Lanzarote, Spain

11.10.2011Hans R. Schultz 18.3.2010Hans R. SchultzHans R. Schultz, Marco Hofmann Hochschule Geisenheim University

Moselle, Germany Cape, South Africa

Raggi Belussi, Veneto, Itaty

Southern Tirol, Italy

Douro Valley, Portugal

Claire Valley, Australia

Champagne, France

Napa, California

Vineyard management in interaction with theenvironment and climate change in light of traditional methods in the old world

Global change, sustainability and challengesfor grape and wine production

50th degree latitude North

First ice wine 1858, frequency of it‘s productiondecreasing due to warming

Château Johannisberg, part of the town of Geisenheim

Hans R. Schultz

Climate issues / sustainability problems

3. Climate-plant-fruit effects

2. precipitation

4. Sustainability – environment(soils)/ production/socio-economic impacts

1. temperatureVariability

How it islinked

Examples from distinct different regions / Germany and Portugal

1. The climate/weather variability problemand the velocity of change

Hans R. Schultz

The average global March to May temperature was 0.6°C above the 20th century average, tying with 2004 as the 8th warmest on record.

Record wetness was observed over parts of the north central United States, part of central Europe, and a section of Far East Russia.

Record dryness was scattered across different parts of the globe, including part of northern Chile and Argentina, northern South Africa, eastern Niger, south central Ukraine, and parts of southern Kazakhstan.

Example 2013

Regua Tmax

Pinhao Tmax

Vila Real Tmax

Regua Tmin

Pinhao Tmin

Vila Real Tmin

Jones et al. 2012 (Alves, F., Moriando, M., Ferrise, R., Santos, J., Malheiro, A); A Climate Assessment for the Douro Wine Region, ADVID, 93pp

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Douro Wine Region: Growing season (Apr-Oct) Tmax and Tmin temperatures

1. The temperature is increasing and will continue to do so (good/bad ?). Viticulturecan adapt to a certain degree (e.g. varieties)

Hans R. Schultz

2. This will increase water evaporation – but will it increase water use by vineyards? (the increasing CO2 concentration of the atmosphere may make grapvines moreefficient with respect to water use)

Santos et al. (2012) Macroclimate and viticultural zoning in Europe: observed trends and atmospheric forcing. Clim.Res. 51: 89-103

Mean dryness index (1950-2009)

Dryness observed:

Length of dry periods (days) 2021-2050 (or2071-2100) ascompared to1971-2000

2021-2050 2071-2100

Jacob et al. (2014) EURO-CORDEX: new high-resolution climate change projections forEuropean impact research. Reg. Environ. Change 14: 563-578

All these data are too rough – how can we„manage“ this trend?

Santos et al. (2012) Macroclimate and viticultural zoning in Europe: observed trends and atmospheric forcing. Clim.Res. 51: 89-103

Hans R. Schultz

If we look closer on the manydifferences in our vineyardareas – they are very diverse

Large differences in temperature sums (in this case Huglin index)

Fraga et al. (2014) Integrated Analysis of Climate, Soil, Topography and Vegetative Growth in IberianViticultural Regions. PLOS ONE 9: 1-14

Hans R. Schultz

If we look closer on the manydifferences in our vineyardareas – they are very diverse

Large differences in temperature sums (in this case the Huglin index)

Large differences in soil types

Fraga et al. (2014) Integrated Analysis of Climate, Soil, Topography and Vegetative Growth in IberianViticultural Regions. PLOS ONE 9: 1-14

Hans R. Schultz

If we look closer on the manydifferences in our vineyardareas – they are very diverse

Large differences in temperature sums (in this case Huglin index)

Large differences in soil types

Large differences in plant growth (vegetative expression, vigour)

Fraga et al. (2014) Integrated Analysis of Climate, Soil, Topography and Vegetative Growth in IberianViticultural Regions. PLOS ONE 9: 1-14

Hans R

The biggest challenge are stable yields and stable quality

200

250

300

350500

550

600

650

pot. ET meas.pot. ET sim. Star IIprecip. meas.precip. sim. Star II

precipitation

pot. ET

A (May-October)

Year1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060

prec

ipita

tion

and

pot.

ET (m

m)

175

200

225

250

275 precipitation

pot. ET

B (November-April)

Temporal variability in thepast and in the future,

Cyclic variations

Hans R. Schultz

Schultz and Hofmann unpublished

Data and simulation forGeisenheim, Germany, 50° North

ReguaPinhaoVila Real

Pre

cipi

tatio

n(m

m)

Pre

cipi

tatio

n(m

m)

Year

November-March

April-October

Jones et al. 2012 (Alves, F., Moriando, M., Ferrise, R., Santos, J., Malheiro, A); A Climate Assessment for theDouro Wine Region, ADVID, 93pp

1967 2009

160 200 240 280

Rheingau, shallow soilRheingau, deep loess soilRheingau, med. loam irrigatedRheingau, steep slope

160 200 240 280

pre-

daw

n le

af w

ater

pot

entia

l (-M

Pa)

Loire, sandy clayLoire, sand on deep clayNapa Valley irrigatedNapa Valley not irrigatedSt. Emilion, sand on clay layerSt. Emilion, gravelyLoire, sand on sandstone

day of year160 200 240 280

-1,4

-1,2

-1,0

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0,0

Pic. St. Loup, irrigatedPic. St. Loup, calcareous soilAude, calcareous soil

Cabernet francSyrah Riesling

Variation in vineyard water relations

Data from Winkel and Rambal 1993, Morlat et al.1992, van Leeuwen and Seguin 1994, Schultz and Gruber 2005, Schüttler 2009

Hans R. Schultz

moderate water stress

severe water stress

15.6.2010Hans R. Schultz

Flood in England

2007 2010

Flood in Poland

Hans R. Schultz

We need to be more aware of spatialdifferences and variability on a larger and a smaller scale

15.6.2010Hans R. Schultz

Sunburn in Germany, Austria….

Flood in England

2007 2010

Flood in Poland

Hans R. Schultz

We need to be more aware of spatialdifferences and variability on a larger and a smaller scale

2007

15.6.2010Hans R. Schultz

Sunburn in Germany, Austria….

Flood in England

2007 2010

Flood in Poland

Flood in Germany

2013

Hans R. Schultz

We need to be more aware of spatialdifferences and variability on a larger and a smaller scale

3. Climate-plant-fruit-effects

22

Sadras, Schultz, Girona, Marsal(2012): FAO cropresponses to water

Relative evapotranspiration Relative yield0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.6 1.0

Water deficit Ample water

Effects of temperature, humidity and water supply on fruitcomposition – the case of a dry environment (original data fromIntriglio and Castel (Spain, Irrigation Science, 2008)

Changing conditionsduring ripening(Geisenheim, Germany, 50° North)

Hofmann und Schultz unpublished

Effects of temperature, humidity and water supply on fruitcomposition – the case of a humid environment

2003

2011

Changing conditions during ripening

Hofmann und Schultz unpublished

Since theeightees, strong tendency tohigher sugarconcentration

Temperature and precipitation during ripening(for 60 days after veraison, 1955‐2014, Geisenheim)

cool – warm

dry ‐m

oist

We currently have more frequent moist and warm conditions during the maturity phase.

Avg. Daily mean temp. °CHofmann und Schultz unpublished

Hans R. Schultz

Our challenge!

4. Environmental (soils)/ production/socio-economic sustainability

Our consequences for vineyard management:

1. On deeper soils everything is done to preventBotrytis (cover crops, pre-bloom defoliation of thefruiting zone, application of Gibberellic acid (end of bloom), bunch halving)

Cover cropsin Viticulture

–Biodiversityas an issue!

Which cover-crop forwhich situation?

19/09/08 - Sunny

Open so

il, no til

led

Open so

il, till

edFes

tuca ar

undinacea

Trifoliu

m repen

sSorg

hum sudan

ensis

Digitaria

califo

rnica

WU

E (g

CO

2 / l

H2O

)

12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

abab

a

b

Martin Uliarte, INTA Mendoza, Argentina ,GRC, Germany

Improving vineyard carbon balance and water use efficiency with new types of cover crops

Hans R. Schultz

Hans R. Schultz

pre-bloom defoliation (bunch zone)

control

defoliated

31

Many technical possibilities (some examples of leaf removers)

Binger Seilzug StockmayerSiegwald

Tiger

Bioregulator effect

Use of Gibberellic acid for looser bunches

Hans R. Schultz

Time window up to veraison

TH - ES 77

TH - ES 71 (pea size)TH - ES 77 (bunch closer)

control

Chardonnay

Loose bunches, less Botrytis

Cluster halving

Trials to delay ripening to avoid a decouplingbetween sugar and aroma

control short canopy

Stoll, Lafontaine, Schultz (2007)

Defoliation abovethe fruit zone

Hans R. Schultz

Diminishing yields in Australia

Webb et al. 2013 nature climate change 26 February

Riesling seems very sensitive

Vintage2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Yie

ld (t

/ha)

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

State of Hesse

Variety dependend Yieldsensitivity

1985 2009 1985 2009

On dry soils we use high frequency dripirrigation to stabilise yield

Problems: access to water, return on investment

37

Yield stabilisation

Sadras, V., Schultz, H.R. Girona, J., Marsal, J. (2012) Grapevine. In: Crop Yield Response to Water (eds. P. Steduto, T. Hsiao, E. Fereres, D. Raes), FAO irrigation and drainage paper 66: 460-485.

7.4 Irrigation events (2002-2009)29.3 l/m² applied water (per season)

Hans R. Schultz

Yield as an economic issue in Portugal!

Santos et al. (2011) Statistical modelling of grapevine yield in Port Wine region under present and future climate conditions. Int. J. Biometeorology 55:119-131.

Hans R. Schultz

Böhme und Böttcher, Klimastatusbericht des Deutschen Wetterdienstes 2011

Since 1898 strongest warming May-August (1m depth 2.4° - 3.2°C !!)

Strong increase in soil temperature (the Potsdam time-series)

Tren

d in

°K

1m 12m

what we don‘t see

Hans R. Schultz

We should focus more attention again on rootstocks and their site-specific use

Rootstock selection based on an Internet plattform (Weinbaustandort Viewer)

Joachim Schmid, Institut für Rebenzüchtung, HGmU

VarietyPlanting densityCover crop

highCover crop

Recommended rootstock

SORi highly suitable

SO4 highly suitable

161-49C highly suitable

Joachim Schmid, Institut für Rebenzüchtung, HGmU

Soil description

Plant available water (mm) max. 2m Limestone content (topsoil) (%)

Limestone content (30-60cm) (%)

Hans R. Schultz

Sustainability and technology need togo hand in hand

New mechanisation systems

16.01.2015 44

1. Climate development and it`s consequences on grape growing regions will differ according to theregions and varieties

2. Management needs to be adapted accordingly(too little- too much water)

3. The chemical responses in wine are difficult toquantify and extrapolate into the future

4. Sustainability challenges include the conditions in each specific area also with respect to the desiredproduct

Hans R. Schultz

Mycontribution

to global warming!

Mycontribution

to global warming!

Thanks for the opportunity to be here, andthank you for your attention

grapes/climate/ripening

Jones et al. 2005; ClimateChange 73: 319-343

Average temp. Apr.-Oct. / Oct.-Apr.

Rheingau

70-99

Rheingau

00-12

Burgundy

70-99

Burgundy

00-12Côtes du Rhone

00-12

Côtes du Rhone

70-99

?Developments are faster than expectedVan Leeuwen et al. 2013; PNAS response