using gold nanoparticles Patent number: 9198434 https://www.google.com/patents/US9198434 KACST, Saudi Arabia. Patent # 1362
Date: 2004م The subject of Patent: A unique biological product for control of some Staphylococcus aureus
Infection.
Patents
عنوان البراءة العنقودیةالذھبیة البكتیریا للقضاءعلى حیوي منتج
:البراءةعنوان رسالة الدكتوراة الناتج منھا The role of Staphage in The Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus Infection
عنوانھاTitle
احیاء دقیقة /فیروساتMicrobiology / Virology
Int. Cl.7:A61K 9/00, A61K 9/08 الدولى التصنیف الحاصلة على ایمان كامل سالمة الدقس /للطالبة مجال الفیروسات فى
النبات واالحیاء الدقیقة) من قسم (بكتیریا الدكتوراة /فیروسات درجة عارف محمد أمین أ.د/ نجوى محمد تحت اشراف
مجالھا
ھـ1428-1427 فى عام 1362 برقم تسجیل براءة اختراع م2004
تاریخھا Date ( year )
Honors and Awards • University Academy financial Award from King Saud
Innovation Center (2010) for participating in IBTIKAR Exhibition.
• • Excellence Award in Teaching from KING SAUD
UNIVERSITY in 2008-2009.
• National Academy Award (1996) in Molecular Virology Studies, Cairo, Egypt 1996.
• University Academy Award (1996) for the excellent research publications In Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Research Activity Prof. Nagwa Mohamed Amin Aref
• Manuscript (Articles ) cited in ISI and pier reviewed journals
Title Olive Leaf Extract Trigger Defense Physiological Markers in Datura metel against Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors Al-Huqail A., Khan f., Al-Zahim N., and Aref N.M. Contact lnfo
[email protected] +966-11-8052984 [email protected]
Department Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en Major Microbiology, Virology, Plant virus. citation Year of Publication
2014, Feb
Publisher JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY (JPAM) Sponsor King Saud University Type of Publication
Article in Scientific Periodical Specialized Journal
ISSN 0973-7510
URI/DOI http://microbiologyjournal.org/index.php Full Text (Yes, No)
yes
Keywords Virus-host interaction, Phytoactive materials, Antiviral activity, Tomato Mosaic Virus (TMV), Physiological Markers, Iridoids. Immunizing plant.
How to cite this URL:
Olive Leaf Extract Trigger Defense Physiological Markers in Datura metel against Tobacco Mosaic. Al-Huqail A., Khan f., Al-Zahim N., and Aref N.M. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY. FEBRUARY 2014Volume: 8(1) Pages: 825-842.
Abstract
lants have been used as medicines since the time immemorial, among which Olea europaea products are widely available. Six essential oil extracts were tested for antiviral activities in Datura metel. The selected oils were Olive Leaf Extract (OLExt), Cinnamon, Clove, Black Seed, Cedar, and Walnut oil. Datura metel was used as a model host for TMV strain. The highest antiviral activity was observed in OLExt triggering physiological markers in Datura metel and showing reduced number and size of the necrotic local lesion. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) revealed the presence of three main compounds Iridoid glycosides, polysaccharides and phenolic acids in OLExt. Datura leaves were further analyzed for physiological markers. Among amino acids; alanine and serein found increased along with a significant rise in glutamine up to7.16mol/Kg DWT and methionine 0.128 Kg DWT in OLExt treated.There was an obvious increase in the lead, zinc, Chlorophyll A (from 1.75 to 1.93 mg/gm), total protein (from 2.8 to 3.12 mg/gm) and DNA (from 273.52 to313.09 mg/gm). Fixing nucleus activity was assessed by comet assay in the value of tail moment unit from 18.870 in TMV to 12.314. These physiological markers were found to be parameters for virus-host interaction in plant defense relay on Iridoids as an antiviral compound in OLExt.
Title
Authors
Contact lnfo [email protected] +966-11-8052984 [email protected]
Department Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en Major Microbiology, Virology citation Year of Publication Publisher Saudi Gastroenterology Association(SGA) Sponsor King Saud University Type of Publication Article in Scientific Periodical Specialized Journal URL URI/DOI Full Text (Yes, No) yes Key words How to cite this URL: Abstract
Title Correlation Between Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Titers and HBV DNA Levels
Authors Amal Alghamdi, Nagwa Aref, Malak El‑Hazmi, Waleed Al‑Hamoudi, Khalid Alswat, Ahmed Helmy, Faisal M. Sanai, Ayman A. Abdo.
Contact lnfo [email protected] +966-1-4789585 Ext.1441 [email protected]
Department Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en Major Microbiology, Virology citation The Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology:19,6.252-257 Year of Publication
13/11/2013
Publisher Saudi Gastroenterology Association(SGA) Sponsor King Saud University Type of Publication
Article in Scientific Periodical Specialized Journal
URL http://www.saudijgastro.com/article.asp?issn=1319-3767;year=2013;volume=19;issue=6;spage=252;epage=257;aulast=Alghamdi
URI/DOI 0.4103/1319-3767.121035 Full Text (Yes, No)
yes
Keywords Genotype D, HBV DNA, HBeAg negative, inactive carrier, quantitative HBsAg, Saudi Arabia
How to cite this article:
Alghamdi A, Aref N, El-Hazmi M, Al-Hamoudi W, Alswat K, Helmy A, Sanai FM, Abdo AA. Correlation between Hepatitis B surface antigen titers and HBV DNA levels. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2013;19:252-7
How to cite this URL:
Alghamdi A, Aref N, El-Hazmi M, Al-Hamoudi W, Alswat K, Helmy A, Sanai FM, Abdo AA. Correlation between Hepatitis B surface antigen titers and HBV DNA levels. Saudi J Gastroenterol [serial online] 2013 [cited 2013 Nov 13]; 19:252-7. Available from: http://www.saudijgastro.com/text.asp?2013/19/6/252/121035
Abstract
Background/Aim: To assess the correlation between serum HBsAg titers and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels in patients with hepatitis B envelope antigen‑negative (HBeAg −ve) HB genotype‑D (HBV/D) infection. Patients and Methods: A total of 106 treatments naïve, HBeAg −ve HBV/D patients included; 78 in the inactive carrier (IC) state and 28 inactive hepatitis (AH) stage. HBV DNA load and HBsAg titers were tested using TaqMan real‑time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and automated chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay, respectively. Results: The median (range) log10 HBsAg titer was significantly lower in the IC group compared with AH group, 3.09 (−1 to –4.4) versus 3.68 (−0.77 to 5.09) IU/mL, respectively; P < 0.001. The suggested cutoff
value of HBsAg titer to differentiate between the two groups was 3.79 log10 IU/mL. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between HBsAg and HBV DNA levels in the whole cohort, AH, and IC groups (r = 0.6, P < 0.0001; r = 0.591, P = 0.001;and r = 0.243, P = 0.032, respectively). Conclusion: Serum HBsAg titers may correlate with HBV DNA in treatment‑naïve HBeAg –ve HBV/D patients, and supports the use of HBsAg levels in clinical practice as a predictor of serum HBV DNA levels
Title Antiviral activities of streptomycetes against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in Datura plant: Evaluation of different organic compounds in their metabolites
Authors Ismet Ara*, Najat A. Bukhari, N. M. Aref, Mahera M. A. Shinwari and M. A. Bakir
Contact lnfo [email protected] +966-1-4789585 Ext.1441 [email protected]
Department Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en Major Microbiology, Virology citation African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(8), pp. 2130-2138, 26 January 2012 Year of Publication January 2012
Publisher Academic Journals Sponsor King Saud University Type of Publication Article in Scientific Periodical Specialized Journal
ISSN 1684–5315
URI/DOI http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB
Full Text (Yes, No) Yes
Key words Antiviral activity, tobacco mosaic virus, actinomycetes, Streptomyces, Datura metel, GC-MS Analysis, human pathogenic bacteria.
Abstract
A total of 20 strains of actinomycetes were isolated from Al-Kharj (K) and Al-Madina (M) areas in SaudiArabia. Among these strains, six were selected for antiviral activity screening which are K1, K2, K3, M1, M2, and M3. All the selected strains were characterized morphologically to be under the genus Streptomyces. Primary and secondary screenings were performed against seven human pathogenic microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella is ATCC 13076, Shigella sonneiATCC 11060 and Candida albicans ATCC 1023. In the data, all the obtained six selected strains had shown a positive and very promising result with little variations. The bioactive compounds were extracted from the strains using solvent extraction methods. The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was obtained from tomato plants, and the extract was prepared using a simple technique of homogenizing in water and filtration. Tobacco mosaic virus and the metabolites of streptomycetes strains were applied to the selected Datura metel plant
leaves. After incubation for one week, it was found that the viral infection symptoms in the form of local lesions caused by the TMV were notably reduced on the plant leaves in the presence of bioactive metabolites. Further, in this study, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of all the crude metabolites of Streptomyces’s strains was performed for the determination of different compounds.
Title Functional Redundancy Diversity of Gram-Positive Bacteria as Response to Pesticide (Malathion) Exposure in Soil
Authors Hathiyah Mohammed Abu-Thiyab, Omar H.M. Shair*, Rasheed M. Al-sum, Najwa
M. Aref and Bashir A. Al-sum
Contact info
[email protected] [email protected]
+966-1-4789585 Ext.1439 Department Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en
Major Microbiology, Virology Citation Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, Vol. 6 No. 1, Mar 2012 Volume 6 No. 1
Page No. 201-207. Year of Publication
Mar 2012
Publisher coverage in Thomson Reuters products Type of Publication Article in Scientific Periodical Specialized Journal
Sponsor King Saud University
ISSN 0973-7510
URI/DOI http://microbiologyjournal.org/jmabsarchive.php?vol=6&issue=1 http://microbiologyjournal.org/jmabsread.php?snoid=741&month=Mar&year=2012 http://microbiologyjournal.org/index.php
Key words Pesticide, Rift Valley fever, Mosquito, Soil, Microbial community.
Full Text (Yes,No( yes
Abstract Pesticide (Malathion) has been used extensively in Saudi Arabia when there was an outbreak of the Rift Valley fever in the south region in September 2000 for the elimination of the host (mosquito), and it is still in use. We studied the effect of this pesticide on treated soil. This study started in 2009 in Riyadh Saudi Arabia. Samples were collected from different locations of Riyadh area. The amounts of CO2 from soil microbial community were determined using flow 8650 and shown difference between the treated and untreated soil. The mean proportion of carbon dioxide of the treated was statistically and significantly lower than the untreated (3240.3 vs. 5492.6 ppm) respectively. Regression analysis revealed a significant reduction of carbon dioxide equal to (b = -48.92 ppm /d) for the treated soil while for the untreated soil, the slope of the regression line was stable and not significant (b = 0.37 ppm /d). BIOLOG GP2 microplates were used to determine 95 different carbon sources substrate utilization patterns of microbial communities.
Title Phage typing, PCR amplification of mecA gene, and antibiotic resistance patterns as epidemiologic markers in nosocomial outbreaks of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors M. Al-Khulaifi Manal *, M. Amin Aref Nagwa, Ali A. Al Salamah
Contact info [email protected] [email protected]
Department Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en Major Microbiology, Virology
Citation Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences (2009) 16, 37–49
Year of Publication
2009
Publisher King Saud University, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences www.ksu.edu.sa www.sciencedirect.com coverage in Thomson Reuters products
Type of Publication Article in Scientific Periodical Specialized Journal
Sponsor King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier
ISSN 1319-562X
URI/DOI doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2009.07.006
Keywords Community; MRSA; MSSA; Phage typing;mecA;,Prospective tools; Multiresistance; Hospital; Acquired Infections
Full Text (Yes, No( Yes.
Abstract Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is one of the principal causes of community and hospital-acquired infections. Bacteriophage considered as a major risk factor acquires S. aureus new virulence genetic elements. A total number of 119 S. aureus isolated from different specimens obtained from (RKH) were distinguished by susceptibility to 19 antimicrobial agents, phage typing, and PCR amplification for mecA gene. All of the MRSA isolates harbored mecA gene, except three unique isolates. The predominant phage group is belonging to the (mixed group). Phage group (II) considered as an epidemiological marker correlated to b-lactamase hyper producer isolates. MRSA isolates indicated a high prevalence of phage group (II) with a great increase for phage types (Ø3A), which correlated to the skin. Phage types (Ø80/Ø81) played a major role in Community Acquired Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (CAMRSA). Three outpatients MRSA isolates had low multi-resistance against Bacitracin (Ba) and Fusidic acid (FD), considered as CAMRSA isolates. It was detected that group I typed all FD-resistant MSSA isolates. Phage groups (M) and (II) were found almost to be integrated for Gentamycin (GN) resistance especially phage type (Ø95) which relatively increased up to 20% in MRSA. Tetracycline (TE) resistant isolates typed by groups (II) and (III) in MSSA. Only one isolate resistant to Sulphamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (SXT) was typed by (III/V) alone in MSSA. MRSA isolates resistant to Chloramphenicol (C), and all groups typed ba except (V). It could be concluded that (PERSA) S. aureus isolates from the wound that originated and colonized, and started to build up multi-resistance against the topical treatment antibiotics. In this study, some unique sporadic isolates for both MRSA and MSSA could be used as biological, molecular and epidemiological markers such as perspective tools.
Title Antiviral activities of streptomycetes against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in Datura plant: Evaluation of different organic compounds in their metabolites
Authors Ismet Ara*, Najat A. Bukhari, N. M. Aref, Mahera M. A. Shinwari and M. A. Bakir
Contact lnfo [email protected] [email protected]
Department Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en Major Microbiology, Virology citation African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(8), pp. 2130-2138, 26 January 2012 Year of Publication January 2012
Publisher Academic Journals Sponsor King Saud University Type of Publication Article in Scientific Periodical Specialized Journal
ISSN 1684–5315 URI/DOI http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB
Full Text (Yes, No) Yes
Key words Antiviral activity, tobacco mosaic virus, actinomycetes, Streptomyces, Datura metel, GC-MS Analysis, human pathogenic bacteria.
Abstract
A total of 20 strains of actinomycetes were isolated from Al-Kharj (K) and Al-Madina (M) areas in SaudiArabia. Among these strains, six were selected for antiviral activity screening which are K1, K2, K3, M1, M2, and M3. All the selected strains were characterized morphologically to be of the genus Streptomyces. Primary and secondary screenings performed against seven human pathogenic microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella is ATCC 13076, Shigella sonneiATCC 11060 and Candida albicans ATCC 1023. In the data, all the obtained six selected strains had shown a positive and very promising result with little variations. The bioactive compounds were extracted from the strains using solvent extraction methods. The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was obtained from tomato plants, and the extract was prepared using a simple technique of homogenizing in water and filtration. Tobacco mosaic virus and the metabolites of streptomycetes strains were applied to the selected Datura metel plant leaves. After incubation for one week, it was found that the viral infection symptoms in the form of local lesions caused by the TMV were notably reduced on the plant leaves in the presence of bioactive metabolites. Further, in this study, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of all the crude metabolites of Streptomyces’s strains was performed for the determination of different compounds.
Title Functional Redundancy Diversity of Gram-Positive Bacteria as Response to Pesticide (Malathion) Exposure in Soil
Authors Hathiyah Mohammed Abu-Thiyab, Omar H.M. Shair*, Rashead M. Al-ssum,
Najwa M. Aref and Bashir A. Al-ssum
Contact info
[email protected] [email protected]
Department Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en
Major Microbiology Citation Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, Vol. 6 No. 1, Mar 2012 Volume 6 No. 1
Page No. 201-207. Year of Publication
Mar 2012
Publisher coverage in Thomson Reuters products
Type of Publication Article in Scientific Periodical Specialized Journal
Sponsor King Saud University
ISSN 0973-7510
URI/DOI http://microbiologyjournal.org/jmabsarchive.php?vol=6&issue=1 http://microbiologyjournal.org/jmabsread.php?snoid=741&month=Mar&year=2012 http://microbiologyjournal.org/index.php
Keywords Pesticide, Rift Valley fever, Mosquito, Soil, Microbial community.
Full Text (Yes, No) yes
Abstract Pesticide (Malathion) has been used extensively in Saudi Arabia when there was an outbreak of the Rift Valley fever in the south region in September 2000 for the elimination of the host (mosquito), and it is still in use. We studied the effect of this pesticide on treated soil. This study started in 2009 in Riyadh Saudi Arabia. Samples were collected from different locations of Riyadh area. The amounts of CO2 from soil microbial community were determined using come flow 8650 and shown difference between the treated and untreated soil. The mean proportion of carbon dioxide of the treated was statistically and significantly lower than the untreated (3240.3 vs. 5492.6 ppm) respectively. Regression analysis revealed a significant reduction of carbon dioxide equal to (b = -48.92 ppm /d) for the treated soil while for the untreated soil, the slope of the regression line was stable and not significant (b = 0.37 ppm /d). BIOLOG GP2 microplates were used to determine 95 different carbon sources substrate utilization patterns of microbial communities.
Title Phage typing, PCR amplification of mecA gene, and antibiotic resistance patterns as epidemiologic markers in nosocomial outbreaks of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors M. Al-Khulaifi Manal *, M. Amin Aref Nagwa, Ali A. Al Salamah
Contact info
[email protected] [email protected]
Department Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en Major Microbiology, Virology
Citation Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences (2009) 16, 37–49
Year of Publication
2009
Publisher King Saud University, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences www.ksu.edu.sa www.sciencedirect.com coverage in Thomson Reuters products
Type of Publication Article in Scientific Periodical Specialized Journal
Sponsor King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier
ISSN 1319-562X
URI/DOI doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2009.07.006
Key words Community;MRSA; MSSA; Phage typing;,mecA;,Prospective tools;,Multiresistance; Hospital; Acquired infections
Full Text (Yes,No( Yes.
Abstract Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major causes of community and hospital-acquired infections. Bacteriophage considered as a major risk factor acquires S. aureus new virulence genetic elements. A total number of 119 S. aureus isolated from different specimens obtained from (RKH) were distinguished by susceptibility to 19 antimicrobial agents, phage typing, and PCR amplification for mecA gene. All of MRSA isolates harbored mecA gene, except three unique isolates. The predominant phage group is belonging to the (mixed group). Phage group (II) considered as an epidemiological marker correlated to b-lactamase hyper producer isolates. MRSA isolates indicated high prevalence of phage group (II) with highly increase for phage types (Ø3A), which were correlated to the skin. Phage types (Ø80/Ø81) played an important roll in Community Acquired Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (CAMRSA). Three outpatients MRSA isolates had low multiresistance against Bacitracin (Ba) and Fusidic acid (FD), considered as CAMRSA isolates. It was detected that group I typed all FD-resistant MSSA isolates. Phage groups (M) and (II) were found almost to be integrated for Gentamycin (GN) resistance especially phage type (Ø95) which relatively increased up to 20% in MRSA. Tetracycline (TE) resistant isolates typed by groups (II) and (III) in MSSA. Only one isolate resistant to Sulphamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (SXT) was typed by (III/V) alone in MSSA. MRSA isolates resistant to Chloramphenicol (C) and Ba were typed by all groups except (V). It could be concluded that (PERSA) S. aureus isolates from the wound that originated and colonized, and started to build up multi-resistance against the topical treatment antibiotics. In this study, some unique sporadic isolates for both MRSA and MSSA could be used as biological, molecular and epidemiological markers such as prospective tools.
إسم البحث
Name of Publication
إسم المجلة
Name of Journal
المشاركون في البحث من جامعة الملك سعود
Researchers Involved From KSU
عدد األبحاث المنشورة في
ISIمجالت
Number of Publications
in ISI Journals
الباحثإسم
Name of Researche
r
2015-Prof, Dr. Nagwa M. Aref Department No
1. 1- Method of inhibiting plant virus using gold nanoparticles
US000009198434B120151201 http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=+++Patent+%23%3A+US009198434+&docid=09198434&IDKey=5365547A94AD&HomeUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526%E2%80%A6
http://www.litmanlaw.com/home https://www.researchgate.net/profile/N_Aref
-Botany and Microbiology -Physic
2 1
Patent
Patent #: US009198434
NOORAH ABDULAZIZ OTHMAN ALKUBAISI . NAGWA MOHAMED MOHAMED AMIN AREF · AWATIF AHMED HENDI
2. Prevalence of HCV Genotypes and Viral Load in Saudi Arabia
http://www.manuscriptsystem.com/Journal/articles.aspx?journalid=1101
International Journal of Internal Medicine 2015, 4(2): 26-41 p-ISSN: 2326-1064 e-ISSN: 2326-1072 http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ijim.20150402.02.html
-Botany and Microbiology -Medical Microbiology Department, AlJouf University, College of Science. - Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine (for girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt -Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC), Saudi Arabia
1 1 1 1
DOI: 10.5923/j.ijim.20150402.02
Rasha M. AlZayed · Nouha M Hamdy · Hisham H Al-Ajlan . Nagwa M Aref
• Conferences Inducing Plant Virus Resistance by potential Gold Nanoparticles having low genotoxicity in plant cells.
Title
Nagwa M. Aref, N.Alkubaisi, N. A Marraiki and A. Hindi Author-s
[email protected] [email protected] +966-1-4789585 Ext.1439
Contact lnfo
Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en Department
Microbiology and Virology, Plant Virus disease Major
citation
2013 April,25-27 Nanjing, China
Year of Publication
IBIO 2013 - BIT's 6th Annual Congress of Industrial Biotechnology, Nanjing, China
Publisher
Nanjing Municipal Government.
Sponsor
Oral presentation Ibio13: Agriculture and Plant Biotechnology Time: 13:30-17:10, April 27, 2013 (Saturday ); Place: Room No. 419, 4th Floor, JLCC
Type of Publication
http://www.chinaexhibition.com/Official_Site/11-2597-IBIO_2013_-_BIT%27s_6th_Annual_Congress_of_Industrial_Biotechnology.html
URL
No, Abstract only. Full Text Yes, No
Nanotechnology , Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), genotoxicity , Gold nanoparticles (GNPs).
Key words
Nanobiotechnology represents an economic alternative for chemical and physical methods application for controlling plant virus infection. Integrated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with plant biological systems provide, and offer benefit inspiration models and Bio-assembled components to be studied and applied. GNPs interactions in infected Barley plant cells with Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) which is a dangerous pathogen of winter barley, transmitted by the vector Polymyxa graminis, enhance living system to back up against viral infection. Genotoxicity and plant safety concerns were studied also by comet assay and proved to be improved with GNPs. The Sensitivity of the test allowed the assessment of DNA damage in our occupationally treatments and
Abstract
environmentally expose to GNPs. Our study revealed highly increase damage in DNA especially in infected plants, The comet parameters TM, Tail DNA (%) and Tail length assure and evaluate that GNPs had positive and promising treatment for inducing resistance plant infected with Virus. Evaluative amino acid analysis, plant growth as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) proved the useful application of GNPs treatments for inducing plant resistance against the virus infection. That suggests there may be ways need to be explained for modifying the surfaces of GNPs for having that potential biocompatibility and low genotoxicity to overcome virus infectivity in the plant cell. CORRELATION BETWEEN HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN TITERS AND HEPATITIS B VIRUS DNA LEVELS IN HBEAG NEGATIVE CHRONIC HEPATITIS B GENOTYPE D PATIENTS
Title
Amal K. Alghamdi, Nagwa M. Aref, Malak M. El-Hazmi, Waleed K. Al-Hamoudi, Khalid A. Alswat, Ahmed Helmy,Faisal Sanai, Ayman Abdoز
Author-s
[email protected] [email protected] +966-1-4789585 Ext.1439
Contact lnfo
Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en Department
Microbiology and Medical Virology, Major
Regular abstract submission Viral Hepatitis REGULAR ABSTRACT SUBMISSION-104 https://events.easl.eu/EventPortal/Information/EventInformation.aspx?EventInformationPageCode=PRELIMINARYPROGRAMME&EventCode=MLYON2013
citation
28/11/2013-France, Lyon
Year of Publication
Publisher
European Association for the study of the liver (EASL). Sponsor No, only Abstract Full Text
Yes,No Genotype D, HBV DNA, HBeAg negative, inactive carrier, quantitative HBsAg, Saudi Arabia
Key words
Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels predict the natural course of the chronic HBV infection and assess treatment response. With the improved ability to quantitate hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), its use to replace HBV DNA measurements is being questioned.
Abstract
Aims: This study assesses the correlation between serum HBsAg titers and HBV DNA levels in patients with hepatitis B envelop antigen negative (HBeAg −ve) HBV genotype D (HBV/D) infection. Methodology: A total of 106 treatment naïve, HBeAg −ve HBV/D patients were included; 78 in the inactive Carrier state (IC) and 28 in the chronic active hepatitis (AH) stage. HBV DNA load and HBsAg titers were tested using TaqMan real-time PCR and automated chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay, respectively. Results: The median (range) Log10 HBsAg titer was significantly lower in the IC group compared to AH group, 3.09 (-1_4.4) versus 3.68 (-0.77_5.09) IU/ml, respectively; p <0.001 (Table 1). The suggested cutoff value of HBsAg titer to differentiate between the two groups was 3.79 Log10 IU/ml. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between HBsAg and HBV DNA levels in the whole cohort, AH, and IC groups (r = 0.402, p<0.0001; r = 0.309, p = 0.005; and r = 0.383, p = 0.044, respectively). The ratio of HBsAg to HBV DNA in all Patients was 1.09. A highly significant difference was observed between the ratios of HBsAg/HBV DNA of Both IC and AH groups; p<0.0001. Conclusion: The present study confirms that serum HBsAg titers correlate with HBV DNA in treatment naïve HBeAg –ve HBV/D patients, and supports the use of HBsAg levels in clinical practice as a predictor of serum HBV DNA levels. A novel Zucchini Green Mottle Mosaic Virus (ZGMMV-SA) in cucurbita pepo from Saudi Arabia
Title
N. S. Al-Dosary , N. A Marraiki and N. M. Aref Author-s [email protected] [email protected] +966-1-4789585 Ext.1441
Contact lnfo
Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en Department Microbiology and Virology Major FIFTH SAUDI SCIENCE CONFERENCE citation 2012 Year of
Publication SSC5’2012 College of Applied Sciences. Umm Al-Qura University. Makkah, April 16-18, 2012. Session/Talk/Poster/Day/Hour
Publisher
Umm Al-Qura University. Sponsor Poster presentation Type of
Publication http://www.uqu-ssc5.net/BiologyThemes.aspx http://www.uqu-ssc5.net/Brochure.pd
URL
No, Abstract only Full Text Yes, No
Zucchini Green Mottle Mosaic Virus ZGMMV-S .Seed-borne viruses .Isolation, Purification, Transmission, EM.Ultrastructure.
Key words
Introduction: the cucurbiat pepo vegetable plant is of significant economic importance in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and is a member of the Cucurbitaceous family. The plant’s widespread availability and usage was an influential factor in its selection for this study that assesses how newly emerging seed-borne viral strains, not present in the Kingdom previously adversely affect cucurabita pepo. The study compares the virulence of the isolated virus and examines the impact of viral infection internally and externally in terms of biological, physiological processes and ultra-anatomical structure of plants infected . Methodology: Isolation and identification of purified seed-borne virus revealed negatively stained rigid rod particles of Zucchini Green Mottle Mosaic Virus (ZGMMV- SA) by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Virus host range and characteristic symptomatology were tested as well as Disease severity (DS) =∑Disease grade × number of plants each grade ÷Total number of plant ×highest disease grade that calculated according to three kind of symptom severity grades in virus host range. Light microscopy and ultra-structure studies in EM were conducted to the infected tissues . Results: ZGMMV- SA is an isolate firstly recorded as a Cucurabita pepo seed-borne virus identified in Saudi Arabia. It was found to have a wide range host including Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae and Chenopodacea infecting variant plants from these different families like Solanum melongena, Capsicum annuum, Nicotiana rustica, Nicandra physalcides, Niacotiana clvelandii, Physalis floridana, Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana physabides and Brassica napus, which were not reported before. , Also, virus shown in pumpkin margin yellowing and necrosis Light microscopy revealed the presence of two types of inclusion bodies in the infected cucurabita pepo; crystal inclusions and portentous inclusions. In addition to vacuolated vesiculate inclusions, meanwhile the presence of both swollen cells and swollen nuclei were observed, the virus altered the organization of palisade in zucchini. The structural rearrangement of chloroplasts observed caused crystalline inclusions that possessed a large rounded shape. TEM showed severely ultra-structural deformed mitochondria and chloroplasts. The formation of multi-membrane vesicles, osmoiphilic inclusions and double membrane small inclusions and the spread of the virus particles in the cytoplasm were present. Our study revealed ZGMMV- SA as 10th virus isolate of the nine isolate strains of ((ZU2, ZU4, ZU5, ZU12, ZU20, ZU25, ZGMMV-K, tobamo-zu and ZT1) that were identified before in Korea but none was located in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia before.
Abstract
Title
Multi-Functional Effects of Gold Nano-Particles Inducing Plant Virus Resistance Crops.
Author-s Nagwa M. Aref, N.Alkubaisi, N. A Marraiki and A. Hindi. Contact lnfo [email protected]
[email protected] +966-1-4789585 Ext.1441
Department Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en Major Microbiology and Virology Citation The 5th Annual World Congress of
Industrial Biotechnology-2012 Theme: Bio-Economy in Synthetic Bio-era Time: April 25-28, 2012,Xian.China
Year of Publication
2012
Sponsor
Type of Publication
Oral presentation
URL http://www.bitlifesciences.com/ibio2012/fullprogram_track5.asp
URI/DOI Symposium 5: Agriculture and Plant Biotechnology symposium 5-2: Agriculture and Plant Biotechnology (Part II) 13:30-15:15, April 27, 2012 (Friday); Place: Meeting Room 209, 2nd Floor, QICC
Full Text (Yes, No)
No, Abstract only.
Key words Bionanotechnology and Plant virus resistance. Abstract Wet’ nanotechnology (including living bio systems) could already mimic what Nature does in
living systems and in the environment. It is the ability to assemble and disassemble molecules into objects hierarchically along several length scales. Integrated nanoparticles with biological systems provide, and offer benefit inspiration models and Bio-assembled components to be studied and applied. Nanoparticle interactions with the biological cell system of bacteriophage and plant virus cell interaction benefit treatment against virus particles and enhance living system to back up against viral infection. Safety concerns were proved to be good with silver and gold nanoparticles. The transmission electron micrograph revealed the formation of poly dispersed nanoparticles of 5–40 nm, The capsid protein of the head and tail of phages was dissociated and disassembled into capsomeres according to the negative charge of silver nanoparticles. Bacterial host formed Conglomerates from Ag NPs alone or from both Ag NPs and phage inside the cytoplasm. Gold nanoparticles induced and enhanced Plant Virus Resistance against Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), which is a dangerous pathogen of winter barley, transmitted by the vector Polymyxa graminis. The purified virus particles were completely dissociated in vitro .The treated plants had a very good performance. Ultrastructute study by EM as well as biochemical and molecular of treated plants analysis indicated promising application of gold nanoparticles Inducing Plant Virus Resistance Crops.
Title Integrated Diagnosis of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Infection in Immunocompromised Children in Riyadh
Author-s H.M. AL –Dosary, N.M.A. Aref, S.H. AI-Hajjar Contact info [email protected]
[email protected] +966-1-4789585 Ext.1441
Department Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en Major Microbiology ,Medical Virology Citation 7th World congeress of the World Society for Pediatric infectious diseases(WSPID)
2012 Year of Publication
Sponsor World Society for Pediatric infectious diseases (WSPID) Melbourne,Australia
,16-19,2011. Type of Publication
Poster presentation
URL http://www.kenes.com/wspid2011/abstracts/P.htm Section :Rapid Diagnosis/Point of care diagnosis
Full Text (Yes, No)
No Abstract only
Title The Interaction of Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with Virus-bacteriolytic Activity.
Author-s Nagwa Mohammad Amin Aref*, Nour Jawad Aref Al-houry,and Najat Marraiki
Contact info [email protected] [email protected] +966-1-4789585 Ext.1441
Department Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en
Major Microbiology , Virology ,Bacteriophage
Citation https://sites.google.com/site/iwam2011/ https://sites.google.com/site/iwam2011/iwam-2011/program https://sites.google.com/site/iwam2011/iwam-2011/poster-sessions 2012 Year of
Publication
The third annual International Workshop on Advanced Materials (IWAM) 2011
Sponsor The Ras Al Khaimah Center for Advanced Materials (RAK CAM)
Type of Publication
Poster presentation. Poster Session (II) Al Hamra Convention Center Monday, February 21, 2011 18:30 – 21:00
Full Text (Yes, No)
No , only Abstract
Key wards Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs), bacteriophage Activity.
Abstract
The high surface-area-to-volume ratios of silver nanoparticles create unique physical, chemical, mechanical, and quantum size effect properties. the effect of (Ag NPs) on the interaction between phage and bacterial host by assessing the phage bacteriolytic activity using P.F.U/ml. as well as recording the damage that will occurred for the bacterial host cell or virus particle by EM. Silver nitrate dissolved in trichlorobenzen .The size distribution by intensity and the total average size (Ag NPs) was (4971 nm) in the aqueous solution of (0.02 mg/ml) concentration were tested in zetasizer machine (Zeta sizer nano series HT / serial no.: MAL1034318/ made in U.K). It was also showed that Ag+ binds to functional groups of proteins, resulting in protein denaturation. We tried to have a moderate concentration of (Ag NPs) that bacteria could tolerate and phage could invade therefore, we used the diluted (Ag NPs) aqueous solution with zeta potential (-0.06 mv) and negative charge. Size distribution by intensity for our aqueous (Ag NPs) solution, had a good indication of size (NPs) with average size of 5.156 nm by TEM. The effect of (Ag NPs) measured in (P.F.U/ml) on the individual phages as well as mixture of them showed significant degrees for all. These four different individual phage isolates named (PNSX1), (PNSX2), (PNSX3) and (PNSX4) were isolated from 14 samples from different fresh ground beef sources in Riyadh. It was performed by spot and plaque assay P.F.U/ml tests .the isolated Phages were restricted to Staphylococcus xylosus. These results indicated phages (PNSX1), (PNSX2) and (PNSX4) that were referred to family Siphoviridae but one phage (PNSX3) was referred to family Myoviridae according to the measurements of size and the shape that revealed in the electron micrographs for each phage by TEM. All the phage genomes were ds- DNA with Mw of 40.000bps. One of the most significant active super phage was (PNSX1) in P.F.U/ml with (3.3x10-5) On the other hand phage (PNSX3) showed the lowest significant phage bacteriolytic activity P.F.U/ml with (2x10-6). The super phage (PNSX1) possessed high concentration of virus particles from purification (260/280= 1.050) compared to the lowest one phage (PNSX3) that had (260/280= 1.003). This one had low efficiency in attacking bacteria with low yield. The mixture of four phages had highly significant phage bacteriolytic activity at P≤0.01 (409 P.F.U/ml) but this mixture was lower than super phage (PNSX1) in its efficiency in invading bacterial cells. The application of Ag NPs that had a good distribution in the concentration (0.02 mg/ml) could not had that much effects on the bacterial cell alone but could interfere with virus receptors and dissociate virus particles. We observed the effect of (Ag NPs) on bacteria only and on both (phage +bacteria) by both P.F.U/ml on plat and TEM. Bacterial cell membrane had irregular pits. Bacterial host formed Conglomerates from Ag NPs alone or from both Ag NPs and phage inside the bacteria cells. The Architecture of icosahedra capsid protein of the head of phage was dissociated and disassembled into capsomeres or protein subunits according to the negative charge of silver nanoparticles .As well as the complex symmetry of the contractile studied phages was dissociated into many heads and tails and distributed in the bacterial cytoplasm. AgNps had helper effects for Staphylococcus xylosus in the incidence of phage invaders. The most significant
affected weak phage was (PNSX3) followed by (PNSX4), mixture, (PNSX2) and (PNSX1). It means that the bacterial phage receptors interacted with negative charge of (Ag NPs) to have some sort of limitation preventing bacteriophages from invading the bacterial cell wall of gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus xylosus. This was confirmed by TEM. Each phage had different response towards (Ag NPs). However, inhibition depends on the concentration of the silver nanoparticles. Ag NPs, Virus-host interaction, Bacteriophages and Nanoparticles.
Title Special Bionanomaterials for Priming Tomato Seeds Post Potential Virus Resistance
Author-s Nagwa Mohamed Aref, May Mohamed Mansour Al Roumah.,Huda Mahmoud AlKatib .
Contact lnfo. [email protected] [email protected] +966-1-4789585 Ext.1441
Department Botany and Microbiologyhttp://dent.ksu.edu.sa/faculty_en Major Microbiology, Plant Virology. Virus host interaction.
citation http://www.bitlifesciences.com/ibio2010/ BIT' s 3rd World Congress of Industrial Biotechnology 2010 (ibio-2010)
Year of Publication
2010,Dalian,China
Abstract Treatment of tomato plants with salicylic acid showed effective degrees of induced resistance
to the virus particles, increasing plant production and decreasing the rate of virus infection. Remarkable data were reported depending on the application of extract containing these virus Nano-particles prepared from infected tomato leaves combined and with induced salicylic acid. The virus strain was confirmed by the ELISA test and electron microscopy. The results of germination showed that 50% percentage of germination was accelerated in all cultivars within two days . The germination was elevated up to 90% in all local genetically stable tomato cultivars plus the resistant one. The increase of the total protein content of the infected local cultivars was reported as one of the physiological changes,. It was also found that there was a significant increase of the amino acid Asparagin in the cultivar Star (55.6 µM/L) and a decrease of the amino acid Serene (32.9 µM/L), when compared with the control (77.1 µM/L). This could be due to the specific biological activities specifically for the synthesis of nucleic acids. In addition, there was a decrease at the amino acid Glycine (24.7 µM/L) in the resistant cultivar, when compared to control (0.00 µM/L). This could be related to the preclusion of toxicity effects of cyclic amino acids formed during biological activities. The enzyme peroxidase in leaves of all treated cultivars showed a double marked increase, as compared with other healthy plants, where it was obvious in susceptible Star tomato cultivar (39.2unit/g). Also, there was noticed a decrease at the response of the
sensitive tomato cultivars to the minor and major minerals at the vegetative plant part. The major sign of the resistant cultivar was shown. When compared with sensitive cultivars, i.e., a significant increase in concentration of calcium and magnesium in leaves of the infected plants (208.20 mg/g and 56.60 mg/g), when compared to control plant leaves (151.30 mg/g and 47.00 mg/g), respectively. The use of salicylic acid leads to the increase of those two elements in the sensitive cultivars. On the contrary, there was a decrease in the minor elements iron and manganese in the infected resistant cultivar (00.00 mg/g and 75.79 mg/g) when compared with the control (181.20 and 370.40 mg/g), respectively. A large number of crystalline inclusion bodies existed in susceptible tomato cultivar (\) (No. of inclusion bodies =110/ No. of examined cell=250), in comparison with the acquired resistant tomato cultivars (15\250), which enabled justification the level of resistance. p.285.