dr. g.c. pagiatakis associate professor ([email protected] ... · source + converter (e.g....
TRANSCRIPT
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“Optical Fibre Communications”
Dr. G.C. PagiatakisAssociate Professor
([email protected], [email protected])
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE)
Athens, Greece
March 2015
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Telecommunications overviewTelecommunications overview
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Telecom subject overview
Signals & information
Transmission techniques
Telecom links
Networks & services
Market issuesAudio & TV
Computer networks (data com)
Telephony, ISDN, mobile telephony
Wireless links (satellite)Wireless links (terrestrial)Fiber-optic links
MultiplexingModulationA/D conversion
Cable links
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Telecommunications overviewTelecommunications overview
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Landmarks in the development of telecommunications
Telegraphy (Morse, 1844)
Telephony (Bell, 1876)
Wireless communications (Marconi, 1901)
Audio and TV broadcasting (1920s – 1940s)
Digital communications (1930s, 1960s and beyond)
Computer networks – Internet (1960s)
Fibre-optic communications (Kao & Hockham,1966)
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A fibre-optic linkA fibre-optic link
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Analog signal
Digital (PCM) signal
Optical amplifier
Optical transmitter
Optical receiver
A/D
Regeneration & D/A
~ original analog signal
source + converter(e.g. voice+μ-phone
converter(e.g. loudspeaker)
voice
Fibre-optic link (schematic)
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A fibre-optic link: Transmitters and receiversA fibre-optic link: Transmitters and receivers
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Optical Transmitter
Optical Receiver
Optical ASK signal
photodiodeDecision and
signal processing
circuit
D/A
Electrical signal
Optical ASK signal
Electrical signal
Laser or
LED
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Revision: Transmission techniquesRevision: Transmission techniques
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
g(t): digital (unipolar) signal
s(t): transmitted (ASK) signal s(t) = (1/U).m(t).c(t)s(t) = c(t) or = 0
c(t): carrier (not shown)c(t) = Accos(2πfct)
Amplitude (On-Off) Shift Keying (ASK or OOK)
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63 x Ε1 signals
ADM-1 ADM-1
Main route(2 optical fibers)
Alternative route(2 optical fibers)
63 x Ε1 signals
Automatic switching
Revision: Transmission techniquesRevision: Transmission techniques
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Level Signal rate –exact(Μb/s)
Signal rate –approximate
(Mb/s or Gb/s)
STM-1 Είτε 63 σήματα Ε1Είτε 3 σήματα Ε3 Είτε 1 σήμα Ε4
155,520 155 Mb/s
STM-4 4 x STM-1 622,080 622 Mb/s
STM-16 4 x STM-4 2448,320 2,5 Gb/s
STM-64 4 x STM-16 9953,280 10 Gb/s
STM-256 4 x STM-64 39813,120 40 Gb/s
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
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Optical tranmsitter: A laser sourceOptical tranmsitter: A laser source
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Optical Transmitters: A typical semiconductor laser (schematic)
[Keiser X., Fernando X]
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Optical transmitter: A LED sourceOptical transmitter: A LED source
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Optical transmitters: A typical semiconductor LED (schematic)
[Keiser X., Fernando X]
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An optical receiverAn optical receiver
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Photodiode and optical receiver (schematic)
[Keiser X., Fernando X]
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Signal transmission through a fibre linkSignal transmission through a fibre link
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Signal travelling through a fibre link (schematic)
[Keiser X., Fernando X]
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The optical fibreThe optical fibre
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Fibre types: Single mode (1 ray) – multimode (more rays)Single-mode fibres:
Small core (d < 10 μm)
Suitable for long-distance links (due to low dispersion)
Multimode fibres:
“Large” core (d = 50 or 62.5 μm)
Suitable for short-distance links (intra- and inter-building)
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The optical fibreThe optical fibre
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Core (glass)(d = 9 μm)
cladding (glass)(d = 120 μm)
Coating (plastic)
Core (glass or plastic)
(d = 50 or 62,5 μm)
cladding(glass or plastic)
(d = 120 μm)
Coating (plastic)
core
Fundamentalmode (HE11)
HE and EH modesTE and TM modes
core
The optical fibre
Single-modemulti-mode
Fundamentalmode (HE11)
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Transmission properties of fibres: AttenuationTransmission properties of fibres: Attenuation
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
αf (dB/km)
10
1,0
0,1
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 λ (nm)
Rayleigh limit
1st t
rans
mis
sion
win
dow
(aro
und
850
nm)
3rd tr
ansm
issi
on w
indo
w (a
roun
d 15
50 n
m)
2nd tr
ansm
issi
on w
indo
w (a
roun
d 13
10 n
m)
IR limit
Transmission properties of fibres: Attenuation coefficient
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Transmission properties of fibres: Chromatic dispersionTransmission properties of fibres: Chromatic dispersion
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. pagiatakis
Dc (ps/nm.km)
1310 nm 1550 nm λo1200 nm
G.652 (standard fibre) G.653
(DS fibre)G.655 (NZ-DS fibre)
Transmission properties of fibres: Chromatic dispersion coefficient
τc = Dc.Δλ.L (Dc in ps/nm.km, Δλ in nm, L in km)
R 0.25/τc (R in b/s)
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Transmission properties of fibres: Chromatic dispersionTransmission properties of fibres: Chromatic dispersion
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Transmission properties of fibres: The effect of dispersion
[G. Keiser, Optical Fibre Communications, Mc Graw-Hill]
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Fibre-Optics: State of the artFibre-Optics: State of the art
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
-Digital signals, rates, usually, up to 10 Gbit/s-2nd or 3rd window (1310 or 1550 nm)-Single-mode fibres, type G.652 or G.655 (attenuation 0.4dB/km@1310nm - 0.2dB/km@1550nm)-Use of lasers (rather than LEDs)-Use of external OOK modulation-Use of EDFAs for optical amplification-Use of WDM technology (mainly in the trunk network)-Fibres in the access networks (FTTH or VDSL solutions)
Long-haul fibre links
-Digital signals (Gbit Ethernet)-2nd or 3rd window (1310 or 1550 nm)-Multi-mode fibres (cheaper, easier to handle)-Use of LEDs (cheaper)-Use of direct OOK modulation
Short-haul fibre links (intra- or inter-building)
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Fibre cablesFibre cables
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Fibre fabrication
1500o
Glass prototype (d~2cm, L~1m)
Wrapping of fibre (fibre length ~ 2km)
[Vassilopoulos, Pagiatakis] Advanced infrastructures and services (vol 1), OTE 2001 (in greek)]
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Fibre cablesFibre cables
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Fibre-optic cables
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Fibre cablesFibre cables
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Αποσχιστήριο νήμα
Στοιχείο Μηχανικής Ενίσχυσης
Οπλισμός (μεταλλικός ή αραμίδης)
Μανδύας πολυαιθυλενίου
Σωλήνας χαλαρής δομής
Γέλη
Οπτική ίνα
coating
Fibers (12 per tube – specific colour code)
Jell (to fill the gaps)
Tube (contains 12 fibers)
Strengthening element
Fiber(inside tube)
Colour Fiber(inside tube)
Colour
1 red 7 grey2 green 8 turqoise3 yellow 99 white4 colourless 10 pink5 brown 11 orange6 purple 12 blue
[Vassilopoulos, Pagiatakis] Advanced infrastructures and services (vol 1), OTE 2001 (in greek)]
Fibre-optic cables (loose-tube)
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Fibre cablesFibre cables
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Fibre-optic cables
Terrestrial cables Submarine cables (usually < 12 fibres)
[Vassilopoulos, Pagiatakis] Advanced infrastructures and services (vol 1), OTE 2001 (in greek)]
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Cable deployment
Fibre submarine cablesFibre submarine cables
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
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Fibre submarine cablesFibre submarine cables
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Cable repair
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Fibre-cable measurementsFibre-cable measurements
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Optical-Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
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Fibre-cable measurementsFibre-cable measurements
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Optical-Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR): A typical display
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Fibre interconnectionFibre interconnection
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Fibre connectors (temporar interconnection)
[Vassilopoulos, Pagiatakis] Advanced infrastructures and services (vol 1), OTE 2001 (in greek)]
27
Fibre interconnectionFibre interconnection
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Fibre connectors (temporar interconnection)
[Vassilopoulos, Pagiatakis] Advanced infrastructures and services (vol 1), OTE 2001 (in greek)]
28
Fibre interconnectionFibre interconnection
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Fibre splicing (permanent interconnection)Microscope view of fibre splicing
Fibre splicer
Splicing tubes
[Vassilopoulos, Pagiatakis] Advanced infrastructures and services (vol 1), OTE 2001 (in greek)]
29
Fibre cables
Fibre interconnectionFibre interconnection
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators G. Pagiatakis
Fibres are one-to-one spliced
Fibre organiser
Fibre organisers
Entrance / exit of optical cablesInterconnection set for underground
optical cables
Permanent interconnection of fibres through splicing
[G. Pagiatakis, Fibre-optic Comms, Tziolas 2003 (in greek)]
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Fibre interconnectionFibre interconnection
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Permanent interconnection of fibres through splicing
Fibre organisers
[Vassilopoulos, Pagiatakis] Advanced infrastructures and services (vol 1), OTE 2001 (in greek)]
31
Fibre InterconnectionFibre Interconnection
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Permanent interconnection of fibres through splicingFibre organisers inside
interconnection sets
[Vassilopoulos, Pagiatakis] Advanced infrastructures and services (vol 1), OTE 2001 (in greek)]
32
Fibre interconnectionFibre interconnection
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Permanent interconnection of fibres through splicing
Interconnection set for underground optical cables
cable input/output
[Vassilopoulos, Pagiatakis] Advanced infrastructures and services (vol 1), OTE 2001 (in greek)]
33
Fibre interconnectionFibre interconnection
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Optical Distribution Frame (ODF)
[Vassilopoulos, Pagiatakis] Advanced infrastructures and services (vol 1), OTE 2001 (in greek)]
Πλαίσιο διασύνδεσης
Πλαίσιο διασύνδεσης
Ενεργός Εξοπλισμός
Σύνδεσμοι
Κορδόνι Διασύνδεσης
Καλωδιο-ουρά
Συνένωση
Οργανωτήρας
Ίνα τεματιζόμενου καλωδίου
Ενεργός Εξοπλισμός Σύνδεσμοι
Κορδόνι Διασύνδεσης
Ίνα τερματισμένη σε σύνδεσμο
Ίνα τεματιζόμενου . καλωδίου (σφικτής δομής)
Active equipment
connectors
Interconnection frame
fiber cable
outer jumper
inner jumper
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Fibre interconnectionFibre interconnection
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Optical Distribution Frame (ODF)
[Vassilopoulos, Pagiatakis] Advanced infrastructures and services (vol 1), OTE 2001 (in greek)]
Interconnection frames:Fibers of the (outer) optical cables are interconneted to
the inner fibres (jumpers) that are, in turn, interconnected to
the active equipment
Storage space for the inner fibers
(jumpers)
Entrance of the incoming fiber cable:
Fibers are separated and routed to the interconnection frames
above.
Active equipment
outer jumper
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Fibre interconnectionFibre interconnection
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
TV signal(from a camera)
Event site (e.g. a football stadium)
Optical termination box
Core optical cablesOptical
jumpers
Optical Tx
Access optical cables
Optical distribution frame (ODF) at the local exchange “A”
Optical termination box
Receiving site (e.g. the TV station)
Optical distribution frame (ODF) at the local exchange “B”
TV signal(to master control)
Optical Rx
Example of a fibre-link (end-to-end)
[G. Pagiatakis, Fibre-optic Comms, Tziolas 2003 (in greek)]
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WDMWDM
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
demuxmux
m1(t)
λΝ
λ1λ1 + λ2 + … λΝλ1
λN
Transmitter
Τ1
TΝ
λο
……………… ……
R1
RΝλο
Receiver
mN(t)
Each TDM/SDH (2,5 or 10 Gb/s) signal is assigned a specific wavelength
Performance: 128 wavelengths x 10 Gb/s > 1 Tb/s
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) block diagram
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Transponder
IRELLI
T31
RESET
SFTY
FAULT
IRELLITXT/EM
500
OUT
IN
• Input Parameters Wavelength 1275 to 1575 nm Power -5 to +2 dBm Input bit rate 0.565 to 2.5 Gb/s
• Output Parameters Wavelength
• TXT/EM-350 1534.5 - 1535. nm• TXT/EM-390 1538.5 - 1539.5 nm• TXT/EM-430 1542.5 - 1543.5 nm• TXT/EM-462 1545.7 - 1546.7 nm• TXT/EM-500 1549.5 - 1550.5 nm• TXT/EM-534 1552.9 - 1553.9 nm• TXT/EM-575 1556.5 - 1557.5 nm• TXT/EM-605 1560 - 1561 nm
Power -5,5 to -3,5 dBm, except:• TXT EM390 -0 to 2 dBm• TXT EM605 -1,5 to 0,5 dBm
[Pirelli, T31 WDM system seminar, 1998]
WDMWDM
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
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Wavelength multiplexer (8-λ)
OUTOptical Output
Optical Input 1535 nm
Optical Input 1539 nm
Optical Input 1543nm
Optical Input 1546.2 nm
Optical Input 1550 nm
Optical Input 1553.4 nm
Optical Input 1560.5 nm
Optical Input 1557.5 nm
WDMWDM
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
[Pirelli, T31 WDM system seminar, 1998]
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D/TH/T31/023
Wavelength multiplexer (8-λ)
• Passive Power Combiner• Inputs
– 1 to 8 Channels• Output
– Composite Power
IRELLI
T31
IRELLI8WM/B
IN350
IN390
IN482
IN534
IN430
IN500
IN570
OUT
IN605
WDMWDM
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
[Pirelli, T31 WDM system seminar, 1998]
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D/TH/T31/023
Transceiver (8-λ)
WDMWDM
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
2. Wavelength-multiplexer card:ΙΝ (ΙΝput) interfaces are interconnected (by menas of jumpers) to the transponders’outputs. The abc digits indicate the wavelengths in the sense that abc λ=15ab,cnm (e.g. abc=350 λ=1535,0 nm). The (OUT) OUTput interface provides theaggregate (multiplexed) signal to be interconnected to the amplifier’s input.
IRELLIT31
REME
REMW
INTCH1
WCH1EALM
CEN1
CEN2
OPIN
PIRELLI
RM
F
VF
CH3ECH3W
Q
SFTYFAULT
IRELLIT31
+5V+15V-5V-15VBAT1BAT2
FAULTPOWER
ON
OFF
IRELLIPDC/
B
IRELLIT31
IRELLI
TSP/B
IEEE 802.3
PROGMONFAULT
PROGRESET
IRELLIT31
IRELLI
IOC/B
FAULTLED TEST
MEM
DC FAILB MINORB MAJOR
IRELLIT31
IRELLIT31
IRELLI
4WM/B
IN350
IN430
IN500
IN575OUT
IRELLIT31
IRELLI
4WS/B1
OUT350OUT430OUT500OUT575
ΙΝ
IRELLIT31
IRELLI
RPA/EMW
OUT1300
MON
OUT
IN
IRELLIT31
SFTYFAULT
IRELLI
TPA/EMW
IN1300
MON
OUT
IN
IRELLIT31
LINEFAULTFAULT
IRELLI
LSM/BMW
OUT
IN3 3
IRELLIT31
+5V+15V-5V-15VBAT1BAT2
FAULTPOWER
ON
OFF
IRELLIPDC/
B
1. Transponder card:The INput wavelength (IN interface) can be anything in the1260–1600 nm range, however the OUTput one (OUTinterface) is standarized (e.g. 1535,0 nm). The transponderoutput is interconnected (by means of a jumper) to themultiplex input. This specific subrack can house up to 4transponders.
5. Wavelength-demultiplexer card:The aggregate (multiplexed) optical signal is received at the IN (input) interface while the interfaceslabelled as OUT (OUTput) are the ones that provide the de-multiplexed optical signals. The abcdigits indicate the wavelengths in the sense that abc λ=15ab,c nm (e.g abc=350 λ=1535,0 nm).
3. Optical power amplifier at the transmitter’s side:The INput (ΙΝ) of the amplifier is interconnected to the outputof the wavelength mux and its OUTput (OUT) provides theamplified aggregate signal to be transmitted. An additionaloptical signal (λ~1300 nm) is multiplexed (IN1300 interface) tobe used for the monitoring of the WDM link.
4. Optical pre-amplifier at the receiver’s side:The IN (INput) interface receives the optical aggregate (multiplexed) signal from the opposite side. The signal is optically amplified and appears at the OUT (OUTput)interface and it is, subsequently, iterconnected to the demultiplexer input in order to be de-multiplexed. The additional 1300 nm optical signal (used for monitoring) is alsodemultiplexed at the OUT1300 interface.
~ 600 mm
~ 500 mm
[Pirelli, T31 WDM system seminar, 1998]
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WDMWDM
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Power budgeting:
Transmitted power PT (dBm): Typical value from -3 to +5 dBmReceiver sensitivity: PRmin (dBm): Typical value -30 dBmMargin: M (dB) = PT (dBm) – PRmin (dBm)Cable attenuation coefficient aF (dB/km): Typical value 0.2 to 0.4 dB/kmLosses due to cable (including splicing): AF (dB) = aF.L (L in km)Losses due to connection with ODF and equipment: AODF(dB) (about 1 dB)Additional (to allow for damages, ageing etc.): AADD (dB) (from 4 to 10 dB)
It must be AF + ACON + AADD < M
(otherwise optical amplifiers have to be installed)
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Optical access networksOptical access networks
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
A passive optical access network (PON) – use of splitters
ONU
ONU
ONUOLTE
OLTE
OLTE
OLTOLTE
ONU
OLTE
ONUOLTE
splitter
OLTE
splitterOLTE
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Optical access networksOptical access networks
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
An active optical access network (AON) – use of SDH equipment
ONU
ONU
ONU
OLTSTM-1 ring
ADM-1
ADM1
ADM-1
ADM1
Local switch
data node
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Optical access networksOptical access networks
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Optical access networks (PONs or AONs): FTTH/FTTB/FTTP topology
ONU
ONU
ONU
OLT
Local switch
H = Home, B = Building, P = Premises
data node
Transport network
(passive or active)
Indoor ONUs
45
Optical access networksOptical access networks
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
A passive optical access network (PON): FTTC topologyC = Curb (outdoor distribution frame)
ONU
ONU
ONU
OLT
Local switch
Outdoor ONUs
data node
Transport network (passive)
46
Optical access networksOptical access networks
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
A hybrid VDSL networkDSLAMs are installed in (upgraded) outdoor ONUs
VDSL download rate: ~50 Mb/s
DSLAM
DSLAM
DSLAM
OLT
Local switch
data node
Transport network (passive)
47
Optical access networksOptical access networks
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
ONU
STM-1/4
E1 mux
LC
LC
LC
ADM-1/4
DSL modemX NxE1 or E3
DSLA
M
E1
A hybrid VDSL network (the outdoor ONU)
48
Optical access networksOptical access networks
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
ONU
DSL modemX NxE1 or E3
DSLA
M
E1
A hybrid VDSL network (the outdoor ONU)
49
Optical access networksOptical access networks
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Management interfaces
OLT
ADM-1
DXC
# LEX
To data network
STM-1
x
LC
E1 ( 2 Mb/s)
User interface
E1 ( 2Mb/s)
ONU
ADM-1
LC
x
An active optical access network (AON): Details
50
Optical access networksOptical access networks
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
DDF DDF
Narrowband multiplexer (line cards and
E1 multiplexing unit)
ADM-1 (for AONs)or OLTE (for PONs)
Narrowband multiplexer (line cards and
E1 multiplexing unit)
Supervision unit MDF
Narrowband multiplexer (line cards and
E1 multiplexing unit)
Power-supply unit
Narrowband multiplexer (line cards and
E1 multiplexing unit)
Batteries
Indoor ONU: typical structure
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Optical access networksOptical access networks
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
~ 1.50 m
optical Tx/Rx Power supply
Subscriber copper-pair entranceE1 mux/demux (interconnected to the optical Tx/Rx
Weight ~ 90 kg
(without batteries)
Outdoor ONU ~ 240 POTS
[Siemens, OTE]
52
Optical access networksOptical access networks
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
96
60
36
12
ONU 1
ONU 22
ONU 3
ONU 4Local exchange Local exchange
centercenter
Ring 1
Ring 2
Ring 3
Ring 4
ONU
Trunk fiber cableAccess 12-fiber cable
96
A schematic plan of an active optical access network. The red line shows the trunk fiber cable while the pink one, the 12-fiber access cables that interconnect the ONUs to the trunk cable. Rings are formed by allocating specific fibers of the trunk cable to specific ONU groups. All rings are terminated at the OLT of the local exchange center.
[Vassilopoulos, Pagiatakis] Advanced infrastructures and services (vol 1), OTE 2001 (in greek)]
53
Optical access networksOptical access networks
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Subscriber cable (up to 12 fibers)4 fibers are connected to 2 fibers of the
core cable
Patchcords (2 pairs)
Working path
STM-1/4 optical ring
ΟDF
ADM-1/4
Protection path
to OLT
Fiber pair reserved for future use
Interconnection of an ONU to the core fibre cable (AON case)
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Optical access networksOptical access networks
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Management interfaces
ADM-1/4 (for AONs)orOLTE (for PONs)
ADM-1/4 (for AONs)orOLTE (for PONs)
Cross-connect
ADM-1/4 (for AONs)orOLTE (for PONs)
ADM-1/4 (for AONs)orOLTE (for PONs)
Cross-connect
ADM-1/4 (for AONs)orOLTE (for PONs)
ADM-1/4 (for AONs)orOLTE (for PONs)
Cross-connect
ADM-1/4 (for AONs)orOLTE (for PONs)
ADM-1/4 (for AONs)orOLTE (for PONs)
Cross-connect
OLT: typical structure
55
Use of fibre links for TV broadcastingUse of fibre links for TV broadcasting
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
TV Broadcasting: Preliminaries
PAL signal: black & white (Y) + red chrominance (CR=R-Y) + blue chrominance (CB=B-Y)
Bandwidth: Y (~5.5 MHz), CR (~2 MHz), CB (~2 MHz)
Digitized PAL signal SDI (Serial Digital Interface) signal
Sampling rate: Y (13.5 MHz) + CR (6.75 MHz) + CB (6.75 MHz)
Quantization: 1024 = 210 levels
Bit-rate (SDI): R = (13.5+6.75+6.75)10610 = 270 Mb/s
SDI signal can be transmitted
• either uncompressed (270 Mb/s)
• or compressed (MPEG-2/4 format, usually 2-10 Mb/s)
56
Use of fibre links for TV broadcastingUse of fibre links for TV broadcasting
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
TV Broadcasting: PreliminariesSDI signal can be transmitted either uncompressed (270 Mb/s) or compressed (MPEG-2/4, usually 2-10 Mb/s)
Uncompressed transmission over fiber is preferred for distances <100 km(cheap codecs) Compression is preferable for larger distances and necessary for satellite transmission
(to save bandwidth)
Optical TxPAL or SDI signal
(from a camera)Optical Rx
PAL or SDI signal(to master control)
< 100 km
PAL or SDI signal(from a camera)
PAL or SDI signal(to master control)
> 100 km
MPEG Tx telecom network MPEG Rx
57
Use of fibre links for TV broadcastingUse of fibre links for TV broadcasting
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
TV Broadcasting: A simplified local TV connection
TV signal(to master control)
TV signal(from a camera)
Event site(e.g. a football stadium) Optical termination box
(a small ODF)
Core optical cablesOptical
jumpers
Optical Tx
ODF
Optical Rx
Access optical cables
ODF
Optical distribution frame (ODF) at the local exchange “A”
Optical termination box(a small ODF)Receiving site
(the TV company)
Optical distribution frame (ODF)at the local exchange “B”
Telecom network
58
Use of fibre links for TV broadcastingUse of fibre links for TV broadcasting
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
TV Broadcasting (a typical scheme)
Telecom network
event
TV company
broadcasting point
59
Use of fibre links for TV broadcastingUse of fibre links for TV broadcasting
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
TV Broadcasting (a typical scheme)
event site 2
TV Company 1
broadcasting points
Contribution (Cx)
Distribution (Dx) - national
Optical Tx Optical Rx
Cross-connect
X
Optical Tx Optical Rx
Optical Tx Optical Rx
Optical Tx Optical Rx
event site 1Optical Tx Optical Rx
Telecom Company (broadcasting centre)
TV Company 3
telecom
network
Distribution (Dx) – intern’lto SES
60
Use of fibre links for TV broadcastingUse of fibre links for TV broadcasting
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
From cameras
From commentators
SDH to IBC TER
TOC(TV
codecs)
TER(ADMs)
CCR(Audiocodecs)
To IBC/CDT(directly)
SDI (270 Mb/s)
2 Mbit/s (<120 m)
venue
TV & audio coverage of a large-scale event (contribution -Cx- part)TOC(Technical Operations Centre)CCR(Commentary & Com Room)TER(Telecom Room)IBC(Inten’l Broadcasting Centre
SDI(The digitized TV signal)
61
Use of fibre links for TV broadcastingUse of fibre links for TV broadcasting
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
IBC
optical distribution framevideo distribution frame
Event site (e.g. football stadium)
optical distribution framevideo distribution frame
ODF
ODF
VDF
VDF
encoder decoderTV
company
TV coverage of large-scale events (contribution -Cx- part)
62
Use of fibre links for TV broadcastingUse of fibre links for TV broadcasting
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Broadcasting Company
Telecom company
Broadcasting Company
SDI
TV encoder
SDI
TV encoder
TV decoder
TV decoder
SDI / PAL
Primary (Optical) Route
Protect (Optical) Route
SDI
Venue TOC IBC (CDT)
TV decoder
TV encoder
Return (Optical) Path
SDI
Venue TOC IBC (CDT)
SDI
SDI
ODF ODF
TV encoder
TV decoder
SDI
Primary (Optical) Route
SDI
Venue TOC IBC (CDT)
ODF ODF
TV-coverage of large-scale events (contribution -Cx- part)
63
Use of fibre links for TV broadcastingUse of fibre links for TV broadcasting
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
4x2 V5.2 Τερψιθέα 1x2 PRA Τερψιθέα 2x2 SEMA PDC4x2 Σχόλια IBC2x2 Cosmote Τερψιθέα 1x2 ΜΚ –Ακρόπολη 1x2 ADMIN –ΑΘΗΝΑ 20042x2 ΕΦΕΔΡΙΚΑ
Local Exchange B4x2 V5.2 (τοπικά) 1x2 PRA (τοπικά) 2x2 SEMA IBC2x2 ΑΤΜ ΝΥΜΑ-M.DSLAM Αγ.Κοσμάς 4x2 Σχόλια IBC2x2 Cosmote Τερψιθέα 2x2 ΕΦΕΔΡΙΚΑ 12x2 V5.2 (τοπικά)
3x2 PRA (τοπικά) 9x2 SEMA IBC10x2 Σχόλια IBC6x2 Cosmote Τερψιθέα 2x2 M. DSLAM Σλαλομ2x2 M. DSLAM ΧΟΚΕΥ 16x2 ΜΚ – Ακρόπολη(Baseball 1-Χόκευ 1-Σλάλομ) 4x2 ΕΦΕΔΡΙΚΑ
8x2 V5.2 (τοπικά) 6x2 Σχόλια IBC2x2 PRA (τοπικά) 6x2 SEMA IBC 4x2 Cosmote Τερψιθέα 2x2 ΜΚ – Ακρόπολη(Κλ. Γυμν. 1&2)5x2 ΕΦΕΔΡΙΚΑ
(*) Διασύνδεσητων κυκλωμάτων Μ.DSLAM στην
OLT του Κλειστού Γυμναστηρίου 1&2για διασύνδεσή τους
στο DSLAM
8x2 V5.2 (τοπικά)1x2 PRA 2x2 SEMA IBC4x2 Σχόλια IBC 3x2 Cosmote Τερψιθέα 2x2 ΜΚ – Ακρόπολη(Softball) 6x2 ΕΦΕΔΡΙΚΑ2x2 M. DSLAM ΧΟΚΕΥ 2 2x2 M. DSLAM Softball
(*)
(*)
(*)
4x2 V5.2 (τοπικά) 1x2 PRA (τοπικά) 2x2 SEMA PDC 4x2 Σχόλια IBC 2x2 Cosmote (τοπικά) 1x2 ΜΚ – Ακρόπολη –Αγ. Κοσμά 1x2 ADMIN – ΑΘΗΝΑ 20042x2 ΕΦΕΔΡΙΚΑ
Local Exchange A
ONU(B)
ONU(A)
POTSISDN-BRAISDN-PRADataDSLAM
OLT
OLT (A)
ONU(A)
ONU(B)
OLT (A)
OLT (B)
Venue fibre-interconnection: Plan
64
Use of fibre links for TV broadcastingUse of fibre links for TV broadcasting
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
Local Exchange A
Local Exchange B
Venue fibre-interconnection
trunk fibre cable
access fibre cables
fibre interconnection boxes
65
Use of fibre links for TV broadcastingUse of fibre links for TV broadcasting
School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
UTP or coaxial cable <150m
Venue fibre-interconnection: details
TER
TOC
ODF ODF
ONU ONU
ODF ODF
CCRCER
MD
F
MD
F
MD
F
MD
F
UTP or coaxial cable <150m
to LOCAL EXCHANGE Bto LOCAL EXCHANGE A
FIBRE CABLE
MANHOLE
<150m
MANHOLE MANHOLE
MANHOLE
FIBRE CABLE
66School of Pedagogical & Technological Education (ASPETE) Dept. of Electronics Eng. Educators / G. Pagiatakis
ReferencesSome pictures and photos have been extracted from the following sources:
Fernando X., Sources for Optical Communications, Optical Receivers: (presentation), Ryerson University/ECE Dept
Haykin S., Communication Systems (4th edition), J. Wiley & Sons 2001
Keiser G., Optical Fibre Communications, Mc Graw-Hill
Pagiatakis G., Fibre-optic telecommunications, Tziolas 2003 (in greek)
OTE / Planning Dept, Olympic network, 2004
Pirelli, T31 WDM system seminar, 1998
Vassilopoulos C., Pagiatakis G., Advanced infrastructures and services, Vol 1, Hellenic Telecoms (OTE), 2001 (in greek)
Wikipedia, Submarine Cables