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Photonic Crystals and Metamaterials

Martin Wegener

WavePro Symposium, Rethymnon (Greece), June 8-11, 2011

- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany- DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), KIT- Institut für Angewandte Physik (AP), KIT- Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT), KIT- Karlsruhe School of Optics & Photonics (KSOP), KIT

Dr. Manuel Decker (PHOME)Tolga Ergin (AP)Joachim Fischer (CFN)Dr. Isabelle Staude (CFN)Dr. Nicolas Stenger (KSOP)

Prof. Dr. Kurt Busch (KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany)Prof. Dr. Stefan Linden (Universität Bonn, Germany)Prof. Dr. John B. Pendry (Imperial College, London, U.K.)Prof. Dr. Costas M. Soukoulis (Heraklion, Greece)

Martin Wegener

Martin Wegener

- Split-Ring Resonators (SRR)- Getting Started in 2004- Remaining Puzzles in 2011

- Woodpiles and Beyond- Particle Accelerators on a Chip- 3D Visible Invisibility - Wave Cloak or Ray Cloak?

- Conclusions

Martin Wegener

- Split-Ring Resonators (SRR)- Getting Started in 2004- Remaining Puzzles in 2011

- Woodpiles and Beyond- Particle Accelerators on a Chip- 3D Visible Invisibility - Wave Cloak or Ray Cloak?

- Conclusions

Martin Wegener

- Split-Ring Resonators (SRR)- Getting Started in 2004- Remaining Puzzles in 2011

- Woodpiles and Beyond- Particle Accelerators on a Chip- 3D Visible Invisibility - Wave Cloak or Ray Cloak?

- Conclusions

The split-ring resonator …

J.B. Pendry et al., IEEE Trans. MTT 47, 2075 (1999)

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S. Linden et al., Science 306, 1351 (2004) Martin Wegener

Theory of waves in metamaterialsL. Solymar, E. Shamonina, and L. Solymar, Waves in Metamaterials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009

Experiments on magnetization waves in photonic metamaterialsS. Linden et al., Science 306, 1351 (2004)G. Dolling et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 231118 (2006)N. Liu et al., Adv. Mater. 20, 4521 (2008)M. Decker et al., Phys. Rev. B 80, 193102 (2009)I. Sersic et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 213902 (2009)

Martin Wegener

- Split-Ring Resonators (SRR)- Getting Started in 2004- Remaining Puzzles in 2011

- Woodpiles and Beyond- Particle Accelerators on a Chip- 3D Visible Invisibility - Wave Cloak or Ray Cloak?

- Conclusions

Tight-binding model (instantaneous interaction):

M. Decker et al., Phys. Rev. B 80, 193102 (2009)

22~ ΩΩ

)(tmn tmn (1 )

)sin( )cos( )Im(

)cos( )cos( )Re(

kaW

kaWΩ

)(~

2 112

nnnnn mmWΩmΩmm

Tight-binding model (instantaneous interaction):

22~ ΩΩ

)(tmn tmn (1 )

)sin( )cos( )Im(

)cos( )cos( )Re(

kaW

kaWΩ

)(~

2 112

nnnnn mmWΩmΩmm

M. Decker et al., Phys. Rev. B 80, 193102 (2009)

Tight-binding model (with retardation):

22~ ΩΩ

)sin( )cos( )Im(

)cos( )cos( )Re(

kaW

kaWΩ

)(tmn tmn (1 00 ; )iexp( ) ΩtWWt

)(~

2 112

nnnnn mmWΩmΩmm

M. Decker et al., Phys. Rev. B 80, 193102 (2009)

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Tight-binding model (special example):

22~ ΩΩ

)(tmn tmn (1

2

)sin( )cos( )Im(

)cos( )cos( )Re(

kaW

kaWΩ

00 ; )iexp( ) ΩtWWt

)(~

2 112

nnnnn mmWΩmΩmm

M. Decker et al., Phys. Rev. B 80, 193102 (2009)

Electron Micrographs

40-nm thick Au SRR, 500-nm scale bar

a=280 nm

Electron Micrographs

a=300 nm

40-nm thick Au SRR, 500-nm scale bar

Electron Micrographs

a=325 nm

40-nm thick Au SRR, 500-nm scale bar

Electron Micrographs

a=350 nm

40-nm thick Au SRR, 500-nm scale bar

Electron Micrographs

a=400 nm

40-nm thick Au SRR, 500-nm scale bar

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Electron Micrographs

a=500 nm

40-nm thick Au SRR, 500-nm scale bar

Electron Micrographs

a=550 nm

40-nm thick Au SRR, 500-nm scale bar

Electron Micrographs

a=600 nm

40-nm thick Au SRR, 500-nm scale bar

Electron Micrographs

a=700 nm

40-nm thick Au SRR, 500-nm scale bar

Measured Spectra

M. Decker et al., submitted (2011) M. Decker et al., submitted (2011)

Experimental Geometry

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In-Plane Dispersion

M. Decker et al., submitted (2011)

In-Plane Dispersion

M. Decker et al., submitted (2011)

No Retardation

M. Decker et al., submitted (2011)

Retardation & NN

M. Decker et al., submitted (2011)

M. Decker et al., submitted (2011)

Retardation & …

M. Decker et al., submitted (2011)

Three Dipoles

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M. Decker et al., submitted (2011)

Dipole Chain

M. Decker et al., submitted (2011)

Numerics 2D SRR Array

Martin Wegener

- Split-Ring Resonators (SRR)- Getting Started in 2004- Remaining Puzzles in 2011

- Woodpiles and Beyond- Particle Accelerators on a Chip- 3D Visible Invisibility - Wave Cloak or Ray Cloak?

- Conclusions

Woodpile Structure

C.M. Soukoulis et al., Solid State Commun. 89, 413 (1994)

Woodpile Structure

C.M. Soukoulis et al., Solid State Commun. 89, 413 (1994)

Woodpile Structure

C.M. Soukoulis et al., Solid State Commun. 89, 413 (1994)

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Woodpile Structure

C.M. Soukoulis et al., Solid State Commun. 89, 413 (1994) C.M. Soukoulis et al., Solid State Commun. 89, 413 (1994)

Woodpile Structure

fcc for (c/a)2=2, full gap for index contrast >1.9, 25% gap for holes in Si

scheme not to scale, actual NA=1.4, Tolga Ergin

3D Direct Laser Writing (DLW)

10 µm

M. Deubel et al., Nature Mater. 3, 444 (2004)

10 µm

M. Deubel et al., Nature Mater. 3, 444 (2004) I. Staude et al., Opt. Lett. 35, 1094 (2010)

Complete 3D PBG @ 1.55 μm

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I. Staude et al., Opt. Lett. 36, 67 (2011)

3D Waveguide Architectures

Martin Wegener

- Split-Ring Resonators (SRR)- Getting Started in 2004- Remaining Puzzles in 2011

- Woodpiles and Beyond- Particle Accelerators on a Chip- 3D Visible Invisibility - Wave Cloak or Ray Cloak?

- Conclusions

Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC)

B.M. Cowen, Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Acell. Beams 11, 011301 (2008)

Particle Accelerator on a Chip

mirror plane

termination

Si

Martin Wegener

- Split-Ring Resonators (SRR)- Getting Started in 2004- Remaining Puzzles in 2011

- Woodpiles and Beyond- Particle Accelerators on a Chip- 3D Visible Invisibility - Wave Cloak or Ray Cloak?

- Conclusions

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3D Carpet Cloak 2D Carpet Cloak

T. Ergin et al., Science 328, 337 (2010)

3D Carpet Cloak

single NV center in diamond: E. Rittweger et al., Nature Photonics 3, 144 (2009)

STED Microscopy

Martin Wegener

Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) microscopyS.W. Hell et al., Opt. Lett. 19, 78 (1994)S.W. Hell et al., Nature Methods 6, 24 (2009) E. Rittweger et al., Nature Photonics 3, 144 (2009)

STED inspired DLW lithographyL. Li et al., Science 324, 910 (2009)T.F. Scott et al., Science 324, 913 (2009)J. Fischer et al., Adv. Mater. 22, 3578 (2010)

STED Microscopy

Joachim Fischer

Jablonski Diagram

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Joachim Fischer

Jablonski Diagram STED-DLW Photoresist

0.25% wt 7-diethylamino-3-thenoylcoumarin in pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (+ quencher)

scattering off 100-nm Au beads in monomer

x

z

x

y

200 nm

200 nm

DLW @ 810 nm

Measured Foci

lateral STED @ 532 nm

Measured Foci

scattering off 100-nm Au beads in monomer

200 nm

200 nm

x

z

x

y

axial STED @ 532 nm

Measured Foci

scattering off 100-nm Au beads in monomer

200 nm

200 nm

x

z

x

y

J. Fischer et al., Opt. Lett. 36, 2059 (2011)

Electron Micrograph

crystal: woodpilerod spacing: 350 nm

bump width: 6 μmbump height: 0.5 μm

cloak height: 5 μmcloak width: 50 μm

Au thickness: 100 nm

DLW power: 10 mWSTED power: 50 mWduty cycle: 3%; 4 kHz

mode: HDRscale bar: 10 μm

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Optical Micrographs

700-nm illumination, NA=0.4, circular polarization

Top ViewBottom View

Optical Micrographs

700-nm illumination, NA=0.4, circular polarization

Top ViewBottom View

700-nm illumination, NA=0.4, circular polarization

Top ViewBottom View

“Not-Seeing is Believing”

ray-tracing theory: T. Ergin et al., Opt. Express 18, 20535 (2010)

Direct Comparison

ExperimentTheory

Dark-Field Mode

ExperimentTheory

30-degree tilt of sample along bump axis Martin Wegener

- Split-Ring Resonators (SRR)- Getting Started in 2004- Remaining Puzzles in 2011

- Woodpiles and Beyond- Particle Accelerators on a Chip- 3D Visible Invisibility - Wave Cloak or Ray Cloak?

- Conclusions

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Wave Cloak or Ray Cloak?

www.howstuffworks.com & www.mamapop.com U. Leonhardt and T. Tyc, Science 323, 110 (2009)

Non-Euclidian Ray Cloak

Martin Wegener

- Split-Ring Resonators (SRR)- Getting Started in 2004- Remaining Puzzles in 2011

- Woodpiles and Beyond- Particle Accelerators on a Chip- 3D Visible Invisibility - Wave Cloak or Ray Cloak?

- Conclusions

Science 306, 1351 (2004); submitted (2011)

Opt. Lett. 36, 67 (2011); in preparation (2011)

Science 328, 337 (2010) & 330, 1633 (2010)

“accelerator on a chip” STED-DLW

Opt. Lett. 36, 2059 (2011); unpublished (2011)