dr. dobb's journal of - cini.classiccmp.org

dr. dobb's journal of

~alisthenics rthodontia Running Light Without Overbyte

AprH, 1976 Box 310, Menlo Park CA 94025

A REFERENCE JOURNAL FOR USERS OF HOME COMPUTERS

In This Issue ...

Editorial: History Repeats Itself . . . I Hope Jim C. Warren, Jr.

Scanning the Industry Periodicals Information derived from the May 24th issue of Electronic News

FEATURE ARTICLES

First Word on a Floppy-Disc Operating System Command Language & Facilities Similar to DECSYSTEM-I 0

Hardware & Software for Speech Synthesis Lloyd Rice Detailed discussion of techniques & hardware/software trade-offs

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

MINOL-Tiny BASIC with Strings in 1.75K Bytes Erik T. Mueller An outstanding implementation by a high school junior

Volume 1, Number 4

3

4

6

System Monitor for 8080-Based Microcomputers Charlie Pack 18 Keyboard control over program loading, examination, modification & execution

DATA

Submitting items for publication 2 Reprint privileges 2 Subscription & information form 33 PCC Bookstore titles 35 TV Dazzler Contest 36

DON'T KEEP IT A SECRET!

let us know what exciting new software and systems you are working on. We'll tell everyone else (if you wish). Maybe someone is also working on the same thing. You can work t together and get results twice as fast. Or, may be someone else has already done it; no reason for everyone to reinvent the wheel.

DR COBB'S JOURNAL OF

COMPUTER CALISTHENICS & ORTHODONTIA

Volume 1, Number 4; April, 1976 Box 310, Menlo Park CA 94025 Copyright © 1976 by People's Computer Company

Publisher People's Computer Company 1010 Doyle, Menlo Park, California

Jim C. Warren, Jr.

Contributing Editor

F. J. Greeb

Bob Albrecht Dennis Allison

(415) 323-3111

Rosehips Malloy

Circulation & Subscriptions Mary Jo McPhee

Bulk Sales

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POSTMASTER: Please send Form 3579 to: Box 310, Menlo Park CA 94025. Return postage guaranteed. Application to mail at second-class postage rates is pending at Menlo Park CA. Published 10 times per year; monthly, excluding July & December.

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Disclaimer We serve as a communication medium for the exchange of

information. We do not guarantee the validity of that information.

Reprint pri11i leges Articles herein that are copyrighted by individual authors or

otherwise explicitly marked as having restricted reproduction rights may not be reprinted or copied without permission from People's Computer Company, or the authors. All other articlt1s may be reprinted for any non-commercial purpose, provided a credit-line is included. The credit-line should indicate that the material was reprinted from Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia, Box 310" Mr;nlo Park CA 94025.

t t t t ~ t ~

SUBMITTING ITEMS FOR PUBLICATION

~ ;;';; '~]-=" ~~ --...._.,,., \ ,I\ \\ •

DATE'M-Please include your name, address, and date on all tidbits you send to us.

TYPE'M-If at all possible, items should be typewritten, double-spaced, on standard, 8~ x 11 inch, white paper. Ifwe can't read it; we can't publish it. Remember that we will be retyping all natural language (as opposed to computer languages) communications that we publish.

PROGRAM LISTINGS-We will accept hand-written programs only as a very last resort. Too often, they tend to say something that the computer would find indigestible. On the other hand, if the computer typed it, the computer would probably accept it-particularly if it is a listing pass from an assembler or other translator.

It is significantly helpful for program listings to be on continuous paper; either white, or very light blue, roll paper, or fan-folded paper. Since we reduce the copy in size, submitting it on individual pages forces us to do a significant amount of extra cutting and pasting. For the same reason, we prefer that you exclude pagination or page headings from any listings.

Please, please, please put a new ribbon on your printer before you run off a listing for publication.

In any natural language documentation accompanying a program listing, please refer to portions of code by their address or line number or label, rather than by page number.

DRAWINGS & SCHEMATICS-Please draw them significantly larger than the size you expect them to be when they are published. Take your time and make them as neat as possible. We do not have the staff to retouch or re-draw illustrations. Use a black-ink pen on white paper.

LETIERS FOR PUBLICATION-We are always interested in hearing your praise, complaints, opinions, daydreams, etc. In letters of opinion for publication, however, please back up any opinions that you present with as much factual information as possible.

We are quite interested in publishing well-founded, responsible evaluations and critiques of anything concerning hobbyist hardware or software, home computers, or computers and people.

We may withhold your name from a published letter if _you so request. We will not publish correspondence, however, which is sent to us anonymously.

We reserve the right to edit letters for purposes of clarity and brevity.

ADVERTISING-Advertising from manufacturers and vendors may be accepted by us. However, we reserve the right to refuse any advertising from companies which we feel fall short of our rather picky standards for ethical behavior a~d r~sponsiv~ness to consumers. Also, any such commercial advertiser 1s herewith informed that we will not hesitate to publish harsh criticisms of their products or services, if we feel such criticisms are valid.

Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia, Box 310, Menlo Park CA 94025 April, 1916

History repeats itself @ " I hope Last December, I had the very good fortune to attend a lecture on the history of the electronic

digital computer given by Professor Henry S. Tropp. Not too long ago, Dr. Tropp spent several years directing a research project for the Smithsonian Institute concerning the history of computers in the period, 1935 to 1955. Much of his work consisted of traveling around interviewing many of the "old Timers" in the fastmoving world of digital computers. Because the field is as new as it is-the first "real" computer was invented in the 1940's-many of the original researchers in computer science and technology are still alive. Dr. Tropp often spent several days talking with them.

His December lecture was a rambling collage of fascinating anecdotes and facts about the people and the technology, and insights into the intellectual character of the times. Some of his observations come to my mind, repeatedly, as I interact with computer hobbyists:

Dr. Tropp noted that, in those first years, there was a tremendous amount of intellectual and technical ferment in the area of computers. A number of prodigious st~ps were taken in a relatively short time, outlining and developing the majority of the concepts, theories, and principles that remain the cornerstones of computer science and computer engineering. A number of intellectual giants were involved: John Von Neumann, Alan Turing, George Stibitz, Howard Aiken, John Mauchly, and many others. As often as not, however, it appears that they had little idea of where they were going, and almost stumbled upon their great discoveries. The research community involved in these efforts was relatively small; most of the researchers knew one another, and there was often close communication among them. It seems like each new discovery by any one person quickly triggered renewed excitement and activity on the part of many others, even though they were scattered all over the northeastern United States, and some were in England. Each new discovery or development was quickly shared, and often served as a foundation element for someone else's discovery. This continued until the early l 950's. Then, this great rush of creation and advancement seemed to slow to a crawl. Some of the researchers went off to work for industry. A number of them moved to the West Coast to apply their research to the aircraft industry. Computers came out of the experimental labs, and became a profitable area of activity for business and industry. Particularly important: It appears that the easy communication and exchange of ideas that was so evident in the '40's was greatly curtailed in the '50's.

I see several parallels between what happened in those early days, and what is now occuring in the hobbyist community:

I see a great deal of excitement and obvious pleasure in the hobbyists, as they learn about these funny machines and discover their phenomenal capabilities. It seems to me that those early researchers must have felt much of the same excitement and intellectual stimulation, for computers were as new and novel to them, then, as they now are to many of the hobbyists.

I hear of hobbyists who are spending most of their time in a great flurry of activity and experimentation. In the same way, those first computer scientists often worked night and day on their research, sometimes moving bunks into their labs to facilitate their continuous efforts.

I note the extensive development of very inexpensive hardware within the hobbyist community, often developed in a basement shop. Similarly, the computer researchers of the '40's often worked on a shoestring budget in antiquated facilities.

Perhaps most significantly, I note the great willingness to share ideas, developments, facilities, and solutions to problems among the hobbyists. This obviously compares with the easy and open communication that was perhaps invaluable to those early researchers.

It is this open sharing that particularly delights me, and with which I am particularly concerned. I hope that it continues. We must all do whatever we can to encourage it. The sharing of ideas is useful in that it allows us to stand on one another's shoulders, instead of standing on one another's feet. But, there is something else being shared that is of at least equal value: the enthusiasm and intellectual excitement. There is no doubt in my mind that the sharing of such enthusiasm, as well as information, was a significant factor in the prodigious creativity of those original researchers. When one of them was frustrated and "down," probably someone came flying through the door, "wired" over some new discovery, and ricocheting off the walls .. and the depressed co-worker wasn't "down" for very long. I believe the same holds true for the computer hobbyists. So ... continue to share your ideas, and continue to share your excitement.

--Jim C. Warren, Jr., Editor

April, 1976 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia, Box 310, Menlo Park CA 94025

SC NI G E I D FROM THE MAY 24TH ISSUE OF ELECTRONIC NEWS (Fairchild Publications, Inc., 7 E 12 St., NYC 10003; (212) 741-4230)

DROP IN DEC ORDERS CAUSES LSl/11-CHIPMAKER MAJOR FINANCIAL PROBLEMS

Western Digital Corp., based in Newport Beach, Cal., manufactures the 16-bit microprocessor that is the basis for Digital Equipment Corporation's LSi/11. Western's attorney recently told its creditors that the company had a "cash flow position where it could not operate," due to drops in DEC orders (e.g., from $400K in March to less than $100K in April. A vice-president from DEC indicated that, although their LSl/11 sales had been going as expected, they could not afford to continue to buy in the same quantities they had in the past. Evidently, DEC had been purchasing more than they were using; they indicated that their inventory was filled to capacity. The creditors' committee recommended giving Western 30 days to rectify its financial position.

Editor's Note: If I remember correctly, Western agreed to sell their chip only to DEC. If DEC really wants to keep Western afloat, as appears to be the case, then DEC could try releasing Western from that exclusive sales agreement. My suspicion is that, if Western were free to peddle their PDP-11 look-alike microprocessor to everyone who wished to buy it, they could cure their financial problems rather quickly.

NATIONAL'S SC/MP KIT FOR $99 National Semiconductor has a microprocessor kit avail

able for $99. This includes their SC/MP m-p (46 instruction types, single- and double-byte instructions, built-in serial 1/0 ports, bi-directional 8-bit bus, parallel data port, and latched, 12-bit address port), a preprogrammed 512-byte KITBUG ROM (monitor and debugger). 256 bytes of RAM, TTY interface (including buffer and driver for 20mA current-loop), voltage regulator, data buffer crystal (1.0 MHz), complete literature and schematics, and all the passive components and a PC board required to build a wee microcomputer. Contact Semiconductor Concepts: 145 Oser Ave., Hauppauge NY 11787, or 21201 Oxnard St., Woodland Hills CA 91364.

Any computer stores carrying SC/MP kit?

SEMICONDUCTOR SHIPMENTS EXPECTED TO NEAR $5 Bl LLION MARK, THIS YEAR

West€rn Electronics Manufacturers' Association (WEMA), has projected that worldwide semiconductor shipments will hit $4.98 billion in 1976. This is 24% above the $4.02 billion shipped in 1975. This report was a joint effort of all the major semiconductor manufacturers except Texas ! nstru ments.

Other preductions contained in this report included: MOS circuits will byte into the bipolar circuit market, ECL fami-

5 PE I DIC LS lies will see a slowing growth, and 1-squared-L will see, at best, a questionable growth. P- and N-channel MOS is expected to increase from $728 million (in 1975) to $959 million. C/MOS is projected to jump from $96 millign (1975) to $153 million.

MOTOROLA & AMD AGREE ON 2901 SECOND-SOURCE

Motorola Semiconductor and Advanced Micro Devices recently signed a licensing agreement for Motorola to secondsource the bipolar, bit-sliced, 2901 microprocessor family developed by AMD. This makes Motorola the third secondsource for 2901 's. Others include Ratheon Semiconductor, and the Sescosem Division of the Paris-based Thomason-CSF.

FLOATING POINT SOFTWARE IN P/ROM's FOR 8080's

Recognition Systems in Van Nuys, Cal., is offering a floating point package in P/ROM's for $495. A number of routines are included: floating point multiply, divide, add, subtract, fixed-point to floating-point conversion, square root, and floating-point to binary-coded decimal conversion.

MONOLITHIC MEMORIES OFFERS MICROPROCESSOR-BASED NOVA COMPETITOR

Monolithic Memories, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Cal., recently announced a 16-bit microcomputer that is said to be both software and 1/0 compatible with Data General's NOVA 2 and 3. MMI expects to be producing about 50/month by midJuly. The systems will be priced at $2500 in quantities of 50 or more, including 32K words of memory. The systems use four of MMl's 6701 four-bit bipolar microprocessors. The 32K word memories use of 128 of MMl's 2180 4K RAM's.

There is also a rumor of a NOVA-on-a-chip in the foreseeable future.

SK PDP-8/E MEMORY FOR $650 WE Computer Extension Systems of Houston has an

nounced a plug-in memory board for the PDP-8 Omnibus. The memory uses NMOS RAM's. A 4K version costs $400; the 8K version is $650. The company states that they come with an unconditional one-year warranty.

PASCAL COMPILER FOR PDP"11 EXTENDED FOR REAL-TIME FUNCTIONS

A compiler for PASCAL on the PDP-11 is being offered by Electro Scientific Industries of Portland, Ore., for $1500. PASCAL is an excellent, cleanly-designed, block-structured, high-level language, created about five years ago by Niklaus Wirth. ESI has extended the language to include the necessary constructs for real-time data acquisition and process control. The system runs under DEC's RT-11 operating system and requires 16K words.


First word on a floppy,,,,disc operating system Command language & facilities similar to DECSYSTEM .. 10

by Jim C. Warren, Jr., Editor, Dr. Dobb's Journal

We have the first tidbits of information on the floppy-disc operating system to which we have alluded in past issues:

The system, called "CP/M," runs on an 8080. !tis available from Digital Research, Box 579, Pacific Grove CA 93950; (408) 373-3403. Its user interface is patterned after that of the DECSYSTEM-10. The file commands include RENAME, TYPE, ERASE, D! RECTORY, LOAD, and auto-load/execute facility (type the name of an object file; it will be loaded and begin execution). File-names follow the DEC standard of a 1-8 character name with a 1-3 character suffix. An Editor is included that has somewhat the flavor of TECO. There is a PIP facility that allows easy transfer of files to and from any available device, e.g., terminal, paper-tape 1/0, cassettes, floppy discs on any drive, etc .. Note: PIP is DECeze for Peripheral Interchange Program. Other systems software is likely to be included.

Internally, the system allows for dynamic file allocation of files ranging from 0 to 250K bytes in length. It is initially set up to allow up to 63 different user-defined file-names (CP/M system files do not impinge on this file-name space), and can be simply modified to allow up to 255 such file-names. The system is written in PL/M. At an absolute and rather undesirable minimum, it will run on 8080's with only 8K bytes of men;iory. To be really usable, it requires 12K or, preferably, 16K bytes. The system includes an automatic bootstrap facility via a RESET of the controller, or allows a software bootstrap, if the controller doesn't have the RESET facility. The system is sufficiently modular that its designer feels he can easily modify it to operate on most floppy-disc drives and with most floppy-disc controllers.

This system already exists and has been in use for over a year. It was originally designed and implemented by Dr. Gary Kildall, a Computer Science Professor at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, and a well-known, independent consultant in the area of mocroprocessor systems software. Gary is also the designer and implementor of PL/M, the "industry standard" highlevel language for microprocessors. PL/M was produced for Intel for their 8000-family micros. Gary recently completed PLuS, a language for the Signetics 2650 microprocessor that is upwardscompatible with Pl/M. Incidentally, since CP/M is written in PL/M, and PLuS is--for the most part--a superset of PL/M, Gary feels that it will be relatively simple for him to make this operating system also available for 2650-based systems.

It is expected that Digital Research wi II offer all of the parts for an inexpensive floppy-disc system, ready to build (kit), and/or plug-in (assembled) to an IMSAI or Altair microcomputer. These "parts" consist of: CP/M, the operating system; a floppy-disc controller; and floppy-disc drive(s). Pricing is still tentative,

Floppy-disc drives ......................... $550-$650

We expect to carry more information, including firm prices, and one or several articles by Dr. Kilda!I in near-future issues.

From our experience, this is the hottest deal going! It's cheap, as far as floppy-disc systems for micros go. The software is well-designed, based on a well-known and easy-to-use operating system that has been around for a DECade. Additionally-major points worth considering-it has been in use for some time, it has been used by a number of people, and it is fairly completely debugged. We know Gary personally, know 'where his head's at," and know that he backs his products and is responsive to his customers. Incidentally, he has an excellent and ongoing working relationship with Digital Research.

You should very seriously consider obtaining a floppy disc subsystem-hardware and software- for your home computer (either Gary's or someone else's). A short-access mass-storage facility increases your capabilities by several orders of magnitude, particularly when it is backed by comprehensive, well-designed, debugged systems software. Note that the I BM 650 (the Model T of computers, and the one that moved computers out of the laboratory and into mass production and widespread usage) had a main memory that was a 2000-word rotating drum with access measured in milliseconds. [The Dragon sez we should tell you that the 650 had 2000 ten-digit words. Think of it as about 10,000 bytes.)

~=i::cccccci:::cccccccccccccccca=

~ A PLEA FOR EXPLICIT DIRECTIONS

~ Dear Jim Warren Jr., 4-27-76 ~ My problem is interfacing (hooking all the components

together so they work as a system). For instance, I can find no where instructions on exactly how to hook my SWTC keyboard and TVT-11 up to my Altair through my 3P +Sand 22" video monitor. I don't mean a few general instructions. I mean a wiring

1) diagram showing exactly which lines go wh~re so all the stro~es, ) waits, readys, etc. work together. The same 1s true of my sud mg

1) cassette interface. Then, if I order a tape from John Arnold what 1) do I have to do to get it to work. I have no trouble building the :~ parts and getting them to work, but nobody will furni~h me with I) comprehensive instructions on putting them together into a I~ system. !) Sincerely, I John Greiner, Jr.

I 20002 s 57th Temple TX 76501

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA STORE: however these are the conservative estimates: ~

CP/M User's Manual+ Editor User's Manual+ CP/M bl

COMPUTERS & STU FF of San Lorenzo

E~:~:~~es~s~~~~ d~~~~~~~~t·i~~ ·p~~k~~~:::::::: =~~ ll Formatted, verified, "loaded" disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20 :)

Note: a :'raw" disc costs about $8 I Floppy-disc controller ...................... $100-$350

Computers & Stuff, a new retail computer outlet, has opened at 664 Via Alamo, San Lorenzo CA 94580; (415) 278-4720. Its hours are: Wed. - Fri., 4 - 8 p.m.

Sat. - Sun., 1 - 7 p.m.

April, 1916 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia. Box 310, Menlo Park CA 94025

Hardware & software J or speech synthesis by Lloyd Rice Computalker Consultants 821 Pacific St., No. 4 Santa Monica CA 90405

The process of generating voice output with a computer can be broken down into several steps. We will examine the operations at each step to determine the flow of information into and out of the step. This examination will give us the background needed to decide which parts of the overall process should be wired into a hardware device, and which parts should be kept as software to retain flexibility and control over the process. Perhaps the easiest way to carry out such an examination is by following an example phrase thru the system as it is transformed into a speech signal and sent to the loudspeaker. RESOLUTION OF GRAf:MATICAL

ENGLISH TEXT

MARKED PHONE,TIC

TEXT

Al'IDIGUITIES PHRA.SE STRUCTURE

P;:m;znc DICllO:JA:CY

SPEA.iCER CHARACTiiftISTICS

UNJ'.ARKED PHOI·iETIC

TE.er

A20USTIC ACOCSTI~ PAF.A!SfERS :3':".iTH~SIS P,-"'Al~TD""IO"-ll>I

ctULES VCl:) ULE

Figure 1 Flowchart of th® Speech Synthesis System

Figure shows a flowchart of the speech output system to be described. We will see that the kinds of external information needed for the first 2 steps is quite difficult to obtain and can require large amounts of processing, whereas the information needed in the third step is easily determined, and in most applications can be set as constants in the system. Finally, the acoustic parameters contain all the information necessary to control the last step, the actual synthesizer, to produce audio output. As a result of these observations, we will see that is most cases, one should specify the material to be synthesized in the form of marked phonetic text rather than raw English text. In order to present a more complete description, however, we will begin with the first step shown in Figure 1, input of English text.

Beginning with the sample text, "This is computer speech.", we first consult a phonetic dictionary, which performs a direct translation to phonetic text. A phonetic coding scheme suitable for this purpose which is compatible with the ASCi I character set and Teletype output was developed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) as a part of a recent speech recognition study. That phonetic code, known as ARPABET, is listed in Table 1. The output of the phonetic dictionary in our example would be, "DHIHS/IHZ/KAHM-' PYUWTER/SPIYCH.#".

The main problem which arises at this stage is due to homographs, words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently. Two different types of homographs, however, present quite different problems. The first type consists mainly of short words such as '.'bow," pronounced either as in "tied a bow" and "bow and arrow," or as in "off th_e starboard bow." In these cases, the pronounciation can usually be resolved by examining the surrounding context. The other type of ambiguity is a lesser noticed but very widespread phenomenon in English: the situation where a word has a different stress pattern depending on whether it is used as a noun or a verb. As an example of this, notice the difference in

"It was a dull subject," and "They were going to subject him to cruel punishment." It is not evident from the spelling which usage is intended, and requires that a fairly complete grammatical analysis be carried out to make that decision. One advantage at this point is that good use can be made of the recovered grammatical structure in the next step, where a more elaborate assignment of stress is performed.

The second step in the synthesis process deals with the assignment of sentence stress levels to the phonetic text string. To clarify that operation we will first have a closer look at the nature of the linguistic feature known as stress. The strass will be coded as a numerical value attached to a vowel in the phonetic string. That value wi II be realized later by the synthesizer in three different ways: as an increase in the pitch frequency, as a lengthening of the vowel duration, and to some extent as an increase in amplitude. The primary or highest level of stress is marked as a "1" following the vowel symbol. Secondary stress, marked with a "2," has less extreme acoustic effects than primary stress. As many as 3 or 4 distinct levels of stress may be marked in a sentence.

With regard to its communicative value, stress serves two .., quite distinct functions. The sentence stress pattern, together

with timing and intonation, serves to communicate the grammatical structure to the listener. One can think of the gram-

' matical structure as being transformed into a stress and intonation pattern by the speaker which is then decoded back into the phrase structure by the listener. Using the term "grammar," I am here including several kinds of information about words, such as the noun-verb distinction discussed above as well as syntactic information about the phrase and clause structure. The second function of the stress pattern is to indicate which item or items in a sentence are to be given special emphasis. The meaning of a sentence can be shifted around by emphasizing different items. The sources of information needed for marking these two components of the stress pattern are quite different and must be considered separately. Our example, with the stress pattern marked, would be something like, "DHIH3S/IHZ/KAHMPYUW1TER/ SPIY2CH.#". Notice also that the word and utterance boundary markers have been kept explicitly in the text string.

The purpose of the portion of the system described thus far is imply to generate strings of phonetic text with marked stress patterns which are to be synthesized by the 2 steps in the bottom row of Figure 1. Marked phonetic text strings can be obtained in other ways, of course. In the case of predetermined phrases, marked phonetic strings can be stored instead of raw English text, making the synthesis task much simpler. On the other hand, consider synthesis of speech from an information network of some kind. The qrammatical information could come from a phrase strur• ire grammar which is being driven by relationships in the network. Items in the network. would be coded as phonetic strings, or in essence, references to the phonetic dictionary described above. There are many significant problems remaining with this approach, but it is perhaps one of the more exciting applications of synthetic speech. The third box in the flowchart in Figure 1 is the acoustic rules section. In order to describe what the acoustic rules are and what they do, we must first look at the acoustic structure of speech. The speech code must be broken down into components so it can be synthesized by controlling, in real time, a limited number of parameter values. To a good


approximation, speech can be represented by the model shown in Figure 2.

This model requires 9 parameter control values consisting of 5 frequency controls and 4 amplitude controls. The box labeled "pulse source" is a controllable frequency oscillator which is adjusted dynamically to determine the voice

Table i

COMPUTER

PHONETIC

REPRESENTATIONS

NOTE: Soaces are ignored except within escapes.

jPhoneme

i

1

e

au or aw

al or ay

=>I or =>y

r

l

Ill

Computer Representation 1-Character 2-Characters

i

I

e

E

@

a

0

u

x

R

w y

0

y

w

r

1

m

n

G

IY

IH

EY

EH

~

M

AH

AO

ow UH

ER

AW

AY

OY

y

w R

L

M

N

NX

pitch. The boxes labeled "resonator" are tunable, single-pole, bandpass resonators which determine the frequency or spectral shape of the speech signal in different ways. The data bus symbol used to represent the control inputs indicates that each parameter can be controlled by at most 8 bits from the computer's output bus. The data rates needed to control the

Ii Exarnpl<[l

beat

bit

bait

bet

bat

Bob

but

bought

boat

book

boot

about

roses

bird

down

~

~ x_ou

wit

rent

let

met

net

si~

Cornouter Reoresentation Phone.'lle " ~-Character 2-Characters

p

t

k

.b

d

g

h

f

0

s

" s or !

v

z v z or:;

v c v j

syl l,l

syl rn 8m

syl n,n

flapped t,.r

glottal stonr

silence

p

t

k

b

d

9

h

f

T

s

v

D

z c j

H

L

M

N

F

Q

p

T

K

B

D

G

HH

F

TH

s

SH

v

DH

z ZH

CH

JH

WH

EL

EM

EN

DX

Q

Example

£_et

ten

kit

bet

debt

~et

hat

fat

thing

sat

shut

vat

that

zoo azure

church

j_udge

which

battle

bottom

button

batter

non-speech segment i I lat!9_h, etc.

April, 1916

~ol

+

I t

:1 or •

:2 or ?

Val1P

l

2

AUXILIARY SYMBOLS (1- AND 2-CHARAcrER CODES ARE IDENTICAL) Meaning Symbol

Morpheme boundary

Word boundary

Utterance boundary

Tone group boundary

Falling or decl. juncture

Rising or inter. juncture

:3 or •

• •

( )

< :>

Meaning

Fall-rise or non-term juncture

Comment (anything except* or **)

Apes-surround special symbol in comment

Phoneme class information

Phonetic or allohonic escape ! J

STRESS REPRESE!'lTATIO~lS (IF PRESENT, MUST TM.MEDIATELY FOLLOW TH!': VOWEL)

Stress Assignment Value S'""1"'"'"'"' llco:i~M~. :_t_

No stress 3 Tertiary stress

Primary stress

Secondai:y stress

(Etc.)

Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia. Box 310. Menlo Park CA 94025

parameters are quite low, the highest rate needed for any parameter being less than 100 new settings per second.

I will not go into detail here describing the actual parameter values needed to represent particular speech sounds. An article to appear in the August, 1976 issue of Byte Magazine goes into some detail on the nature of the different kinds of speech sounds and how they can be generated by controlling the parameter values in such a model. Suen information would, of course, be necessary to write a software implementation of the acoustic rules. For our present purposes, we consider the 9 control values as outlined above to represent an acoustic parameter model of speech. We can now turn to a discussion of the acoustic rules and the tasks they must perform to generate controls for this model.

Each phoneme, as encoded in the phonetic text string, is a symbol representing one or more acoustic speech segments, each such segment being produced by a particular pattern of values on the control parameters. Each pattern, or configuration of control values, must be held for a specific length of time before changing to the next pattern. As a first approximation then, the rules would consist of a series of table lookups to convert each phoneme into a sequence of parameter patterns, along with the duration each pattern is to be held.

Now comes the catch! This first approximation makes rather poor speech. The problem is that the transitions between parameter values are often more important than the actual values at any given time. The flow of parameter values must be more carefully orchestrated. Actually, the only tough problem here is that correct transitions between phonemes are just as important as having the correct temporal structure within a phoneme. This means that phonemes cannot be coded as independent sets of parameter time functions which are merely joined together sequentially, but that some interaction must take place between phoneme patterns before they are sent out to the synthesizer module. Briefly, the different phonemes of a language can be classified according to the effects of boundary interactions. The transition of each parameter value across a given phoneme boundary can then be determined from the boundary characteristics of each of the neighborhing phoneme-s. Such boundary behavi0r information can be stored in phoneme look-up tables.

in addition to assigning initial parameter values and mapping the transitions across boundaries, the acoustic rules must also assign and modify durations. For example, a stressed vowel is given a longer duration than the same vowel in an unstressed position.

A third function the acoustic rules must perform-probably the most important for natural sounding speech-is to assign the time pattern of values to the pitch frequency parameter. First, an archetypal intonation pattern is chosen on the basis of punctuation (retained in the phonetic text just for this purpose). A period selects a falling pitch, a comma signals a level pause, and a question mark indicates a rising pattern. Other diacritical marks could be defined in the phonetic string to generate more complex pitch patterns such as singing. The selected archetypal pitch pattern is then modified locally by specific phonemes. Such local modification of the pitch pattern is one of the effects of a stress level marked on a vowel. Also, some consonants affect the pitch value slightly.

To complete the synthesis process, the acoustic parameters generated by the acoustic rules are output, in real time, to a synthesizer module such as sketched in Figure 2 and

NASAL RRANC H

FigurEI 2 A Mod el of th" Strueture of Speech

described in the forthcoming Byte article. The synthesizer constructs an audio frequency signal as specified by the control parameters. The audio signal is then sant to a loudspeaker as the speech output.

It would be impractical to consider simulating the synthesizer module in software because of the speed needed to generate speech in real time. That task is much more appropriately handled by analog hardware. Such a hardware synthesizer module is currently being developed by Computalker, 821 Pacific St., No. 4, Santa Monica CA 90405. The Computalker synthesizer module would be driven by the microcomputer output data bus as described above. The software interface consists either of a direct, manually-controlled parameter pattern generator or an implementation of the acoustic rules. Software for the acoustic rules will also be developed by Computalker as the hardware becomes available.

I believe it is important to consider at this point some of the trade-offs involved in implementing the acoustic rules in software rather than hardware. A synthesizer system such as the Votrax VS-6 contains a hardware implementation of the basic acoustic rules. As a result, the language available for coding the phonetic text is fixed and cannot be extended. In addition, the phoneme table values are fixed so that each phoneme has a set phonetic quality. By implementing these mies in software you could retain the flexibility over pitch patterns and speech rate and also have control over the phonetic qualities which determine the language and dialect. The acoustic rules determine a number of qualities in the resulting speech which are characteristic of a particular speaker, such as the sex and age, and other qualities which vary from occasion to occasion, such as voice quality, speaking rate, distinctness of articulation, etc. Because of time constraints, a software version of the acowstic rules may not have time to handle all these possibilities as on-line variables. Of course, it is cheaper to produce a synthesizer module if a hardware acoustic rules system is not included.

How could speech output from a microcomputer be used? Several applications come to mind for the hobbyist environment, such as responses in games, voice readout of measurement data, system status warnings, etc., etc, Other applications might include telephone answering and intrusion warnings. What about generating audio tape labels automatically? Each of these applications makes its own demands for quality, naturalness and range of vocabulary needed. I would very much like to hear of your interest in computer speech output. What applications do you have in mind? What problems do you foresee? A note to the above address will assure that you receive further information as it becomes available.


MINOL-T'iny BASIC with Strings 1n l.75K Bytes AN OUTSTANDING JOB DONE BY A HIGH SCHOOL JUNIOR Dear Mr. Warren: May 1, 1976

I have a Tiny BASIC program nmning cm my Altair that I think you might be interested in. I call it MINOl (mine-ail). It fits in 1.75K memory. Unlike the other Tiny BAS!C's, MINOl has a string-handling capability, b11.1t only single-byte, integer arithmetic and left-to-right expression evaluation.

Additions to TB include CAll maichine-hmguage s1.1brm.1tines, multiple statements on a line (like TBX), and optional "LET" in variable assignments. Memory locations of the form (H,ll can be used interichangably with variables, permitting DIM-like operations.

Sincerely, Erik T. Mueller 36 Homestead lane

Roosevelt NJ 08555

MINOL is an abbreviated form of BASIC with additional features. It has twelve statements: LET, PR, IN, GOTO, IF, CALL, END, NEW, RUN, CLEAR, UST, and OS.

Variables: A letter from A to Z, or a memory location of the form (H,l), where H is the high address (decimal), and L is the low address. H and L may be expressions.

Number: An integer from 0 to 255. Expression: A series of terms separated by arithmetic

operators. Terms: Numbers, variables, schars, random. Schar: A single character enclosed in single quotes. Gives

the ASCII value of the character. Random: "!" (exclamation point) gives a random num

ber between 0 and 255. (Subroutine by Jim Parker.) Arithmetic Operators: + - * I Relational Operators (not permitted in expressions):

= # <("less than") Arithmetic Evaluation: All expressions are evaluated from

left to right (no precedence of operations). Statements: A statement consists of one or more sub

statements separated by ":" (colon), and terminated by CR. lines up to 72 characters. line numbers from 1 to 254. All statements may be used with or without a line number. Statements without a line number are executed immediately. Statements with line numbers are edited into the existing program.

Substatements: [LET j cp ] <:11ar> = < expr> Assigns the value of a variable. The "LET' can be left out if desired. Ex: LETS= 0

LET (24,0) = P-59 A=B+C* J-198 (25,5)=A *7 /B

PR < var-~ist> [; I cpl <var-list> : Literals, strings, or expressions separated by

commas. literal: Characters to be printed enclosed in double

quotes. Strings: $(H,l): A series of memory locations starting

at H,l which contain characters previously entered. Expressions: Simple variable or expression.

Ex: PR"YOU SAY YOUR NAME IS",$(10,0) PRA,B,(6,0),

PR 56+!/A,B PR

A semicolon at the end of a PR suppresses CR LF. A blank PR produces a CR LF.

PR Format: Numerical values are printed with one leading and trailing space and with all leading zeros suppressed. All strings and literals are printed without leading and trailing spaces. No zone spacing. GOTO<expr>

Transfers control to the specified statement. GOTO 0 transfers control to beginning of unnumbered statement. Ex: GOTO A *10

GOTO 78

IF<expr> <relop> <expr>;<statement> Executes the statement following the ";" (semi-colon) if

the specified relation is true. If it is untrue, control is transferred to the next statement on the line (if present). Ex: IF X= 5 ; GOTO 20

IF A='Y' ;PR"SURE, WHY NOT?" IF A+B*C # !;GOTO 20 : PRA+B*C IF Y # 6; S=!

IN [<var>j<str>] [,[<var>j<str>]]* This statement permits two types of data to be entered

from the terminal: a) Numeric data; and b) Alphanumeric data; either a single

letter, or a string of n characters. Using a <var>: The input data is tested. If it is numeric,

the number is deposited into the variable. If the data is not a number, the ASCII value of the first character typed is deposited.

Using a < str>: (of the form $(H,L) The inputted characters are deposited into memory sequentially starting at location H,l. 255 is placed in memory after the last character before CR. All spaces inputted are ignored unless enclosed by quotes. Note that (H,L) refers to a single location, but $(H,l) refers to a series of locations beginning at H,l. (H,l) can be used in expressions as a variable, but $(H,L) can only be used in i/0 statements (IN, PR).

CALL (H,l) Calls users subroutine starting at location H,L decimal.

END: Terminates program. NEW: Deletes all lines of a program. CLEAR: Sets all variables (A-Z) equal to zero. RUN: Starts execution of program at lowest numbered statement. UST: Lists program in memory. OS: Transfers control to user's operating system.

Line editing and correction: Ttping X5 deletes the last character typed. X deletes an entire line. Xe stops executing program.

Prints: BREAK AT LL (LL is the line that was to be executed before the interrupt occurred.)

To delete a line, type the line number followed by CR. To change a line, type in the line with changes. The new

line will replace the old one.

!ERROR MESSAGES !ERR L AT XX 1. Label does not exist


2. Input is over 72 characters. 3. Unrecognizable statement type. 4. Illegal variable. 5. Syntax error. 6. Out of memory.

EM MINOl 2.1 SYNTAX Apr. 1976

<line> <statement> < substatement>

: : =<number> <statement> er /<statement> er ::=<substatement>* : <substatement> ::=[LET /¢l <var>= <expr>

PR < expr-list> [; / ¢l IN <var-str-list> IF <expr><relop><expr> <statement> GOTO <expr> CALL < memloc> END RUN

altered. Must CALL, INT 315

363 002 /

This checks for keyboard interrupt (Xe).

000 116 - 006 377 Mi NOL Interpreter

000 253 L Highest memory location available 261 H for MINOl programs.

001 142 L 143 H

Address of user's operating system, or mornitor.

All input text is stored at 006 210 - 006 320 Free speace is left for short strings at 006 333 - 006 377 Variables (A-Z) are stored at 005 007 - 005 042

007 000 + Program storage LIST NEW CLEAR OS

Executing MINOL: To start MINOl and initialize program area, EXAMINE 002 350, RUN. To start without initialization, EXAMINE 000000, RUN.

<number> <digit> <var> <relop> <expr-list>

>:: var-str-list> < expr> <term> <literal> <schar> <str> <memloc> < highadr> < lowadr> <char>

: :=< digit>* 2 <digit> ::=O /1 / .. /8 /9 ~~=~ 1~ 1~. /Y /z / < memloc>

: := [ <titeral > / < expr> / < str>] [. [ <Jiteral> / <expr> /<str>]] *

: := [<var>/< str>] [; [<var>/< str>] ) * ::=[ <term><aroper>] * <term> ::=<var> /<number>/ '<schar>' /! : :="<char>*" ::=<char> : : =$ < memloc> : :=( < highadr>, < lowadr>) : :=<number> : :=<number> ::=any character except " and er

Notes: <>encloses an element of MINOL ¢ is the empty set * repeat limited by length of line

*2 repeat from 0 to 2 times

MINOL Memory Allocation: (All locations are split octal) 000 000 - 000 115 1/0 Routines, etc.

System Reset: 000 000 061 LXI SP

CRLF:

INPUT:

OUTPUT:

001 377 002 017 003 317 RST CR LF 004 303 JMP, MiNOL 005 116 006 000 010 A subroutine to output a

020

040

CR followed by a LF. Moves a character from input device to the A reg-ister. Parity equals 1. Must output an echo check of the inputted character. Outputs character in the A register. Parity equals 1. No registers may be

Dear Jim: May 24, 1976 I am enclosing the listing of MINOL-manually typed! There are several features of my program, both positive

and negative, that I might point out. On the plus side, MINOL uses only 1.75K of memory,

including the input-output subroutines (altho1.1gh since writing it I see how I can make it even smaller.) Memory locations of the form (H,l) can be used similarly to one- or two-dimensional DIMs in higher BASIC's. Simple input or output strings are possible by specifying a series of memory locations-of the form $(H,ll where H,l is the first location where characters are to be deposited. I am enclosing three programs to illustrate these features. On the negative side, the program is not designed for arithmetic functions, having no grouping of operations, and being limited to a value of 255. The relational operators are restricted to =, #, and <, although > ("greater than") can be done by reversing the logical expressions. Fewer error messages am provided than usual. MINOl is written completely in machine language without using IL.

When I can supply MINOL on a cassette l'li let you know. You might like to know that I am in my third year of high school.

Yours truly, Erik T. Mueller Bwitton House

Roose11e!t NJ 08555

Additions/changes since the May 1st letter: Spaces are ignored: a. During line/statement entry

unless enclosed by quotes. b. When inputting variables. c. When inputting strings if the L

address is zero. Spaces are accepted: a. When inputting strings if the L

address is non-zero. b. When enclosed by quotes.

instead of GOSUB/RET statements, use the following substitute statements to perform the same function:

First initialize the GOSUB stack pointer Y,Z: 2 Y=14:Z=255 (Y and Z are the H,L address of some free space in memory.)

Instead of a GOSUB statement, substitute the

Page 1 O Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia, Box 310, Menlo Park CA 94025 April, 1976

following: LET(Y,Z)=< Return label> :Z=Z-1 :GOTO <subroutine label>

Instead of a RET, substitute: Z=Z+1 :GOTO(Y,Z)

Free space is left for very short user's strings from 006366 to 006377.

On a directly-executed IN statement, although the data will be correctly stored, an error message may appear after its execution.

April, 1976

The monitor gives a "]" as a prompt. The IN statement gives a "?" unless a sense switch is up.

Three programs in MINOL:

]LIST 1¢ PR"GIVE ME A SENTENCE":IN$(14,l) 2¢ PR"STRING TO SEARCH FOR?":IN$(14,101) 21 A=¢ 22 A=A+l:IF(l4,A)#255~GOT022 23 B=¢ 24 B=B+l:IF(l4 0 lOO+B)#255;GOT024 3¢ C=l~D=l:S=¢ 4¢ IF{ 14, D+l¢¢)~H 14, C) ~ GOT07)d 5¢ D=D+l:C=C+l:IFD(B~GOT04¢ 6¢ LETS=S+l 65 C=C-1 7¢ LETD=l 8¢ C=C+l:IFC(A~GOT04¢ 9¢ PR" 111 ~$(14 0 lOl); 111 OCCURS 11 ;S~ 96 IFS=l~GOT01¢¢ 97 PR 11 TIMES IN 110 ~$(14,l)~ 11111 :END 100 PR"TIME IN 111 ;$(14,1)~ 11 ' 11 :END }RUN GIVE ME A SENTENCE ? THE BLUE BIRD IN THE BLUE SKY STRING TO SEARCH FOR? ? BLUE 'BLUE 1 OCCURS 2 TIMES IN 1 THE BLUE BIRD IN THE BLUE SKY 1

JLIST 1¢ "***NUMBER-A NUMBER GUESSING GAME (NUM¢5) 2¢ PR:PR"WHAT IS YOUR NAME"~:IN${14,l) 3¢ X=-=l:S=yJ:PR"HI, 19 ;$(14,1); 11 • 'WELCOME TO THE GAME OF NUMBER'' 4¢ PR"I 1 M THINKING OF A NUMBER FROM 95 TO 255 09

5¢ PR'"GUESS MY NUMBERl 1 11

6¢ PR:PR"YOUR GUESS 1';:ING:S=S+l 65 IFG=X~GOT090 7¢ IFG<X~PR 11 TOO SMALLe TRY A BIGGER NUMBER .. 11

8¢ IFX<G;PR 11 TOO BIG. TRY A SMALLER NUMBER .. 11

85 GOT06¢ 9¢ PR 11 THAT'S RIGHT, "~$(14,l)~"l l YOU GOT IT IN11 ~S~ 11 GUESSES 11

1¢¢ PR 11 PLAY AGAIN8'~ :INA:IFA='Y' ~GOT03¢ 11¢ PR"OK ........ HOPE YOU HAD FUN .. 11 :END

lfl] PR 11 NAME 11 ; :IN$(14,l) 2¢ IF(l4al)= 1 J 1 ~IF(l4,2)='I 0 ~IF(l4,3)='M 1 ~PR"IT'S JIM! 11

3¢ IF(l4,l)#'J'~PR 11 IT 1 S NOT JIM .. ":GOTOlflJ

JRUN NAME?ERIK IT 1 S NOT JIM .. NAME?JIM IT'S JIMl NAME'?Xc BREAK AT 1¢ 1

Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia, Box 310, Menlo Park CA 94025

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based • microcomputers by Charlie Pack, 25470 Elana Rd., Los Altos Hills CA 94022

After developing an 82-byte octal loader using nothing but the switch panel on my Altair 8800, I concluded that a system monitor was needed to provide better communications between myself and my machine. The required functions were: (1) display the contents of one byte or any segment of memory in octal, (2) display the contents of all registers, (3) enter programs in octal from a keyboard, (4) load and store programs or data, and (5) jump to a program. The 1/0 device to be supported was an ASR-33 Teletype with papertape reader and punch. The Monitor described in this article meets these requirements.

Since the Monitor has several hundred statements, and the memory in my computer is limited, I needed a crossassembler that would run on the computers and with the software to which I had access. So, I wrote one-would you believe-in COBOL?!! The program listing for the Monitor was printed musing my COBOL cross-assembler. Since COBOL is rather inefficient at non-structured string handling and subscripting, I made the source format fixed and eliminated punctuation. Register operands were made a part of the instruction code, for example MOV AM moves a byte from memory to accumulator. Otherwise, the microprocessor instructions are normal. The only pseudo-instructions used are ORG, DB, and DW. ORG sets the location counter; DB defines a single byte, and DW defines a doubleword (two bytes). Since it is difficult to do octal arithmetic in COBOL, the bells and whistles were left out of the cross-assembler.

A paper tape of this system is being delivered to the Program Repository at the Community Computer Center, 1919 Menalto, Menlo Park CA 94025.

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Necessary Information: P.O. Box 310 Menlo Park, Ca. 94025

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D yes D no: This information may be published in directories and lists of individuals interested in computers in non-commercial environments.

Optional Information:

Equipment that you have or are planning on purchasing, immediately:

Make & model _____________ Manufacturer _____________ _

CPU model _____________ CPU Manufacturer __________ _

I/ODevices _____________________________ ~

Mass storage peripherals

Primary areas of interest concerning non-commercial and home computers:

Questions: What would you like to see published in DR. ooss·s JOURNAL? It will help guide us if you will rate these, 1 to 10 (1 - minimally desire; 10 - super-eager to see) or 0 (would prefer we not waste space publishing it).

___ Schematics and acticles from all of the computer club newsletters __ Short news articles directly related to home computers __ Short news articles concerning computers in general, particularly their social implications __ Indices to all articles in all other computer hobby publications __ Indices to selected articles from other computer, electronic, and trade publications __ Letters having technical, critical, or entertaining content __ Classified ads (as opposed to display advertising) __ Suggestions and "blue skying" about what can be done with home computers in the foreseeable future. ~

OVER~


Directories of:

__ Users of home computers and their equipment __ Computer clubs __ Computer stores and distributers __ Sources of used equipment __ Manufacturers of computer kits __ Microprocessor and minicomputer manufacturers

Source code listings and documentation: For which microprocessors?

--Nearly full-sized (much less can be published)

--Reduced as m recent issues (more difficult to read, but more info included in each issue)

What kind of software would you like to see developed and placed in the public domain?

Importance Rating Software Description

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I DR DOBB'S JOURNAL OF


PCC BOX 310 MENLO PARK CA 94025

I To use this as a self-ma;ler: 1. Fold it so this third covers the top third. 2. Place the proper postage, above. 3. If you are subscribing, insert your check so that it crosses a fold. 4. Staple this closed with a single staple, making sure that the staple pierces the check. (Better still, stick ail of this in your own envelope, and mail it to us.)

What else would you like to see us publish? Please use another page or ten, if you need them.


BOOK TORE ACTIVE FILTER COOKBOOK Don Lancaster. 1975. 240 pp. $14.95.

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS FOR POCKET CALCULATORS Jack Gilbert. 1975. 304 pp. $5.95.

ALPHA-NUMERIC MUSIC WITH AMPLITUDE CONTROL Malcolm Wright. 1975. 23 pp. $2. Xeroxed.

BIOFEEDBACK: Turning on the Power of your Mind Marvin Karlins & Lewis Anderson. 1973. 190 pp. $1.25.

BIOFEEDBACK AND THE ARTS Edited by David Rosenboom. 1976. 163 pp. $12.95. Hardbound.

BASIC Albrecht, Finkel, & Brown. 1973. 325 pp. $3.95.

BASIC BASIC James Coan. 1970. 256 pp. $3.95.

BASIC PROGRAMMING Kemeny & Kurtz. 1961, 1971. 150 pp. $6.95.

THE BEST OF CREATIVE COMPUTING, Vol. 1 David Ahl, editor. 1976. 328 pp. $8,95.

BODY TIME Gay Gaer Luce. 1973. 411 pp. $1.25.

THE BUGBOOK I & II with INSTRUCTOR'S WORKBOOK Rony, Larsen, & Braden. 1974. $16.95. 2 volumes+ workbook.

THE BUGBOOK III Rony, Larsen, & Titus. 1975. $14.95.

CALCULATOR CALCULUS George McCarty. 1975. 254 pp. $8. 75.

COMPUTER LIB/DREAM MACHINES Theodore Nelson. 1974. 18.6 pp. $7.

COMPUTERS & COMPUTATION Scientific American. 1950 - 1971. 280 pp. $6.

ELECTRONIC PROJfiCTS FOR MUSICIANS Craig Anderton. 1975. 134 pp. $6.95.

FUNDAMENTALS & APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUITS Sol Libes. 1975. 192 pp. $5.98.

FUN & GAMES WITH THE COMPUTER Edwin Sage. 1975. 360 pp. $5.95.

GAMES, TRICKS, & PUZZLES FOR A HAND CALCULATOR Wallace Judd. 1974. 100 pp. $2.95.

GAMES WITH THE POCKET CALCULATOR Thiagaragan & Stolovitch. 1976. 64 pp. $2.

GETTING THE MOST OUT OF YOUR ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR William Hunter. 1974. 204 pp. $4.95.

INTRODUCTION TO MICROCOMPUTERS Adam Osborne & Associates, Inc. 1975. 384 pp. $7.50.

MATH WRITING & GAMES IN THE OPEN CLASSROOM Herbert Kohl. 1974. 252 pp. $2.45.

MY COMPUTER LIKES ME WHEN I SPEAK IN BASIC Bob Albrecht. 1972 64 pp. $2.

MICROPROCESSOR& MY COMPUTER LIKES ME WHEN I SPEAK IN BASIC Bob Albrecht. 1972. 64 pp. $2.

MICROPROCESSOR/MICROPROGRAMMING HANDBOOK Brice Ward. 1976. 294 pp. $6.95.

NEW MIND, NEW BODY; BIO-FEEDBACK: New Directions for the Mind

Barbara Brown, Ph.D. 1974. 523 pp. $2.50.

101 BASIC COMPUTER GAMES David Ahl, editor. 1974. 250 pp. $7.50.

PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE OF ELECTRONIC MUSIC Gilbert Trythall. 1973. 214 pp. $6.95.

PROBLEMS FOR COMPUTER SOLUTION Gruenberger & Jaffray. 1965. $7.95.

PROBABILITY D.J. Koosis. 1973. 163 pp. $2.95.

PROFESSOR GOOGOL'S MATH PRIMER Sam Valenza Jr. 1973. 144 pp. $3.25.

PROF E. McSQUARED'S (ORIGINAL FANTASTIC & SATISFYING CALCULUS PRIMER)

Swann & Johnson. 1975. 111 pp. $2.95.

PROGRAMMING PROVERBS Henry Ledgard. 1975. 134 pp. $5.95.

PCC GAMES' PROGRAM LISTINGS PCC. 1974. 31 pp. $2.

STATISTICS D.J. Koosis. 1972. 282 pp. $3.95.

TEACH YOURSELF BASIC' Volumes 1 & 2 Tecnica Education Corp. 1970. 64 pp each. $1.95 each.

TTL COOKBOOK Don Lancaster. 1974. 328 pp. $7.95.

TV TYPEWRITER COOKBOOK Don Lancaster. 1976. 256 pp. $9.95.

II CYBERNITIC FRONTIERS Stewart Brand. 1974. 96 pp. $2.

THE UNIVERSAL TRAVELER Don Koberg & Jim Bagnall. 1974. 128 pp. $4.95.

WHOLE EARTH EPILOG Stewart Brand, editor. 1974. 318 pp. $4.

MIAT TO DO AFTER YOU HIT RETURN or PCC'S FIRST BOOK OF COMPUTER GAMES

PCC. 1975. 157 pp. $6.95.

List title and quantity for each item you wish to order. (Orders to be shipped within California require a sales tax remittance of 6%.) For orders less than $10, a~d $1 for postage and handling; for orders $10 and more, add $2. Send your order, along with your check or money order, to: PCC, Box 310, Menlo Park CA 94025. Thank you.


DR DOBB'S JOURNAL OF


PCC Box 310 Menlo Park CA 94025

SOFTWARE CONTEST

Sponsored by People's Computer Company P.O. Box 310. Menlo Park, Ca. 94025

FIRST PRIZE: $500 certificate for hardware from CROMEMCO

SECOND PRIZE: $250 certificate for hardware from CROMEMCO

OBJECT: Develop a program resulting in a new and interesting display using the Crnmemco

RULES:

TV Dazzler. (The Dazzler is an interface that permits a home color TV set to be a graphic terminal for certain microcomputers.)

@ All entries must use the Cromemco Dazzler display and must not require more than 20K of computer memory.

~ All entrie.; will be judged by People's Computer Company or.

1 - originality

2 - general user appeal 3 - clarity of documentation

e Entries should include source code and object code on punched paper tape. A listing of an appropriate bootstrap loader should also be provided.

111 Software should be compatible with MITS REV 1 serial 1/0 port convention for 1/0 require-ments (i.e., data transfer is on port 1, bit 7 [active low] of input port 0 is used to indic;ite receiver ready, and bit 0 [active low] of input port 0 is used to indicate transmitter empty).

Microcomputers can be incredibly versatile. The Dazzler adds the dimension of full-color graphic display to the microcomputer.

What can you develop? - games? - business? - education? - art? - others?

SEND All ENTRIES TO: PEOPLE'S COMPUTER CO P.O. Box 310 Menlo Park, Ca. 94025

ENTRIES MUST BE RECEIVED BY SEPT, 30, 19~§:

dr. dobb's journal of - cini.classiccmp.org

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