dr. mike roof - impact of porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (prrs) vaccination on...
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Mike Roof, PhDExecutive Director Bio R&D
Impact of PRRS vaccination on infectious load and implications for area control
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Background – the PRRS “challenge”
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Background – Tools to help control the PRRS challenge
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• 2100 PRRS negative weaned pigs • 42 pens / room with 25 pigs/pen ≈ 1050 pigs/room • Divided by a wall with separated pits & attic•Biosecure entry system implemented for each room
Non-vaccinated controlRoom (North)
MLV vaccinatedRoom (South)
Shower &
officeLoading chute
•Objective of study was to quantify the effect of MLV vaccine on performance and measure wild-type virus (WTV) shedding in pigs vaccinated at weaning and challenged 4 weeks later.
S Dee, J Nerem, T Wetzell, J P Cano, and J Rustvold
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Study design
MLV
NVC
-1 0 3 7 14 21 29 32 36 43 52 58 66 80 93 122 147 DPV
Arrival
Sorting Weigh
ID
Ingelvac® PRRS MLV
PRRSv IM inoculation 10% of pigs
» Serum (30 per room) & OF (6 per room) PCR & ELISA» 20-30’ bioaerosol 6 days / week at 8AM (Liquid cyclonic collector ®)
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Liquid Cyclonic Aerosol Collector (Midwest
Microtek, SD)
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Bioaerosol PCR-pos days and Ct values
DPV 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
MLV 24 23 24 24 24 30 24 22 27
NVC 33 34 34 30 32 28 31 26 29 30 28 33 32 33 27 29 36 29 34 32 32
DPV 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
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104 105 106
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MLV
NVC
MLV vaccinatio
n
1-18-2 inoculatio
n
Frequency of PRRSV detection in Air by PCR:All 118 days PI: MLV 4/118 (3.4%) air days vs. NVC 21/118 (17.8%) air daysFirst 40 days PI: MLV 4/40 (10%) air days vs. NVC 21/40 (52.5%) air days(McNemar’s test p-value < 0.0001)
Duration of air detection by PCR: MLV 6 DPI vs. NVC 36 DPI
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Control
Group
Vaccine
Group
DD
DD
-29 5 0 3 8 36 70 95 118 DPI
Pig arrivalSorting
Weigh ID
1-18-2 challeng
e
ATP vaccinations
» Serum and Bioaerosol samples tested by RT-PCR
SlaughterWeigh
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Therapeutic administration of Ingelvac PRRS® reduced PRRSV shedding in aerosol
PRRSV in aerosol CONTROL VACCINATEDMean (RNA copies/mL) 4.3 x 108 a 4.5 x 108 a
95% conf interval2.6 x108 - 6.1 x 108 a 2.7 x 108 - 8.1 x 108 a
# pos days 31a 17b
last DPI positive 70 45# pos days (McNemar's test p-value 0.0004)
(Linhares et al., 2012)
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Role of Vaccine for PRRS Control· Direct benefit – proven reduced clinical disease following wild type exposure in heterologous challenge studies
– Pig model - % lung lesions– Sow Model – reproductive performance
· Indirect benefit - Reduction of wt-virus sheddingMaintain uniform immunity
– Within and between populations– Reduce level of virus
• Direct and Indirect benefit-mitigate consequences of infection improving health and performance
• Vaccine Derived Immunity Matters
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Role of Vaccine - Unanswered QuestionsWhat is the effect of challenge dose in vaccinated pigs?
1. What challenge dose of virulent PRRSV is required to cause infection and consequences of infection in a vaccinated animal?
– viremia, fever, reduced ADWG– How does vaccination impact the host PRRS status to various
dose exposures?
2. Is there a challenge dose where vaccination prevents consequences of infection?
– Does vaccine “blunt” or “shield” a pig from PRRS infection at any level?
– Aerosols, fomites, and transmission with lower levels of PRRS exposure (vs pig to pig)
– Applications to regional control programs
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Study Design
Randomized, blinded vaccination-challenge study
Pigs used for the study were 3 wks of age and PRRSV naïve; confirmed PCR negative for PRRSV
Statistics• Results summarized via descriptive statistics
by day, challenge dose and group• For number days pyrexic and ADWG post-
challenge• P-value < 0.05 was used to indicate
statistical significance
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Study Design
Group
No. InglevacPRRS® MLV
Vaccinated Pigs(2ml IM)
No. Non-vaccinat
edChalleng
e Control
Pigs
PRRSV SDSU-73Challeng
eDosage(Log10TCID50/ml)(2ml IN)
Study
Termination
Day 0 Day 0 Day 28 Day 701 10 10 4 logs
2 10 10 3 logs3 10 10 2 logs4 10 10 1 log5 10 - None
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Study Design
Parameter DayViremia PCR (+/-)
0, 7,14, 21, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 42, and weekly thereafter until day 70
Temperature (Pyrexia defined as a rectal temp > 40.0°C)
Day 27Daily for 14 days until Day 42
ADWG 0, 28, 70
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Company Presentation 2013 Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health 15
Results – Interpretation and Considerations
• Viremia is measured by PCR which was the most conservative evaluation and measure of vaccination impact.
• At high CT values that are PCR positive, we expect many of these samples would be virus isolation negative or very low levels of virus
• Current PCR results did not differentiate between Ingelvac and SDSU 73 and so data needs assessed by GROUP comparison of Ingelvac only vs Vacc/Exposed.
• Future opportunities that are being considered• Complete virus isolation• Assess via differential PCR
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Results – Viremia 4log challenge
28 31 33 35 38 42 49 56 63 700%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Ingelvac PRRS® MLV (challenge)
Challenge Con-trol (non-vac-cinated)
Ingelvac PRRS® MLV (no challenge)
Days
% P
CR
Pos
itive
Figure 1. Percentage of viremic pigs per treatment group challenged with 4 logs
Reduction in post-challenge
viremia in vaccinates
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Results – Viremia 2log challenge
Figure 2. Percentage of viremic pigs per treatment group challenged with 2 logs
28 31 33 35 38 42 49 56 63 700%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Ingelvac PRRS® MLV (challenge)
Challenge Control (non-vaccinated)Ingelvac PRRS® MLV (no challenge)
Days
% P
CR
Pos
itive
Vaccinates similar to
non-challenged
pigs
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Results – Viremia following 2 log virus challenge
Average CT Values per Group Challenged w/ 2 Logs of Virus
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Results – Pyrexia/Fever (40 C)
Mean Number Days Pyrexic Post-Challenge
Treatment Group
4 log challen
ge
3 log challen
ge
2 log challen
ge
1 log challeng
e
No challeng
eIngelvac PRRS®
MLV 4.41 4.21 1.01 1.41 1.8
Challenge Control(non-
vaccinated)11.2 8.8 10.0 6.0 -
Vaccinated groups had significant decrease in fever days and maintained lower average
temperature at all challenge doses
Vaccinates not
different than non-challenge
1 Statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in ADWG between Ingelvac PRRS®MLV and Challenge control groups based on model prediction
Measurable negative impact in non-vaccinated challenged groups at all challenge doses
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Results – Average Daily Weight Gain
ADWG (lbs) Days 28-70
Treatment Group
4 log challen
ge
3 log challeng
e2 log
challenge1 log
challengeNo
challengeIngelvac
PRRS® MLV 1.41 1.291 1.701 1.641 1.67Challenge
Control(non-
vaccinated)1.18 1.06 1.15 1.23 -
1 Statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in ADWG between Ingelvac PRRS®MLV and Challenge control groups based on model prediction
Vaccinated groups higher ADWG compared to non-vaccinated at all
challenge doses
Measurable negative impact in
non-vaccinated groups at all
challenge doses
Vaccinates not
different than non-challenge
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Role of Vaccine - Questions
Is there a challenge dose where vaccination prevents consequences of infection?· At a challenge of 2 logs or less, the
consequences of challenge in vaccinated pigs were similar to non-challenged pigs
· At all challenge doses, Ingelvac® PRRS MLV mitigated the consequences of infection as compared to challenge controls using the SDSU 73 wt virusADWG Viremia Temperature
↑ ↓ ↓
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Take Home Messages
Relevance in the fieldFor pigs or populations of pigs at risk of challenge/infection Ingelvac PRRS® MLV derived immunity matters!- Direct benefit – Reduced clinical impact in vaccinated pigs following wt exposure - Indirect benefit
- Reduced viral load in pig and viral shedding (including aerosol)
- “blunting” of low level exposure to further reduce risk- May be important in area control programsMaintaining uniform immunity within and between populations can
reduce level of virus - Farm and flow, system-based, or ARC should continue a focused PRRS control programs utilizing vaccine.
- Don’t let your foot off the gas!- Beat virus down to a level of little consequence
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Take Home Messages
Relevance in the field
At lower levels of challenge the consequences in vaccinated pigs were similar to non-
challenged pigsAt any level of challenge, Ingelvac PRRS MLV
demonstrated increase in ADWG and a decrease in temperature and viremia as
compared to the challenge controlsAt any level of challenge the impact in non-
vaccinated (non-immune) pigs is significant as measured by ADWG, viremia.
1.2.3.
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Company Presentation 2013 Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health 24
Narrowing the Funnel – incremental advances in PRRS control moving toward area control
PRRS “Cloud”
Immunity to Reduce Clinical Disease
Immunity/Management to Reduce PRRS Load
Pig Resistance to PRRS- Pig Genetics
-Reduce host infection (Immune)
- Area Control and reduced exposure
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Company Presentation 2013 Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health 25
Next Level of Questions and Challenges
• Impact of the challenge virus used and impact on the results!!?• VR2332 vs MN184 vs SDSU 73 vs 1-18-4……
• Study used Neg pigs:• Would the use of previously exposed animals that were
then vaccinated have an impact?• Would pigs vaccinated multiple times have different
results and raised the dose that could be “blunted”??
• Impact of vaccine timing and animal age!!?• Is the effect the same in a growing pig vs a sow/gilt?
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INGELVAC® PRRS
Mitigate Consequences + Generate Uniform Immunity + Reduce Circulating Virus
=Improved Health & Performance
Thank you!!!!Questions?
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Company Presentation 2013 Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health 27