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A STUDY ON THE DIVERSITY OF DIAPTOMID COPEPODS (CRUSTACEA : CALANOIDA)

IN CERTAIN LOCALITIES OF KARNATAKA AND

ANDHRA PRADESH STATES

BY

Dr. DARA AMBEDKAR

International E – Publication

www.isca.me , www.isca.co.in

A STUDY ON THE DIVERSITY OF DIAPTOMID COPEPODS (CRUSTACEA : CALANOIDA)

IN CERTAIN LOCALITIES OF KARNATAKA AND

ANDHRA PRADESH STATES

BY

Dr. DARA AMBEDKAR

M.Sc., M. Phil., Ph.D. Lecturer, Post Graduate Department of Zoology,

Andhra Christian College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

2015

International E - Publication

www.isca.me , www.isca.co.in

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ISBN: 978-93-84648-94-7

iii

PREFACE Diaptomid copepods are an important and dominant group in the freshwater

zooplankton. They play a significant role in the food web and energyflow pathways of

freshwater ecosystems. As secondary producers they graze upon phytoplankton (i. e. primary

producers) and, in turn, form a direct and chief source of food for certain fish and invertebrate

predators. Compared with cyclopoid copepods, diaptomids respond to the environmental

changes more rapidly, thus acting as valuable indicators of the trophic status of freshwater

bodies. Nowadays diaptomids are increasingly used in monitoring and surveillance

programmes in freshwater habitats.

Taxonomy is the basis of any biodiversity study. Without a good, constantly updated

taxonomy, biodiversity studies and conservation science become ‘meaningless’. Diaptomid

taxonomy in India is still incomplete. The descriptions of several species need to be

supplemented, and their distribution patterns yet to be worked out.

Another important consideration about diaptomids is that their life is presently

threatened by a host of anthropogenic activities. For example, the widespread

hypertrophication process of inland waters, owing to increased nutrient enrichment, has

become a serious threat to their existence. This is because most diaptomids cannot tolerate

the extremes of physico-chemical variables in hypertrophicated systems. Aquatic toxicology

resulting from pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, etc., is also implicated in the local

extinction of diaptomids. Habitat destruction is yet another alarming cause of depletion of

diaptomid species, especially those inhabiting temporary water bodies like ponds and pools.

As a result, as many as 62 known diaptomid species in the world, which include 11 Indian

species, are included in the 2000 IUCN Red List of threatened animals, as recommended by

Species Survival Commission (SSC). Hence there is a need to study the diaptomid

populations in the field and determine their conservation status by following IUCN criteria.

iv

This is a modest report on the morpho-taxonomy and diversity of diaptomid copepods

of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh States. It is hoped that the data presented in this

dissertation and interpretations made thereon would pave way for a better understanding of

the taxonomy and diversity of diaptomid copepods.

The work embodied in the book entitled A STUDY ON THE DIVERSITY OF

DIAPTOMID COPEPODS (CRUSTACEA:CALANOIDA) IN CERTAIN LOCALITIES

OF DARA AMBEDKAR for the M. Phil. in ZOOLOGY from ACHARYA NAGARJUNA

UNIVERSITY, Nagarjunanagar, INDIA under the esteemed supervision of Dr. Y. Ranga

Reddy in the year 2004.

v

Acknowledgements

I wish to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Y. Ranga

Reddy, M.Sc., Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Department of Zoology, Acharya Nagarjuna

University, Nagarjunanagar, for suggesting the problem and for his valuable guidance, and

constant encouragement throughout the progress of this work; Dr. Reddy also kept at my

disposal all the Karnataka samples. I am grateful to the University Grants Commission, New

Delhi, for providing financial assistance under UGC-SAP-DRS Project.

I am vermuch thankful to the Management of Andhra Christian College, Principal P.

Mutyam, Head of the Department of PG Zoology Dr. N. Vidyullata Devi and my fellow

faculty members for supporting me in carrying out the present publication.

I am thankful to my cousins Anil, Anka Babu and Arun Gandhi (late), who helped me

a lot in the fieldwork. I am most thankful to my co-researchers, A. Ankamma Rao, B. Elia,

M. Sada Siva Butchi Ram, B. Srinivas, U. Vasu, and A. Aruna for their co-operation and

assistance. My Sincere appreciation to K. Ashok Kumar in helping me for the final

submission of the present publication.

I am thank full to the founder members of Bheem Sena, Andhra Pradesh State

office for their moral support in publishing the present article.

I am grateful to my brother Vikram, and my sister, Anitha Kumari, for their technical

assistance in preparing the dissertation.

I am most grateful to my beloved parents, who have been of great help to me in

pursuing and completing the present work.

Finally I am much thankful to my wife Padmavathy and my children Joel Akash, and

Keerthana Priscilla for their cheerfull support throughout the progress of the present article.

vi

CONTENTS

Preface……………………………………………………………………..…... i

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………..……... v

Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 1

Material and methods……………………………………………………..…… 3

Results

Systematic list of Copepoda recorded from Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh States

18

Genus Paradiaptomus…………………………………………..……………... 20

Genus Heliodiaptomus…………………………………………………..…….. 25

Genus Allodiaptomus………………………………………………………...…. 42

Genus Neodiaptomus………………………………………………………..…. 52

Genus Phyllodiaptomus…………………………………………………………..…... 62

Genus Tropodiaptomus…………………………………………………………………… 69

Genus Sinodiaptomus………………………………………………………................ 74

Genus Megadiaptomus…………………………………………………………………. 80

Summary and conclusions……………………………………………………… 84

References……………………………………………………………………… 86

1

INTRODUCTION

Copepods are very ancient arthropods and the diminutive relatives of crabs and

shrimps. In terms of their size, diversity and abundance, they are often called “water

fleas” in common with many other small Crustacea. Till now over 10,000 copepod

species are known to science. These include thousands of free-living species with

highly varying body shapes and a great number of parasitic and semi-parasitic forms

with extremely reduced morphology. A vast majority of copepods are confined to

marine and brackish waters, only small fraction (about 200 species) inhabit

freshwaters. Members of the families Diaptomidae in the Calanoida and Cyclopidae in

the Cyclopoida are highly successful in all kinds of freshwater habitats.

Diaptomid copepods are a major group of planktonic microcrustaceans;

belonging to the successful and widespread freshwater family of Diaptomidae,

which contains over 400 species in about 50 genera (Dussart & Defaye, 1983).

Serving mainly as primary consumers of phytoplankton and as food for predaceous

invertebrates and fish, they play a crucial role in the energetics of freshwater

ecosystems.

Though Kiefer laid the foundation to the presentday diaptomid systematics as

early as 1932, basic morphologic information of most species is still fragmentary and

widely scattered. Generic limits in several cases continue to be vague and hence

subjective. Only a few genera have been revised, and mostly on a regional or, at best,

continental basis. There is an imperative need to redescribe the various species and

genera and to evolve identification keys for them.

At present, the family Diaptomidae contains about 420 species in 50 genera. In

India, approximately 60 species in 20 genera have been recorded till now.

This dissertation aims at achieving two basic objectives.

1. To make a fresh study of the morphology and taxonomy of diaptomid

2

Copepods, based on the samples collected from certain parts of

Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh States.

2. To evaluate the conservation status of dipatomid species by following

IUCN criteria.

In all, the samples under study have yielded 12 species. The diagnostic

morphological characters of each of these species are given, along with freshly made

camera lucida drawings. Restricted synonymy, distributional records, morphological

remarks and ecological notes have been provided for each species. Also, keys for

identifying both sexes of congeneric 12 species are given. Finally the conservation

status of each of the species studied is mentioned, taking into account their distribution

records known during the past 30 years and also their population size and distribution

in the present study.

3

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The material for the present work was collected from different types of lentic

freshwater bodies such as small, turbid ephemeral pools, large permanent ponds,

and reservoirs in the States of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

Out of nearly 220 samples examined, diaptomid copepods were observed in 150

samples, collected from 55 habitats, as mentioned below.

1. Tunga Bhadra Board Fishfarm. Sedimentary tank, Karnataka. Air

temperature 32ºC; water temperature 27ºC; Secchi transparency 23.5 cm; pH 8;

October 13, 1988.

Allodiaptomus intermedius: 4 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂

Heliodiaptomus viduus: 6 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂

2. Tunga Bhadra Board Fishfarm. Nursery pond (H4), Karnataka. Air

temperature 31.5º C; water temperature 31.5ºC; Secchi transparency 33.5 cm;

pH 6.5; depth 40 cm, turbid, area 112.5 m² October 13, 1988.

Heliodiaptomus viduus : 14 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂

Allodiaptomus intermedius : 8 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂

Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 5 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂

3. Tunga Bhadra Board Fishfarm. Rocky pool near II Bridge, Karnataka. Air

temperature 24ºC; water temperature 29ºC; water very clear; pH 6.5; October

13,1988.


4. Tunga Bhadra Board Fishfarm. Rocky pool, rain-fed, Karnataka. Air

temperature 25ºC; water temperature 30ºC; pH 6; October 13, 1988.

4

Allodiaptomus intermedius :16 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂


5. Tunga Bhadra Board Reservoir, Karnataka. Air temperature 25ºC; water

temperature 30ºC; pH 6; October 13, 1988.


Heliodiaptomus cinctus : 17 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂


6. Kamalapur tank near Tunga Bhadra Project, Karnataka. Air temperature 27ºC;

water temperature 26ºC; Secchi transparency 98 cm; pH 7.0; October 14,

1988.


7. Ricefield at Pampa Vidyapeetha near Tunga Bhadra Project, Karnataka. Air

temperature 29ºC; water temperature 24ºC; Secchi transparency 25 cm; pH

8.0; October 14, 1988.



8. Gouramma tank, Tunga Bhadra Project, Karnataka. Air temperature 30ºC;

water temperature 28ºC; Secchi transparency 1.15 m; turbid, light dark;

October14,1988.

Allodiaptomus intermedius :12 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂

5

9. A well near Gouramma tank, Tunga Bhadra Project, Karnataka. Air

temperature 31ºC; water temperature 29ºC; Secchi transparency 1.12 m; pH

7.5; October 14, 1988.


10. Ram Sagar tank, Tunga Bhadra Project, Karnataka. Air temperature 30ºC;

water temperature 28ºC; pH 8.0; submerged vegetation, Chara abundant;

October 14, 1988.


11. Venkatapuram, a hamlet near Hampi, Karnataka. Man-made, rain-fed,

abandoned well; algal scum noticed on the surface. Air temperature 32ºC;

water temperature 30ºC; Secchi transparency 61 cm; pH 8.0; October 14,

1988.

Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 20 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂

12. Vittalarya Temple, Hampi, Karnataka. Temporary ditch; vegetation abundant;

October 14, 1988.



13. Lachenakere, a hamlet near Koppal Karnataka. Roadside temporary pool;

water turbid, vegetationless; October 14, 1988.


14. Kartikera tank, 15 km from Chickamagalur on the rightside of Belur Road,

Karnataka. Water turbid, vegetation scarce; area 5 ha, maximum depth 1.8 m;

6

air temperature 26ºC; water temperature 24ºC; Secchi transparency 15 cm; pH

7.0; October 16, 1988.




15. Buggulahalli tank, 15.5 km from Chickmagalur on the right side of Belur

Road, Karnataka. Rain-fed, temporary tank, water turbid; area 4 ha; maximum

depth 0.8 m; air temperature 27ºC; water temperature 20ºC; Secchi

transparency 11 cm; pH 7.5; October 16, 1988.


Neodiaptomus lindbergi :10 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂


16. Magadi tank I, near Chickmagalur, Karnataka. Man-made rain-fed tank, area 2

ha, maximum depth 1.8 m; vegetation abundant but decomposing; Hydrilla,

Nymphaea and Ottelia surviving; Air temperature 27ºC; water temperature

25ºC; Secchi transparency 26.5 cm; pH 7.5; October 16, 1988.




17. Magadi tank II, on the left side of Belur road near Chickmagalur, Karnataka.

Water pale green, Nymphaea occurring in patches; area 10 ha; maximum

depth 3 m; air temperature 27ºC; water temperature 26ºC; Secchi transparency

65.5 cm; October 16, 1988.

7




18. Yekshettihalli, a hamlet near Belur, Karnataka. Rain-fed, temporary tank;

floating filamentous algae abundant; area 6 ha; maximum depth 0.6 m; air

temperature 27ºC; water temperature 25ºC; Secchi transparency 29 cm; pH

7.5; October 16, 1988.

Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 9 ♀♀, 4♂♂



Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus :1 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂

19. Shettigere, a hamlet near Belur, Karnataka. Open well in the ricefield near

Belur on the rightside of Chickmagalur-Belur road. Depth 7.2 m; diameter 8.4

m; air temperature 29ºC; water temperature 26ºC; Secchi transparency 1.93

m; pH 7.5; October 16, 1988.


20. Devarajpura, a hamlet near Belur, Karnataka. Rocky pool. Water light green,

no vegetation, air temperature 32º C; Secchi transparency 22 cm; pH 7.5;

October 16, 1988.


21. Devarajpura, a hamlet near Belur, Karnataka. A small pond in the low-lying

paddy fields; water pale green, heavily infested with vegetation; area 1 ha;

8

depth 0.9 m; air temperature 30º C; water temperature 29ºC; Secchi

transparency 35.5 cm; pH 7.0; October16, 1988.

Neodiaptomus lindbergi: 5 ♀ only

Heliodiaptomus viduus : 3 ♀♀,1 ♂♂

Allodiaptomus intermedius : 8 ♀ only

22. Unsakera, hamlet between Belur and Halabeed, Karnataka. Temporary pond,

water reddish brown; vegetation decomposing; area 4 ha; maximum depth 1.2

m; air temperature 30º C; water temperature 30º C; Secchi transparency 38

cm; pH 7.0; October 16, 1988.


23. Lingadahalli, a hamlet, 40 km from Chickmagalur, Karnataka. Open well, fed

from subterranean water; water very clear, vegetation composed chiefly of

floating filamentous algae; submerged vegetation dominated by Chara; air

temperature 30ºC; water temperature 27ºC; pH 8.0; October 17, 1988.


Heliodiaptomus viduus : 6 ♀ only

24. Mallanahalli, a hamlet, 16 km from Chickmagalur, Karnataka. Open irrigation

well in rice field, depth 9 m; air temperature 30ºC; water temperature 27º C;

pH 8.0; October 17, 1988.


Heliodiaptomus pulcher : 1 ♂ only

9

25. Mukthahalli, a hamlet near Chickamagalur, Karnataka. Small rain-fed pond;

water light brown; rooted vegetation dense; air temperature 27ºC; water

temperature 29ºC; Secchi transparency 29.5 cm; pH 7.5; October 17, 1988.

Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 10 ♀♀, 7♂♂



26. Rear water of T.B. Reservoir area at Kasanakadi, Karnataka. Air temperature

34ºC; water temperature 32ºC; Secchi transparency 15.5 cm; pH 7.5; October

14, 1988.


Sinodiaptomus indicus : 15 ♀♀, 16 ♂♂

27. A small turbid pool, near Chikkabaganal, Raichur district, Karnataka, October

14, 1988.


Tropodiaptomus informis : 10 ♀♀, 15 ♂♂


28. Lachanakei lift irrigation T.B. Reservoir (rear water), Raichur district,

Karnataka. Air temperature 32ºC; water temperature 29ºC; Secchi

transparency 2.7 m; pH 7.5; October 14, 1988.

Heliodiaptomus cinctus : 17 ♀♀, 23 ♂♂


Tropodiaptomus informis : 1♂ only

Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus : 1 ♀♀, 1 ♂♂

10

29. Kunikeri tank, near T.B. Project, Raichur district, Karnataka. air temperature

29ºC; water temperature 26ºC; pH 7.5; October 14, 1988.

Heliodiaptomus viduus : 5 ♀ only


30. Ginigera tank near T.B. Project, Raichur district, Karnataka. Highly turbid,

reddish brown, rain-fed tank. October 14, 1988.


31. Kartikera tank, Chickamagalur - Belur road, right side at 15 km stone, air

temperature 26ºC; water temperature 24ºC; Secchi transparency 5 m; pH 7.0;

October 16, 1988.



32. Yekshettyhally. T.B. Project, Karnataka. Air temperature 29ºC; water

temperature 25ºC; Secchi transparency 2.69 m; pH 8.0; October 16, 1988.


33. Karagetta tank Chickamagalur-Belur road, leftside at 9 km stone, Karnataka,

air temperature 28ºC; water temperature 27ºC; Secchi transparency 59 cm; pH

7.5; area1.5 ha; October 16 1988.


34. Dummi (kera) tank, Chickmagalur-Belur road, leftside 8 km, near Karagatta,

Karnataka. Air temperature 28ºC; water temperature 27ºC; Secchi

transparency 58 cm; pH 7.5; area 5 acres; October 16, 1988.

11


35. Neerlakatti pond, roadside pond, Belur road, leftside at 4 km stone.

Karnataka; October 16, 1988.


36. Halabeed tank, Karnataka. Submerged vegetation, decomposing Chara and

Hydrilla, rain-fed pond. Area 9.5 ha acres Air temperature 33ºC; water

temperature 30ºC; Secchi transparency 63 cm; pH 8.0; colour of the water

bluishgreen, October 16, 1988.

Tropodiaptomus informis : 10 ♀♀, 15 ♂♂

37. Chikkorankatta (small pond), on the way road to Halebeed near Unsakera

village, Karnataka. Area 20 acres Air temperature 25ºC; water temperature

26ºC; Secchi transparency 9.5 cm; pH 6.0;maximum depth about 1.5 m,

October 16, 1988.




38. Nallapadu quarries located at Nallapadu-Turakapalem road, opposite

Government Polytechnic College road. Nallapadu, near Guntur, Andhra

Pradesh.

12

a) “Megadiaptomus Pond” water straw-coloured, no macrovegation

June 29, 2003

July 25, 2003

October 4, 2003

Paradiaptomus greeni : 15♀♀, 14♂♂Heliodiaptomus viduus : 4♀♀, 2♂♂

Sinodiaptomus indicus : 1♀♀,

1♂♂

Paradiaptomus greeni : 30♀♀,19♂♂

Sinodiaptomus indicus : 1♀♀, 1♂♂

Paradiaptomus greeni :18♀♀, 12♂♂ Heliodiaptomus viduus : 5♀♀, 5♂♂

Sinodiaptomus indicus : 3♀♀,

3♂♂

b) Temporary pond Maselia vegetation. Depth 40 cm, water straw-coloured

June 29, 2003 Air temp 26.5ºC Water temp 27.5ºC July 25, 2003 October 4, 2003

Paradiaptomus greeni : 9♀♀,

16♂♂

Paradiaptomus greeni : 12♀♀,12♂♂ Heliodiaptomus

viduus : 4♀♀, 3♂♂

Paradiaptomus greeni : 6♀♀, 4♂♂ Heliodiaptomus viduus : 3♀♀, 3♂♂

13

c) Roadside trench pond water straw-coloured; no vegetation, air temp. 26.5º C, water temp 27.5ºC

June 29, 2003 Air temp 26 . 5ºC Water temp 27. 5ºC

July 25, 2003

October 4, 2003

Paradiaptomus greeni : 8♀♀, 6♂♂ Heliodiaptomus viduus : 3♀♀, 3♂♂ Sinodiaptomus indicus : 2♂ only

Paradiaptomus greeni : 8♀♀,12♂♂ Heliodiaptomus

viduus : 2♀♀, 2♂♂

Sinodiaptomus indicus : 1♂ only

Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 1♂ only

Paradiaptomus greeni : 3♀♀,5♂♂ Heliodiaptomus viduus

: 1♂ only

Sinodiaptomus indicus : 2♀♀,1♂♂

Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 1♀♀,1♂♂

39. Samples from Pedakakani pond on NH5 near Guntur town.

a) Shore zone

August 7 2003 November 11 2003 January 11 2004

Heliodiaptomus viduus : 5♀♀, 7♂♂



14

b) From near rocky outcrop

August 7 2003 November 11 2003 January 11 2004



Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 48♀♀, 20♂♂

40. Samples from Kaja Village near Acrharya Nagarjuna University,

Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.

November 16, 2003


November 16, 2003


Heliodiaptomus contortus : 22♀♀, 10♂♂

41. Sample from Vejendla quarries, Vejendla near Guntur, Andhra

Pradesh.

42.

Vejendla quary

near railway track

November 11,

2003

January 2,

2004

Heliodiaptom viduus : 3♀♀, 4♂♂

Neodiaptomus schmackeri : 16♀♀, 15♂♂ Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 2♀♀, 1♂♂ Megadiaptomus psuedohebes : 8♀♀, 3♂♂

Heliodiaptom viduus : 3♀♀, 3♂♂ Neodiaptomus schmackeri : 18♀♀, 14♂♂ Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 3♀♀, 1♂♂

Megadiaptomuspsuedohebes : 98♀♀, 43♂♂

15

42. Uppalapadu Pedda pond I, near Guntur. Air temperature 37.5ºc, turbid water,

area 2 ha, depth 150 cm. November 16, 2003.

Allodiaptomus raoi : 10 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂

43. Pedda pond II Uppalapadu near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. water turbid,pond

infested with macrovegetation. November 16, 2003.

Allodiaptomus raoi : 9 ♀♀, 12 ♂♂

44. Chinna pond, Uppalapadu near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Water turbid, pond

infested with vegetation. November 16, 2003.


Allodiaptomus raoi :15 ♀♀, 9 ♂♂

45. Pedda pond II. Narakodoor near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Air temperature

28.5ºc. water temperature 27.5ºC; depth 150 cm, water turbid. November 23,

2003.


46. Fishpond. Jagarlamoodi village near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Air temperature

29.5ºc. water temperature29.5ºc. Water straw-coloured along the margins;

depth about 1.5 m, water turbid. November 23, 2003.


Heliodiaptomus cinctus : 1 ♂ only

16

Neodiaptomus schmackeri : 3 ♀ only

47. Roadside trench, Vejendla village near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Air

temperature 31ºc. water temperature28.5ºc. Water straw-coloured; coconut

trees all around: depth about 1.5 m; water turbid. November 11, 2003.


Neodiaptomus schmackeri : 10 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂

48. Reservoir on the Acharya Nagarjuna University campus, Nagarjuna nagar

near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Turbid water, bottom with clay and stones.

November 9, 2003.


49. Fishfarm, Aquaculture Department. Acharya Nagarjuna University campus,

near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. November 9, 2003.


50. Samples from lift irrigation, Mattigunta village, 30 km from Ongole, Prakasam

district, Andhra Pradesh.



51. Reddypalem pond at Reddy palem, near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, January 16,

2003.



17

An ordinary hand-towed plankton net with a diameter of 25 cm, and a mesh

size of 70 µm was used for collecting samples from the surface and subsurface waters.

After sufficient quantity of plankton was collected in the net, the plankton concentrate

was transferred into specimen tubes and preserved in 10% formalin.

Specimens were dissected with fine needles under stereozoom trinocular

microscope (Genter) in the medium of lactophenol, using blue-ink as stain. For all

appendages, a single specimen was used. However, if any dissected appendage or body

part got damaged while dissecting or mounting, two or three specimens were used to

study them in detail. All body measurements are given in mm. The diagrams of habitus

and various appendages were drawn with the aid of camera lucida. Total length refers

to the body length of individuals, excluding caudal setae.

18

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF COPEPODA RECORDED FROM

KARNATAKA AND ANDHRA PRADESH STATES

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Crustacea

Subclass : Copepoda Milne Edwards, 1840

Order : Calanoida Sars, 1903

Family : Diaptomidae Sars, 1892

Subfamily : Paradiaptominae Kiefer, 1932

I Genus : Paradiaptomus Sars, 1895

1. Paradiaptomus greeni (Gurney, 1906)

Subfamily : Diaptominae Kiefer, 1932

II Genus : Heliodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932

2. Heliodiaptomus viduus (Gurney, 1916)

3. Heliodiaptomus contortus (Gurney, 1907)

4. Heliodiaptomus cinctus (Gurney, 1907)

III Genus: Allodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936

5. Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius Reddy, 1987

6. Allodiaptomus (Reductodiatpomus) raoi Kiefer, 1936

IV Genus: Neodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932

7. Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892)

8. Neodiaptomus lindbergi Brehm, 1951

V Genus: Tropodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932

9. Tropodiaptomus informis Kiefer, 1936

VI Genus: Phyllodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936

10. Phyllodiaptomus blanci (Guerne & Richard, 1896)

19

VII Genus: Sinodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936

11. Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus Kiefer, 1936

VIII Genus: Megadiaptomus Kiefer, 1936

12. Megadiaptomus pseudohebes Reddy, 1987

20

Subfamily Paradiaptominae Kiefer, 1932

Genus Paradiaptomus Sars, 1895

Generic diagnosis

Fourth and fifth pedigers fused. Fifth pediger with two strong lateral wings and

posteriorly directed in females. Urosome of female with two somites (rarely three).

Female P5 with endopodite 1-segmented ending with two setae. Male left P5 with

endopodite 1-segmented, more or less rounded at its end, exopodite massive, without

segmentation and with two strong spines.

Paradiaptomus greeni is the sole species known under this genus in India. It was

represented in moderate numbers in the present collections.

Paradiaptomus greeni (Gurney, 1906) (Plate I. Figs 1-8)

Diaptomus greeni Gurney, 1906. 129 -132, P1. 2 Figs 1-9.

Paradiaptomus similis van Douwe, 1912: 21-32, P1. IV, Figs 13,14.

Paradiaptomu greeni Gurney, 1931: 301-303, Figs 1-5; Kiefer, 1934:12, Figs 33-35;

Kiefer, 1939: 92-95, Figs1a-i; Brehm, 1950:15; Brehm, 1953: 298-302, Figs 60-64;

Rajendran, 1973:120-121, Figs 6 a-i.

Gurney’s (1906) original description of this species is brief but accurate. Kiefer

(1939) gave a fairly detailed account of this species. Given below are the diagnostic

features of this species, with particular emphasis on the local variations in the present

specimens.

Body size. Female 2.03-2.62 mm; male 1.86-2.13 mm.

Female

Fourth and fifth pedigers fused together, the fusion being indicated by an

indentation on either side. Fifth pedigerous segment drawn out on either side into a

very large “wing”, left “wing” larger than the right one. (Fig.1).

21

Urosome 3-segmented, sometimes the septum between second and third

segments not clearly visible; genital segment bears on the left side a digitiform process

tipped with a spine, and on the right a large bilobed process, the proximal lobe bears an

apical hyaline spine (Fig.1). Caudal rami slightly asymmetrical, right ramus being

relatively narrower than the left; inner margins furnished with hairs, caudal setae

normal.

All cephalic appendages except antennules are typical of diaptomids. Hence

they are not described here.

Swimming legs 1-4 biramous, with 2-segmented basipodite (protopodite) and

3-segmented exopodite; endopodite 2-segmented in leg 1 and 3-segmented in legs 2-4.

All the swimming legs are similar in both sexes.

Leg1 (Fig. 6) is different from the succeding three pairs in having 2 spines on

third exopodite segment.

Leg 5 (Fig. 3). End claw (exopodite 2) moderately strong and blunt, carrying along

the internal margin a row of variable of minute denticles. Exopodite 3 small and

with two unequal spines, outer one being relatively longer and stronger than inner

one. Endopodite 1-segemented, somewhat shorter than exopodite1, and bearing at

the apex two unequal spines and a short spinule. The inner margin of endopodite

carrying two sensory bristles.

Male

Body more slender than that of female. Metasomal wings less prominent,

asymmetrical, left wing being smaller than right one (Fig. 4).

Caudal rami asymmetrical. The inner margins of the rami are hairy. All caudal

setae of the left ramus as well as four inner setae of the right ramus normal, but the

external seta of the right ramus is modified.

22

Antennule

Left antennule as in female, right antennule modified and geniculate, the joint

occurs between segments 18 and 19; segments 13-17 much swollen; 10,11 and 13 with

a spine each; the spine on the 10th segment is shortest, terminal segment forms with a

hook-like projection, (Fig.7), sometimes with a straight spine apically (Kiefer, 1939:

95, Fig. 19).

Leg 5

The structure of leg 5 closely agrees with earlier descriptions, and salient

features are pointed out here.

Right leg 5 (Fig. 8)

Exopodite 1 bears at its distal external angle a dome-shaped blunt spine, the

shape of which is slightly variable. Exopodite 2 is very strong, distal part narrower

than the proximal, length 1.8 times the width. The lateral spine arises from the

posterior external corner of exopodite 2 and is serrated; in the 2-segmented

endopodite, the distal segment, in all the specimens of Nallapadu, is bent outwards at

right angles to the proximal segment, while it is straight in the specimens of other

localities (Vejendla). Left leg as in the Fig. 8.

Colour

The caudal setae as well as the terminal segments of antennule are brightly

pink coloured in both sexes.

Distribution: This species occurs in turbid, temporary water bodies such as seasonal

ponds and pools.

24

Previous records

This species has a wide range of distribution, having been reported from Sri

Lanka (Ceylon), India and South Africa. In India it has been collected

From Madurai, Nellore, Gooty, Guntakal, Dharamavaram, Nambur, Phandharpour,

Soharva, and Ootacamund.

Present records: Nallapadu, Vejendla quarries,

Ecology

P. greeni is a common species in temporary, turbid water pools. It often co-

occurs with H. viduus, P. blanci and S. indicus

Conservation status: Lower Risk (LR); Least Concern (lc).

25

Subfamily Diaptominae Kiefer, 1932

Genus Heliodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932

Heliodiaptomus: Kiefer, 1932a: 473; Shen & Song, 1979: 113; Lai & Fernando,

1981:168; Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1981: 171; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 96.

Generic diagnosis

Kiefer’s (1932) original definition of the genus Heliodiaptomus has been

revised by Reddy (1994) as follows: Animals moderate to somewhat large in size

(females 1.0-2.0 mm and males 0.7-1.8 mm long). Female: Lateral wings of fifth

pediger generally moderately developed; urosome with 3 sometimes; antennules

extending slightly beyond, or sometimes only to the base of, caudal setae; on leg 5,

endopodite without apical setae and end claw with hairy or spinulose margins, and

only exceptionally with denticulate margins. Male: Right caudal ramus without

chitinous tooth on ventral side; on right leg 5, endopodite generally cylindrical but

variable in size; coxa with or without lobe at distal inner corner; basis with 1 or 2 small

hyaline lobes on inner margin; lateral spine of second exopodite-segment of the same

leg usually proximal, sometimes even articulated to its posterior face; on left leg 5,

second exopodite-segment with a short or, occasionally, elongate, digitiform process

and a well-developed seta apically. The valid species in the genus Heliodiaptomus are

as follows:

Heliodiaptomus viduus (Gurney, 1916)

Heliodiaptomus contortus (Gurney, 1907)

Heliodiaptomus cinctus (Gurney, 1907)

Heliodiaptomus pulcher (Gurney, 1907)

Heliodiaptomus kolleruensis Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1981

Heliodiaptomus elegans Kiefer, 1935

26

Heliodiaptomus nipponicus (Kokubo, 1914)

Heliodiaptomus kikuchii Kiefer, 1932

Heliodiaptomus falxus Shen & Tai, 1964

Heliodiaptomus kieferi Brehm & Chappuis, 1935

Heliodiaptomus serratus Shen & Tai, 1962

Heliodiaptomus lamellatus Sung, Shen, Sung, Li & Chen, 1975

In the present study, I came across the following Species:

Heliodiaptomus viduus (Gurney, 1916)

Heliodiaptomus contortus (Gurney, 1907)

Heliodiaptomus cinctus (Gurney, 1907)

Key to the females of Heliodiaptomus spp.

1. End claw of leg 5 with denticulate margins ………………. H.viduus

End claw of leg 5 with hairy or spinulose margins……………..2

2. Genital somite longer than next two urosomites combined; in left P5, coxal

spine moderate in size …………………………… H. cinctus

Genital somite much shorter than next two urosomites combined: in left P5

coxal spine very large …………………………… H. contortus

Key to males of Heliodiaptomus spp.

1. Genital spine as long as next urosomites; lateral spine on second exopodite-

segment at right P5 long; terminal process of left leg 5 large, pincers-

like…………………………………… H.contortus

Genital spine shorter than next urosomites; lateral spine on second

exopodite- segment of right leg 5 short; terminal process of left leg 5 and

not pincers-like…………………………………2

27

2. On right leg 5, exopodite 1 with trapezoidal or triangular process at mid-

posterior margin; Endopodite long and cylindrical; lateral spine on second

exopodite segment arising from lateral posterior surface

……………………………………………………….. H. viduus

On right leg 5, exopodite 1 without such process: Endopodite short and

flask-shaped; lateral spine on second exopodite segment arising from

marginal in position…………………….… H. cinctus

28

Heliodiaptomus viduus (Gurney, 1916) (Plate II. Figs 1-13)

Diaptomus viduus: Gurney, 1916: 338-339, P1.2, Figs 11-14 (♂); Sewell, 1934: 75-78,

Figs 3a-d (♀).

Heliodiaptomus viduus: Kiefer, 1932a: 507, Fig. 82; Brehm, 1953: 242-244, Figs 1-2;

Brehm, 1963: 159-163, Figs 1-10; Sehgal, 1967: 66-68, Figs 23-26; Rajendran, 1973:

116-117, Figs 3a-n; Fernando, 1974: 60-61, Figs 238, 249-253; Radhakrishna &

Reddy, 1977a: 98-99; Lai & Fernando, 1981: 168, Figs 45-57; Reddy & Radhakrishna,

1981: 162-163, PI.1, Figs 1-4; Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1984: 28; Dussart & Fernando,

1985: 237-238, Figs 33-38; Hossain, 1985: 95-97.

Neodiaptomus kamakhiae: Reddaiah, 1964:161-166, Figs 1a-h.

Helidiaptomus latifi: Das, 1974: 47-51, Figs 1-6.

Since a detailed description of the species is already available in the literature, I

deal here only with the variability of certain characters, based on the examination of

the members of this species from different localities in Karnataka State. Brehm

(1953,1963) already pointed out a few variations in the colonies of this species,

obtained from Mysore, Madras and Delhi.


Female

Rostrum with two strongly developed spines (Fig. 2). The posterior border of

third pedigerous segment bears a transverse row of minute spinules on the dorsal side,

in addition to the relatively larger spinules usually present on the fourth pedigerous

segment (Fig. 1).

All the cephalic appendages as well, as natatory legs are typical of the

subfamily Diaptominae and do not possess the structural details of generic or specific

importance.

29

Leg 5 (Fig. 3) asymmetrical; the asymmetry is seen not only in size of

segments but in the armature as well. Right exopodite 1 and endclaw (exopodite 2) are

relatively stouter than their counterparts in left leg. The number and arrangement of

denticles along the margins of endclaws are highly variable. Endopodite more than

half as long as first exopodite-segment.

Male

Rostral spines as in female but slender (Fig. 5). The posterior border of third

pedigerous segment bears a transverse row of minute spinules on the dorsal side in

addition to the relatively larger spinules usual present on the 4th pedigerous segment.

Caudal rami 1.4 times as long long as wide and with hirsute inner margins. Right

antennule with spines on each of segments 8 and 10-16 (Fig. 6); spinous process on

antepenultimate segment straight, slightly exceeding half the length of penultimate

segment and fringed with narrow hyaline membrane along outer margin (Figs 7-9),

right antennule displays no remarkable differences from the earlier descriptions.

Leg 5

One of the chief distinguishing features of this species is the presence, on the

posterior face of exopodite 1 of right leg 5, of a chitinous process, which is trapezium-

shaped (Fig. 12). The distal external angle of exopodite1 of same leg is drawn out in to

a spinous process, which is generally short and pointed. Second exopodite-segment

elongately ovate; lateral spine inserted proximally over posterior surface. End claw

somewhat dilated at base with generally angular outer margin. Endopodite cylindrical

and extending beyond origin of lateral spine. Left leg 5: Basis with two small hyaline

lobes. Endopodite about as long as its counterpart on right leg.

31

Morphological remarks

A persual of the literature particularly Brehm’s (1953,1963) reports, reveals the

fact that local variations are quite common in this species. The denticles on the end

claws of female fifth legs are variable in number. In the present specimens, inner

margin of end claw of female right leg 5 has 10 denticles, outer margin with 11

denticles. The spinous processs at distal outer corner of first exopodite segment on

male right leg 5 varies in shape from short, blunt to long, pointed. The proximal part of

end claw in the above leg is sometimes narrow with smoothly curved outer margin

(Fig. 13) or rarely, produced in to a rounded prominence (Fig.10). The presence of

spinules between 3 & 4th pedigers have not been so far reported by any worker.

Distribution

India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand. While the

species is not common in its type locality, i.e., Sri Lanka (see Gurney, 1916; Fernando,

1974, 1980), it is the most common diaptomid in South India, and its abundance,

according to Hossain (1985), diminishes gradually towards the North. It was not

recorded by Kiefer (1939) in his scientific report on the Yale North India Expedition.

According to Das (1974) and Hossain (1985), it is the most abundant calanoid in

Bangladesh. It is so far reported from Salt Lakes, Calcutta; Indian Museum Tank,

Calcutta; Kudra tank, Mirzapur; Portblair; P.W.D.tank, Ghorwal; Bankipur; Cuttack,

Portblaiir, Mysore, Madras, Delhi, and several places from Orissa: Athmilike,

Balasore, Berhampore, Chandwar, Whenkanal, Jenapore, Jaipore, Linghpur,

Narsinghapur, Puri and Sambalpur. Visakhapatnam, Anakapalli, Guntur, Kondaveedu,

Guntakal, Gooty, Dharmavaram, Tirupathi hills, Warangal.

32

Present records

Acharya Nagarjuna University Campus, Nallapadu, Narakodur, Vejendla,

Sangamjagarlamudi, Pedakakani, Kaja, Reddy palem, Uppalapadu, and different

localities in Karnataka state.

Ecology

H. viduus is commonly found in seasonal ponds and pools, and fishponds of

plains. The waters are turbid to moderately transparent with circumneutral pH, and

temperature generally above 18°C. Its occurrence in large permanent bodies such as

lakes in sporadic. H. viduus co-occurs with P. blanci, N. schmackeri, M. pseudohebes,

H. contortous, P. greeni.

Conservation Status: Lower Risk (LR); Least Concern (lc).

33

Heliodiaptomus contortus (Gurney, 1907) (Plate III. Figs 1-8)

Diaptomus contortus: Gurney, 1907: 28, Figs 9-10; Sewell, 1924: 788, P1. 45, Fig.5.

Heliodiaptomus contortus: Kiefer, 1932a: 507, Figs 84-86; Brehm, 1950: 11-13, Figs

1a-d; Brehm, 1953: 247-252, Figs 5-11; Brehm, 1963: 162-163; Reddy &

Radhakrishna, 1981: 163-165, P1.2, Figs 1-10; Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1984: 28;

Reddy & Devi, 1989: 129-130, Figs 41, 42, 50, 51, 62, 65.


Female

Fourth and fifth pedigers demarcated by uninterrupted transverse row of

spinules on dorsum. Lateral wings of fifth pediger small, rounded, asymmetrical and

armed with 2 unequal spines each; right wing with small rounded prominence, clearly

visible in lateral view, whereas left wing larger than right wing. Genital somite

relatively short and asymmetrical, subproximal region being distinctly produced on

right side; left genital spine (Fig. 2) larger than, and somewhat anterior in position to,

right spine.

Leg 5 (Fig. 4): Left coxal spine distinctly larger than right coxal spine, second

exopodite-segment with large, tooth-like lateral spine near the base. Third exopodite

segment vestigial, being represented by a minute tubercle, bearing 2 unequal setae,

longer seta with slightly swollen base. Endopodite as long as first exopodite segment,

apex pointed.

Male

Posterolateral border of fourth pediger armed with only a few spinules arranged

in a row. Genital spine extending slightly beyond succeeding segment. Caudal rami

asymmetrical, the left caudal ramus slightly wider than the right one, with hairless

lateral and inner margins.

34

The details of right antennule agree with earlier descriptions. Right leg 5: Basis

with very large hyaline lobe on distal inner margin. Second segment characterstic in

shape; lateral spine about as long as the segment. End claw very strong; basal region

dilated and generally twisted. Endopodite uniformly narrow, slightly bent halfway and

much longer than first exopodite-segment, apex rounded. Left leg 5: Basis without

hyaline lobe, second exopodite-segment with well-developed pincers-like terminal

processes. Endopodite much shorter than its counter part on right leg.

36


The nature of lateral wings in female, the lateral spine of second exopodite-

segment agree with earlier reports and the endopodite of male right leg 5 and the

arrangement of spinules between fourth and fifth pedigers are somewhat variable.

Distribution

All the present distributional records of H.contortus point to its being endemic

to India. Though not common, it appears to be widely distributed in India.

It has so far been reported from Vengalayapalem pond near Guntur and lake

Kolleru at Kolletikota in Krishna district.

Recently I have found this species only in Kaja village pond near Acharya

Nagarjuna University campus.

Ecology

It occurs in clear or turbid waters in a wide variety of habitats such as rice

fields: its occurrence in seasonal rain pools is unlikely. It was found in a turbid pond

(Secchi traparency ca. 4 cm) on the Nagarjuna University campus from January–

March 1984, when temperature ranged from 24˚c to 30˚c and pH from 7.0-8.9 (Reddy,

1994). In his study on estuarine copepods of India, Pillai (1971) considered it

mixohaline (salinity 0.5-30‰). According to Sewell (1934), this species, though

usually found in freshwater, would appear to be somewhat more adaptable to brackish

water than Phyllodiaptomus blanci and Heliodiaptomus cinctus. In my studies

Heliodiaptomus contortus was found to co-occur with H. viduus.

Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU)

37

Heliodiaptomus cinctus (Gurney, 1907) (Plate IV. Figs 1-9)

Diaptomus cinctus: Gurney, 1907: 29, Figs 11-12; Sewell, 1924: 788, P1. 45, Fig. 4

Heliodiaptomus cinctus: Kiefer, 1932a: 508; Brehm 1953: 244-247, Figs 3-4; Sehgal,

1967: 57-61, Figs 4-9; Abraham, 1972: 250-252, Figs 1-7, 11-17, 22-23; Reddy &

RadhaKrishna, 1981: 165-166, P1. 3, Figs 1-5; Reddy & RadhaKrishna, 1984: 28;

Reddy & Devi, 1990: 62, Figs 41, 42, 65, 68.

Heliodiaptomus rangunensis: Kiefer, 1932b: 269-270, Figs 6-10.

Allodiaptomus cinctus: Kiefer, 1936c: 323-325, Figs11-15; Dussart & Defaye, 1983:

99; Dussart & Fernando, 1985; 236-237, Figs 28-32.

Allodiaptomus mirabilipes: Kiefer, 1936a: 139-140, Figs 7-8 (♀).

Allodiaptomus raoi: Rajendran, 1973: 126, Figs 7 a-j.

Arctodiaptomus shillongensis: Reddiah, 1965: 25, Figs 1 a-i.

Arctodiaptomus kieferi: Reddiah, 1965: 28, Figs 2a-i.

Eudiaptomus cinctus: Fernando, 1974: 60, Figs 224-247; Fernando, 1980: 99.

Allodiaptomus tiruttanii: Rajendran, 1979: 5-8, Figs 1a-i.


Female

Rostral spines large, fourth and fifth pedigers demarcated by an uninterrupted

transverse row of spinules (nearly about 45-50), extending dorsolaterally. Lateral

wings of fifth pediger small, rounded and asymmetrical; left wing somewhat larger

than right wing and constricted at base; spines of left wing larger than those of right

wing. Genital somite slightly dilated proximally, about as long as following somites

and caudal rami combined, asymmetrical, right side with laterally directed slednder

spine and left side with chitinous projection, carrying thick, posteriorly directed spine.

Caudal rami with hairy outer and inner margins.

38

Leg 5 (Fig.3)

Coxal spines are unequal in size. Left coxal spine is somewhat larger than

right coxal spine. Lateral spine of second exopodite- segment tooth-like. Third

exopodite-segment absent, its place being occupied a by a spine or seta.

Male

Rostral spines slender. Dorsal row of spinules between fourth and fifth

pedigers. (nearly 83-85). Genital spine small. Second and third urosomites with

ventral hairs (Fig. 5) . Left caudal ramus somewhat more slender than right ramus and

twice as long as wide. Right antennule (Fig. 7) with spine on each of segments 8 and 9

–16; spinous process on antepenultimate (Fig. 8) segment nearly straight, tip generally

hooked.


Coxa produced into large, bifid lobe at distal inner corner. Basis with roughly

crescentic hyaline lobe at midlength of inner margin. Second exopodite-segment with

1 proximal lateral, about half as long as the segment. Endopodite small flask-shaped

and longer than first exopodite-segment. Left leg 5: Basis with 1 narrow hyaline

lamella at the middle of inner margin. Endopodite unsegmented.

40


The morphology of Heliodiaptomus cinctus perfectly agrees with earlier

reports, except for the spinules present in the females between fourth and fifth

pedigers, the shape of distal outer spine on first exopodite-segment of male right leg 5

as well as the shape of end claw of right leg 5.

Distribution

Previous records

Confined to India, Sri Lanka and Burma. In India, It is reported from: Calcutta,

Chilka lake, Chakradharpur, Calicut, Tellicherry, Cochin Backwaters Lake kolleru;

Yard pond, Guntur; and Rangaswami gundem, Akaveedu; a pond at Secunderabad

(Reddy, 1977), It is fairly widely distributed in India except in the subtropical Kashmir

region.

Present records

Reddy (1994) noticed this species at Perintelmanna and Angadippuram

(Kerala State), Tiruvegadam near Madurai (Tamilnadu), Tungabhadra reservoir and a

host of other places in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in India. I have recently noticed

only one male specimen (November 23, 2003) at fishpond in Sangam jagarlamoodi

village, in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh

Ecology

H. cinctus is eurytopic species occurring in such diverse habitats as lakes

(Sewell, 1924, 1934; Reddy & RadhaKrishna, 1981), rivers (Ray et al. 1966), rice

fields (Reddy & Devi, 1990), crystal clear river pools, irrigation canals, fishponds and

slightly elevated, permanent hill ponds (Reddy, 1977). Pillai (1971) recorded it in

Cochin Backwaters when salinity was 6.5‰. According to Sewell (1934): “H.cinctus

appears to be a true fresh-water inhabitant and has but little power of adaptation to

41

brackish water habitat”. H. cinctus co-occurs with H.viduus, N. lindbergi and A.

intermedius.


42

Genus Allodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936

Allodiaptomus: Kiefer, 1936a: 142; Shen & Song, 1979: 153; Dussart & Defaye, 1983:

98; Reddy, 1987: 132.

Generic diagnosis

Reddy (1987) revised the original definition of the genus Allodiaptomus as

follows: Animals slender and of moderate size, fourth pediger with or without dorsal

row of spinules along posterior boarder. Female urosome of 3 somites. Antennules

generally long, extending beyond caudal setae. On male right leg 5, coxa produced in

to lobe-like structure at distal inner corner; basis with elongate hyaline membrane on

inner margin; second exopodite segment with at least 2 outer lateral spines, a large

proximal and a small distal, but devoid of median lateral spine. Left leg 5 in male with

finger- or thumb-shaped process and with inner seta apically.

Reddy (1987) also divided the genus Allodiaptomus in to two subgenera and

defined them as follows:

1. Subgenus Allodiaptomus s. str. Kiefer, 1936

First exopodite-segment of legs 1-4 with outer marginal spine; third endopodite-

segment of legs 2-4 with 2 outer marginal setae (total 7 setae). Proximal lateral spine

of second exopodite-segment of male right leg 5 articulated to the margin.

Valid species in the genus Allodiaptomus:

Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) mirabilipes Kiefer, 1936

Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius Reddy, 1987

Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) satanas (Brehm, 1952)

Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) gladiolus Shen & Lee, 1963

Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) calcarus Shen & Tai, 1965

Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) pectinidactylus Shen & Tai, 1964

43

In the present study I came across Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius Reddy,

1987 only.

2. Subgenus Reductodiaptomus Reddy, 1987

First exopodite-segment of legs 1-4 without outer marginal spine; third

endopodite-segment of legs 2-4 with 1 outer marginal seta (total 6 setae). Proximal

lateral spine on second exopodite-segment of male right leg 5 articulated to posterior

face.

Valid species in the subgenus Reductodiaptomus

Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi Kiefer, 1936

This species has been recorded in this study Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi

Kiefer, 1936.

Key to the females of Allodiaptomus spp.

1. First exopodite-segment of legs 1-4 with outer marginal spine; third

endopodite-segment of legs 2-4 with 7 setae…………………….subgenus

Allodiaptomus s. str………………………………………………………….2

First exopodite-segment of legs 1-4 without outer marginal spine; third

Endopodite- segment of legs 2-4 with 6 setae……………………………

………………………Subgenus Reductodiaptomus

2. Left genital spine slender and posteriorly directed; second urosomite short; on

fifth legs coxal spines long ………...Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus)

intermedius.

Left genital spine antreriorly directed; on fifth legs coxal spines short

…..…………………..Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi

44

Key to the males of Allodiaptomus spp.

First exopodite–segments of legs 1-4 with outer marginal spine; third endopodite-

segment of legs 2-4 with 7 setae……… …………………

………………………………………..subgenus Allodiaptomus s. str.

First exopoditesegment of leg 1-4 without outer marginal spine ; third

endopodite segment of legs 2-4 with 6 setae……………………subgenus

……………………….Reductodiaptomus

2. On right leg 5, proximal lateral spine on second exopodite- segment articulated

to the margin; endopodite short, with conical shape … ………………………

Allodiaptomus (A) intermedius

On right leg 5, proximal lateral spine on second exopodite- segment articulated

to posterior face; endodpodite cylindrical and extends up to half of the second

exopodite segment……………… Allodiaptomus (R) raoi

45

Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius Reddy, 1987 (Plate V. Figs 1-9)


Female

Rostral spines relatively short and acuminate. Fourth and fifth pedigers

separated by transverse row of spinules on dorsal surface, extending ventrally half way

down lateral part of the body (Fig. 1). Spinules more closely set at sides than in the

middle. Metasomal wings strongly asymmetrical, right wing small, evenly curved with

2 almost similar spines, 1 dorsal and 1 lateral, left wing generally ovate with

attennuated apex, and extending up to base of left genital spine, and posterolaterally

directed, carrying 2 unequal spines, 1 strong and posterolateral, and 1weak and dorsal

and lying near distal inner margin.

Urosome composed of 3 somites, the position of genital spines as illustrated in

the figure. The structure of urosome perfectly agrees with earlier descriptions. Right

caudal ramus only slightly wider than left ramus; each ramus 1.4 times as long as

wide, with fine hairs along both margins.

All the cephalic appendages as well as natatory legs are typical of the

subfamily Diaptominae and do not possess any structural details of generic or specific

importance.

Leg 5 (Fig. 4)

The left coxal spine distinctly large. Third exopodite-segment represented by 1

spine and 1 seta. Endopodite cylindrical, slightly shorter than first exopodite-segment;

apex round.

46

Male

Fourth and fifth pedigers (Fig. 5), as in female, separated by transverse row of

spinules. Metasomal wings symmetrical, short, rounded, each with lateral spine; right

wing with long lateral spine.

Urosome composed of 5 somites, posterior part slightly bent to right side.

Genital somite with spine at right posterior corner, and indented at left posterior

corner. Both caudal rami without hairy inner margins. The structure of urosome do not

possess any interesting features

Right antennule with spine on each of segments 8 and 10-16; spinous process

on antepenultimate segment as in Fig. 7.

Fifth legs

Right leg 5 coxa with bifid lobe. Basis with elongate hyaline membrane on

inner margin. First exopodite-segment drawn out in to short, pointed spinous process,

and carrying on posterior face a small hyaline lobe near inner side of distal border.

Second exopodite-segment cylindrical, with 2 outer lateral spines; proximal spine

marginal in position, a broad, hyaline lying at base of proximal spine; distal lateral

spine much smaller than in A.raoi, and curved inwards; distal lateral spine pointed,

hardly reaching the outer margin of end claw. A small chitinous lobe, lying between

distal spine and end claw. End claw sickle shaped, slightly thickened at midlength,

with finely spinulose inner margin and blunt apex. Endopodite pyriform, apex rounded

with subapical row of spinules.

Left leg 5 coxa nearly rectangular, armed with small hyaline spine towards

distal inner corner. Basis slightly wider than long, with somewhat elongate, hyaline

lamella midway on inner margin. Exopodite indistinctly 2-segmented. Endopodite

cylindrical, slightly swollen at base and with incipient cross septum halfway.

48


Female left wing of fifth pediger, direction of spines on the genital somite,

coxal spines and end claws in fifth legs of female are somewhat variable. In male

geniculated antennular segment 13 and spinous process on antepenultimate segment

and coxal lobe as well as distal lateral spine in right leg 5 of male are also variable.

Distribution

A. intermedius was originally reported from Dharmavaram and Cumbum tank

in Andhra Pradesh State (Reddy, 1987). Reddy recently found it in irrigation canals

and canal-fed ponds in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh and at the following

localities in Karnataka state: Kamalapuram tank, Gowramma pond and Ramsagar tank

around Hospet, Kartikera and Magadi tank on the way of Belur to Chickmagalur, small

pond at Deveraj pura, 4 km from Belur, Bababudangiri (Dattathreyapeetha), a pond

beside Vasanta cool Estate. 3 km from Chickmagalur, an open circular well near

Agricultural Implements Industry, Chickmagalur.

Ecology

Allodiaptomus intermedius inhabits tanks, ponds on rice fields and coffee

plantations and an open well, in which the water temperature ranged from 21-30˚C and

pH was around 7. Interestingly, it was also found in rocky ponds at elevated places,

i.e. Bababudangiri (alt. 1355 m) (Reddy, 1994).

A. Intermedius co-occurs with H. viduus, N. lindbergi and H. cinctus.


49

Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi Kiefer, 1936 (Plate VI. Figs 1-7)

Allodiaptomus raoi Kiefer, 1936a: 137-139, Figs 1-6; Devi & Reddy, 1989: 264- 265,

Figs 41-42, 80, 83.

Allodiaptomus raoi var. membranigera: Brehm, 1951: 100, Figs, 8-11; Brehm, 1953:

252.

Allodiaptomus specillodactylus: Shen & Tai, 1964: 234-235, Figs 26-33.

Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi; Reddy, 1987: 114-119, Figs 1-30.


Female

Rostrum with 2 large, acuminate spines. Fourth and fifth pedigers demarcated

by a transverse row of dorsal spinules. Lateral wings of fifth pediger asymmetrical, left

wing being longer that right one. Genital somite longer than rest of the urosome

including caudal rami, only slightly dilated proximally and armed with large, directed-

posterolaterally spine on each side. Caudal rami 1.9 times as long as wide.

Leg 5: The morophology of leg 5 perfectly agrees with the earlier reports.

Male

Fourth and fifth pedigers separated by transverse row of delicate spinules. The

structure of right antennule as in the Fig. 6. Right leg 5 (Figs 7, 8): coxa produced at

distal inner corner into broadly triangular lobe. Basis with elongate hyaline lamella

midway on inner margin. Second exopodite-segment with 2 lateral spines; proximal

spine long, articulated to the posterior face, distal lateral spine shorter than the

proximal spine, typically marginal and posteriorly bent. A flat hyaline lobe lying

obliquely at the base of proximal spine. Endopodite proximally dilated and slightly

more than half as long as second exopodite-segment. Left leg 5: Basis with 1 hyaline

lobe at distal outer corner. Endopodite indistinctly 2-segmented.

51


The right genital spine, end claws of female and lateral spines of second

exopodite segment and the endopodite on right leg 5 of male are somewhat variable in

size and shape.

Distribution

India, Cambodia (Brehm, 1951), Thailand (Bricker et al. 1978) and South

China. In India it is known from Nellore (Kiefer, 1936), River Tapti near Mandi

(Brehm, 1953), and River Krishna at Vijayawada (Reddy, 1977). It was also noticed it

in a host of diverse habitats in the deltaic region of River Krishna. Recently I have

found this taxon Uppalapadu village near Guntur.

Ecology

A.raoi is the most common diaptomid, often co-occuring with

Pseudodiaptomus binghami in River Krishna at Vijayawada (surface water temp. 26-

31ºC; pH 7.6-9.0). It appears to be most rheophil of all Indian diaptomids. It is also

well adapted to the lentic conditions of ricefields, ponds, reservoirs and lakes (Lake

Kolleru), which are directly fed by the same river. It is, however, alien, to isolated,

solely rain-fed, temporary or permanent fresh water bodies.


52

Genus Neodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932

Neodiaptomus: Kiefer, 1932a: 474; Brehm, 1933b: 135; Kiefer, 1939: 126; Shen &

Song, 1979: 138; Lai & Fernando, 1981: 163; Reddy & Das, 1981: 8; Dussart &

Defaye, 1983: 94; Borutzky et al., 1991: 424; Reddy & Subba Reddy, 1992: 125

Revised generic diagnosis (Reddy, 1994)

Animals of moderate size (1.1-1.5 mm). Female: Antennules long, extending

beyond caudal setae. Fifth legs mostly asymmetrical. Coxal spines strong; end claws

generally with coarsely denticulate margins; third exopodite-segment reduced or

absent, represented by 2 unequal spines; apex of endopodite obliquely cut on inner

margin, pointed and without setae. Male: Right antennule with spine on each of

segments 10, 11, 13-15; antepenultimate segment with long or sometimes short

spinous process. On right leg 5, coxa produced into somewhat triangular, pointed or

bifid lobe (inter coxal plate) at distal inner corner; endopodite long, 1-segmented,

dilated at base and attenuating apically (pyriform); lateral spine inserted generally at

the middle of outer margin of second exopodite-segment. Right caudal ramus with

tooth-like chitinous structure at inner ventro-distal corner.

Valid species in the genus Neodiaptomus:

Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892)

Neodiaptomus physalipus Kiefer, 1935

Neodiaptomus lindbergi Brehm, 1951

Neodiaptomus intermedius Flößner, 1984

Neodiaptomus malaindosinensis Lai & Fernando, 1978

Neodiaptomus meggitti Kiefer, 1932

Neodiaptomus lymphatus Brehm, 1933

Neodiaptomus yangtsekiangensis Mashiko, 1951

53

Neodiaptomus laii Kiefer, 1974

Neodiaptomus blachei Brehm, 1951

Neodiaptomus botulifer Kiefer, 1974

Neodiaptomus mesphistopheles Brehm, 1933

In the present study I came across the following two species

Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892)

Neodiaptomus lindbergi Brehm, 1951

Key to the females of Neodiaptomus spp.

1.Caudal setae proximally dilated and distinctly curved; right caudal ramus

not dilated proximally…………………………… N.schmackeri

Caudal setae normal; right caudal ramus dilated proximally …………………

……… ………… N. lindbergi

Key to the males of Neodiaptomus spp.

1. Right caudal ramus with moderate, tooth-like chitinous process and

with 2 chitinous projections near its base ………………………..N. lindbergi

Right caudal ramus with very small, triangular tooth-like chitinous

process and with no chitinous projections near its base ……

……………………………………………………………………… N. schmackeri

54

Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892) (Plate VII. Figs 1-10)

Diaptomus schmackeri: Poppe & Richard, 1892: 149-151, Figs 1-6; 1925a: Kiefer,

1928: 106-109, Figs 20-22; Brehm, 1930: 154.

Neodiaptomus schmackeri: Kiefer, 1932a: 475, 509, Fig. 87; Kiefer, 1939; 121-126,

Figs 11-12; Rajendran, 1971: 92-99, Figs 1-2; Shen & Song, 1979: 139-141, Figs 71a-

i; Lai & Fernando, 1981: 165, Figs 24-35; Subba Reddy, 1989: 17-26, Figs 1-45;

Bhattacharya et al., 1990: 73-78; Borutzky et al., 1991: 426-427, Fig. 189; Reddy &

Subba Reddy, 1992: 125, Fig. 1. Borutzky et al., 1991: 426-427, Fig. 189.

Diaptomus strigilipes: Gurney, 1907: 30-31, P1.2, Figs 18-20.

Neodiaptomus strigilipes: Brehm, 1953: 258-263, Figs 20-23; Dumont & Van de

Velde, 1977: 62, Figs10g-k; Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1984: 28; Dussart & Fernando,

1985: 232-233, Figs15-21.

Diaptomus handeli: Rylov, 1925a: 313-314, Figs 8-13.

Diaptomus handeli: Mashiko, 1951: 144-145, Figs 3a-j; Uèno, 1966: 105-107, Figs 44-

59; Lai & Fernando, 1978: 113-115, Figs 1-8; Rajendran, 1979a: 49-52, Figs 1-2;

Dussart & Fernando, 1985: 232-234, Figs 8-14.

Neodiaptomus bisegmantus: Hu, 1943: 115-118, Figs A, 1-7.

Body size: Female 1.02-1.16 mm; male 0.7-1.05 mm.

Female

Rostral spines somewhat elongate and acute. Lateral wings well developed,

asymmetrical, left wing slightly reaching left genital spine. Genital somite

asymmetrical, almost as long as its maximum width; subproximal part dilated in to a

lobe on each side; right lobe larger than left lobe with 2 hyaline spines. Caudal rami

1.4 times as long as wide, with hirsute inner margins. Leg 5: Coxal spines of both legs

almost equally large and arising directly from the segments. Right end claw with 6-8

55

denticles on inner margin and 0-3 on outer margin. Left end claw with 8-11 denticles

on inner margin and 0-4 on outer margin. Third exopodite-segment distinct.

Endopodite shorter than first exopodite-segment.

Male

Rostral spines as in female. Caudal rami almost symmetrical; right ramus with

chitinous tooth at distal inner corner on ventral surface; right antennule with spine on

each of segments 8 and 10-15; spines on segments 8, 12, and 15 very short; spinous

process on antepenultimate (Fig. 9) segment straight, as long as or slightly longer than

succeeding segment, with generally hooked tip. Right leg 5: Coxa with roughly bifid

hyaline lobe at distal inner corner. Lateral spine of second exopodite-segment

generally shorter than the segment and lying at midlength of its outer margin. End

claw sickle-shaped. Endopodite flask-shaped. Left leg 5: Basis with hyaline lamella on

inner margin.

57


In male, the spine on 15th segment of right antennule is very reduced. Also the

spines on antepenultimate segment of the same appendage are subject to some

variation. The inter coxal hyaline lobe of the male fifth leg varies between populations.

Distribution

India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand,

Philippines, Korea, China and East Siberia. Recently I have found this species in

Vejendla quarries near Guntur.

Ecology

In India, N. schmackeri is mostly confined to ephemeral, turbid, fresh water

pools and ponds of plains. Its occurrence in large water bodies like lakes is rare. I have

never found it in rivers or canals. It appears to be a purely fresh water, stenotopic

species. It co-occurrs with H. viduus, P. blanci and M. pseudohebes.


58

Neodiaptomus lindbergi Brehm, 1951 (Plate VIII. Figs 1-13)

Neodiaptomus lindbergi : Brehm, 1951a: 158-160, Figs 1-6; Brehm, 1953: 264-268,

Figs 24-29; Reddy, 1977; 66-70, PI. 10, Figs 1-11; Subba Reddy, 1989: 51-59, Figs 1-

52; Reddy & Subba Reddy, 1992: 127-128, Figs 22-52.

Neodiaptomus Sewelli: Roy, 1984: 133-138, Figs 1a-h

Body size. Female 0.97-1-32 mm; male 0.84-1.05 mm.

Female

Rostral spines strong and acute. Fourth and fifth pedigers fused together.

Genital somite longer than its own width as well as rest of the urosome including

caudal rami, asymmetrical and dilated subproximally; left side with 1 spine arising

from narrow, lobe-like projection; right side with 1 spinous projection and 1 short

spine. Caudal rami with hairy inner margins; basal part of right ramus expanded and

lamellate in lateral view. Leg 5: Right coxal spine slightly smaller than the left one.

Sensory seta of basis reaching beyond midlength of first exopodite-segment. End

claws with denticulate margins. Endopodite nearly as long as first exopodite-segment.

Male

Rostral spines as in female. Second and third urosomites fringed with ventral

hairs (Fig. 6). Right caudal ramus armed with moderately large, tooth-like structure at

ventro-distal inner corner and also with 2 small chitinous projections near base of this

structure. Right antennule (Fig. 10) with spine on each of segments 8 and 10-16;

spinous process on antepenultimate segment straight or somewhat curved and longer

than penultimate segment. Right leg 5: Intercoxal hyaline lamella nearly triangular.

Basis with crescentic hyaline lobe on inner margin. Lateral spine of second exopodite

segment lying at about the middle of outer margin and somewhat longer than, or just

59

equal to, the segment. End claw elongate, slender, sickle-shaped and without any

proximal thickening. Endopodite bottle-shaped and extending beyond midlength of

second exopodite-segment. Left leg 5. Basis with 1with hyaline lamella.

61


Female fifth pedigerous wing, endopodite of male right leg 5, shape of the

chitinous tooth in right caudal ramus, are somewhat variable.

Distribution

Pondi, Mourabas, Phandharpur, Kurdu and Dharwar Guntur, Nagarjuna

university campus and Timmasamudram (Reddy 1977). N. lindbergi is endemic and is

widely distributed in South India. But I have not found this taxon in my collections

from Andhra Pradesh.

Ecology

Like Neodiaptomus schmackeri, this species generally prefers ephemeral,

turbid freshwater ponds and pools of the plains. It was never found in large clear water

bodies like lakes and reservoirs. So, this is an example of stenotypic species. It is often

co-occurs with A. intermedius, H. viduus, Sinodiaptomus indicus and P.blanci. But

both N. lindbergi, N. schmackeri never co-occur.


62

Genus Phyllodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936

Phyllodiaptomus: Kiefer, 1936b: 323; Kiefer, 1978: 159; Shen & song, 1979: 148; Lai

& Fernando, 1981: 165; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 92; Reddy & Venkateswarlu, 1989:

142; Borutzky et al., 1991: 413; Dumont & Reddy, 1993: 89

Revised generic diagnosis (Reddy, 1994)

Animals of moderate body size (0.8-1.33 mm). Female: Lateral wings of fifth

pediger moderately developed, left wing frequently longer than right wing; urosome of

3 somites, genital somite longer than the rest of urosomites including caudal rami;

antennule extending to end of caudal setae, or slightly longer. Leg 5: Coxal spine short

and strong. Endopodite long, mostly 2-segmented, with a row fine spinules on rounded

apex; end claw with hairy or spinulose margins; third exopodite-segment small but

distinct. Male: Right antennule with spine on each of segments 8, 10-16 and short

comb-like serrate process on antepenultimate segment. Right caudal ramus generally

without chitinous tooth on ventral side; on right leg 5, coxa produced into prominent

triangular, thin, hollowing out on posterior surface and generally with 1 short, bent,

digitiform, lateral spinous process, mostly distal in position. Second exopodite-

segment of left leg 5 with thumb-like apical process.

Valid species in the genus Phyllodiaptomus :

Phyllodiaptomus blanci (Gurney & Richard, 1896)

Phyllodiaptomus wellkensae Dumont & Reddy, 1993

Phyllodiaptomus annae (Apstein, 1907)

Phyllodiaptomus sasikumari Reddy & Venkateswarlu, 1989

Phyllodiaptomus longipes Kiefer, 1965

Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus Shen & Tai, 1964

In the present study, I came across only one of above spcies

63

Phyllodiaptomus blanci (Guerne & Richard, 1896) (Plate IX. Figs 1-14)

Diaptomus blanci: Guerne & Richard, 1896: 53-56, Figs 1-5; Meissner, 1904:

649; van Douwe, 1905: 687, PI .25, Figs 9-11; Gurney, 1907: 23, Fig. 29; Tollinger,

1911: 112, Fig. F; Keiser, 1923: 31; Rylov, 1930: 193, Figs 63, 1-5; Rylov 1936 b:

149.

Phyllodiaptomus blanci: Kiefer 1936c: 321-323, Figs 1-5; Brehm, 1953: 276-279, Figs

41-42; Dumont & Van de Velde, 1977: 62, Figs 10 A-D; Kiefer, 1978; 159, PI. 71;

Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 9; Reddy & Devi, 1990a: 168-170, Figs 57, 68, 71:

Venkateswarlu, 1989: 12-20, Figs 1-56; Reddy & Venkateswarlu, 1989: 142; Borutzky

et al., 1991. 414-416, Fig. 184; Dumont & Reddy, 1993: 86, Figs 119-132.

Phyllodiaptomus peregrinator: Brehm, 1950: 2-4, Figs 1a-h.

Mongolodiaptomus subquadratus: Shen & Song, 1965: 24, Figs 8-13; Shen & Song,

1965a: 307; Shen & Song, 1965b: 398; Shen & Song, 1979: 97, Figs 45 a-f; Dussart &

Defaye, 1983; 104.

Phyllodiaptomus subquadratus: Borutzky et al., 1991: 416, Fig. 185.


Female

Rostrum with 2 strongly developed spines (Fig. 2). Fourth and fifth pedigers

fused. Metasomal wings strongly asymmetrical. Left metasomal wing generally

narrow, digitiform, posteriorly directed, and armed with a spine at the tip. Right

metasomal wing bilobed.

Urosome (Fig. 1) of 3 somites; genital somite longer than succeeding 2

somites and caudal rami asymmetrical, right side being more irregular than left side,

right lateral margin consistently dilated just below the right spine; genital spines

64

unequal in size, the left spine being shorter than the right; both spines postero-

laterally directed. Second urosomites smallest and roughly of its proximal part

telescoped into genital somite. Anal somite distinctly forked behind. Caudal rami

parllel, symmetrical, and with fine hairs along both margins.

Leg 5: Symmetrical, coxal spines of both legs relatively small. Basis smaller

than coxa, and provided with elongate seta, extending beyond the first exopodite-

segment. First exopodite-segment twice longer than wide. Second exopodite-segment

(end claw) broader at the base, blunt apically, and armed with close-set hairs on both

margins (Fig.2). Third exopodite segment small but distinct, at base, with 2 spines:

Endopodite vaguely divided in to 2 segments, sturdy and slightly shorter than first

exopodite-segment.

Male

Rostral spines stout and acute. Caudal rami symmetrical. Fourth and fifth

pedigers fused; metasomal wings symmetrical and provided with 2 unequal spines

each. Urosome of 5 somites, posterior part slightly bent towards right side. Genital

somite with a spine at right posterior corner and indented at left posterior corner. Anal

somite short and slightly forked. Caudal rami with hairs on inner margin. Left

antennule as in female. Right antennule (Fig. 6): spine on each of segments 8 and 10-

16. Spine on segment 13 longest, spine on segment 16 shortest. Relative length of

spines in decreasing order as follows: 13> 11> 10> 8> 14> 15> 12> 16;

antepenultimate segment having short, comb-like process with 3-9 teeth (Figs 7-9).

Right leg 5 (Fig. 10): Coxa with large, roughly triangular hyaline plate at

distal inner corner. Basis slightly longer than wide, with proximal hyaline lobe on

inner margin. First exopodite-segment shorter than wide with posterior outer corner

65

produced in to short, pointed spinous process. Second exopodite-segment (Fig. 13)

much flattened, generally twisted around its axis and with a ledge on inner margin

and hyaline outgrowth on outer margin between lateral spine and end claw; lateral

spine digitiform, distal in position and generally outcurved. End claw slightly curved,

stouter at base. Endopodite sturdy and variable in shape. Left leg 5: Coxa roughly

rectangular and with small spine at distal inner corner. Basis with small, digitiform

lobe on its inner margin (Fig. 14). Exopodite 2-segmented and bent inwards.

Proximal segment larger and provided with 1 hairy lobe: distal segment produced in

to thumb-like process apically and carrying long, jointed seta on inner margin.

Endopodite well developed, one -segmented, nearly as long as proximal segment of

the exopodite.

67

Morphological Remarks

The shape of posterolateral wings and genital spines in female, the number of

teeth on comb-like process of the antepenultimate segment of right antennule are

somewhat variable. The shape of intercoxal plate, the spinous process at distal inner

corner, of first exopodite-segment, the hyaline lobe at distal outer corner of second

exopodite-segment and the endopodite on right leg 5 in male are also subject to intra-

inter-population variation. The large digitiform hyaline structure on inner margin of

basis of male left leg 5 is being reported for the first time.

Distribution

Iran, Aral Sea, Iraq, India and Nepal. It is widely distributed in northern and

certain southern parts of India. Borutzky et al. (1991) mentioned several localities of

the former USSR from which this species was recorded by several workers: the Syr

Dar’ya and its coastal lakes, oxbow and man-made lakes; Kamyslybas lakes; the

Tedzhen (Turkmeniya), the Murgab (Tadzikistan); shallow water bodies in the

Bukhara (Uzbekistan Republic), etc. it is a common species in certain localities of

Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh States. I have found it very common in Pedakakni

and, Vejendla village near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.

Ecology

P. blanci is not only eurytopic but also euryhaline (Kiefer, 1978). It lives in

shallow as well as large water bodies with a well-expressed pelagic zone where it is a

dominant plankter. According to Sewell (1934), it is a true freshwater species and its

presence in such brackish habitats as Chilka Lake is due to its having been washed

during the rainy season. It possess only a weak adaptability to the increased chloride

content. Its life cycle was studied by Kiselev (1930) in one of the ponds around

68

Bukhara. In large lakes; it is concentrated in the surface layer (0-2 M) of the pelagic

zone. It often co-occurs with H. viduus, H. cinctus, S. indicus, M. pseudohebes and N.

schmackeri.


69

Genus Tropodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932

Generic diagnosis

Last thoracic somite in male with weakly developed wings. Female urosome

composed of two somites; genital somite slightly dilated anteriorly. Exopodite 2 of

right male P5 with hyaline lamella, situated near base of aculues. Exopodite of left

male P5 1-segmented. Endopodite of female P5 ending with two unequal setae

(Dussart & Defaye, 2001).

Brehm (1953) gave a useful account of the Indian species, and according to

him there are at least 30 species known under this genus in the world. In India the

genus is represented by eight species.

Tropodiaptomus doriai (Richard, 1897)

Tropodiaptomus hebereri Kiefer, 1930

Tropodiaptomus mutatus Kiefer, 1930

Tropodiaptomus vicinus Kiefer, 1930

Tropodiaptomus euchaetus Kiefer, 1936

Tropodiaptomus informis Kiefer, 1936

Tropodiaptomus nielseni Brehm, 1953

Tropodiaptomus lakhimpurensis Reddiah, 1964

In the present study I met with T. informis Kiefer, 1936 only.

70

Tropodiaptomus informis Kiefer, 1936 (Plate X. Figs 1-11) Tropodiaptomus informis Kiefer, 1936 81-82, Figs 12-14; Brehm, Brehm, 1953 293-

294.


Female

Fourth and fifth pedigers fused together; the posterolateral wings of fifth

pediger large, and symmetrical. On each side, the outer lobe alone bears a minute

spine.

Urosome (Fig. 1) 2-segmented; genital segment nearly 3 times as long as the anal

somite. Anal somite slightly forked midposteriorly; caudal rami with hairs on inner

margins.

As regards natatory legs, the note worthy, feature is the presence of Schmeil’s

organ on the middle segment of endopodite of leg 2 (Fig. 3).

Leg 5 (Fig. 4)

Both legs symmetrical. Coxa carries short acute spinous process at its distal

region. Right coxal spine is shorter than left coxal spine. Exopodite 1 1.7 times as

long as wide; end claw beset with short, stiffhairs on both margin. Third exopodite

segment well developed, defined at its base and bears a pair of apical spines (Figs 5,

6). Endopodite as long as exopodite 1 and with a pair of setae, of which one is apical

and the other subapical.

Male

Rostrum as in female. Fourth and fifth pedigers fused together. The lateral wings

of fifth pediger are small. Each wing is roughly triangular.

Urosome (Fig. 7) 5-segmented; genital segment has short fine spine on its distal

right side. Caudal rami as long as wide.

71

Rightleg 5

Coxa roughly spherical and bears about its distal outer part a small hyaline

lobe tipped with a slender spine. Basis 1.4 times as long as broad, and carries two

small hyaline lobes, one proximal and lies near the inner margin while the other one on

distal inner margin. Exopodite 2-segmented; the proximal segment much shorter while

the distal one twice as long as broad, the lateral spine lies at the junction of subdistal

part of the second segment; below the origin of this spine on the posterior aspect is

another short acute hyaline spine with a broad base. End claw slender; curved and

bears minute spinules along its inner margin. Endopodite 1-segmented, and shorter

than exopodite1, and furnished with short, stiff hairs towards its apex.

Left leg 5

Coxa smaller than its counterpart of right leg. Exopodite 1-segmented, distal

inner margin finely serrated; apically there is an inwardly directed lobe beset with a

few long hairs. Endopodite large, about half as long as exopodite, triangular at its apex

and provided with short stiff hairs.

73


The present specimens correspond with the earlier reports, except, for unequal

coxal spines in female leg 5.

Distribution

Previous records. Mysore, Karaikal, Gauhati, Barni Hat in Khasi Hills, Lake

Kolleru at Kolletikota and Manuguluru, Ponnur, Hyderabad, Warangal, Lake

Kondakarla at Visakhapatnam.

Present records Belur in Karnataka State. I have not seen this species in my

Andhra Pradesh State collections.

Conservation status: Vulnerable (VU).

74

Genus Sinodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932

Sinodiaptomus; Kiefer, 1932a: 475; Kiefer, 1936a: 229: Kiefer, 1978: 157; Brehm,

1950: 17; Shen & Song, 1979: 119; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 100; Borutzky et al.,

1991: 418

Generic Diagnosis (Reddy 1994)

Female. Endopodite on leg 5 without apical setae, middle endopodite-segment on leg 2

without Schmeli’s organ. Male Right antennule with comb on antepenultimate

segment. Right leg 5: Basis with large chitinous projection on distal posterior surface,

overlapping the first exopodite-segment. Endopodite small. Left leg 5: Entire posterior

surface or its inner side of terminal thumb on exopodite with transverse, membranous

folds, super imposing one another.

Kiefer (1936) divided the above genus into two subgenera, viz. Sinodiaptomus s. str.

and Rhinediaptomus.

1.Subgenus Sinodiaptomus s. str. Kiefer, 1932

Animals somewhat large (1.6-2.5 mm). Female fourth pediger with middrosal

process. Male right leg 5: Basis without chitinous process at proximal inner corner.

Second exopodite-segment short, wide and concave on posterior surface; lateral spine

small and distal.

Valid species:

Sinodiaptomus (sinodiaptomus) chaffanjoni (Richard, 1897)

Sinodiaptomus (sinodiaptomus) sarsi sarsi (Rylov, 1923)

Sinodiaptomus (sinodiaptomus) sarsi valkanovi Kiefer, 1938

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1.Subgenus Rhinediaptomus Kiefer, 1936

Animals moderate size (1.12-1.46 mm). Female fourth pediger without

middorsal process. Male right leg 5: Basis with chitinous process at proximal inner

corner. Second exopodite-segment long slender and concave on the posterior surface;

lateral spine proximal in position.

Valid species in the subgenus Rhinediaptomus

Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus Kiefer, 1936

Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) mahanandiensis Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1980.

In the present study I came across only one species:

Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus Kiefer, 1936

76

Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus Kiefer, 1936 (Plate XI. Figs1-10)

Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus, Kiefer1936a: 226-229, Figs 1-

5.Rhinediaptomus indicus: Brehm, 1953: 283-286 Figs 45-48: Brehm, 1954: 417;

Brehm, 1963: 163, 165, Figs 20-25; Singh, 1972: 209-215; Rajendran, 1973: 117, Figs

4a-k; Reddy, 1977: 79, PI. 12, Figs 1-8.

Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus: Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 100; Borutzky et

al., 1991: 423- 424, Fig. 188.

Female

Rostral spines small. Fourth and fifth pedigers (Fig. 1) fused to each other.

Lateral wings of fifth pedigers small and asymmetrical; left wing somewhat larger and

more extensive than right wing, each wing with strong hyaline spines. Genital somite

distinctly longer than the rest of the urosome, including caudal rami; proximal region

not specially dialted; lateral margins uneven; mid-lateral region of right side dilated.

Caudal rami 1.3 times as long as, wide, outer and inner margins hairy.

Leg 5 perfectly agrees with earlier reports.

Male

Fourth and fifth pedigers fused except at lateral margins. Right wing of fifth

pediger slightly narrower than left wing and carrying stronger apical spine with

tubercle. Urosome 5-segmented and bent towards right side; genital spine small,

slender. Second and third urosomites with ventral hairs. Caudal rami as illustrated in

Fig. 4. Right antennule with spine on segments 8 and 10-16; length of spines in

decreasing order as follows; 13> 11> 15> 10> 14> 8> 16> 12; spine on segment 11

strong, sharply bent backwards; comb on antepenultimate segment with 6-8 teeth.

77


Coxa with large, crescentic chitinous outgrowth at distal inner corner and

strong hyline spine mounted on lobe at mid-distal region. Basis wider than long, with

massive chitinous outgrowth, ending in 2 unequal, spinous process at proximal inner

corner, 1 small, hyaline lobe at mid-inner margin, and 1 subproximal and 1 distal

chitinous projection near inner margin, on posterior surface. Second exopodite-

segment 2-3 times as long as wide, with minute chitinous knob. End claw strong,

slightly variable in shape. Endopodite 1-segmented. Left leg 5: Basis with small

hyaline lobe on distal inner margin. Terminal thumb on exopodite-with transverse,

membranous folds, super imposing one another. Endopodite 2-segmented, reaching

distal margin of first exopodite-segment.

79


The present specimens fit well with earlier reports.

Distribution

One of the common diaptomid species throughout South India

Ecology

Inhabits seasonal ponds, pools during the monsoon activity (June-November),

frequently co-existing with P. greeni, P. blanci and H. viduus.


80

Genus Megadiaptomus Kiefer, 1936

Generic characters

The genus Megadiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 includes rather rare and large diaptomid

copepods, confined to certain temporary waters such as seasonal pools and ponds in

India and Sri Lanka. Body robust, large-sized (over 2 mm) specimens. Female pediger

5 with poorly developed, slightly asymmetrical wings. Genital somite and fifth pediger

with tiny sensory spines. The outstanding morphological feature of the genus is the

presence of spinous papillae, instead of simple spines, on outer terminal margin of

exopodite-segments in legs 2-4. Right male antennule with spiniform process on

segments 8 and 10 to 13; antepenultimate segment with digitiform process. Right male

P5 with long obtuse lobe situated on caudal side of basis. Exopodite 2 with lateral

spine inserted on distal half. Left male P5 ending in finger-like structure and strong

spine.

Valid species in the genus Megadiaptomus

Megadiaptomus hebes Kiefer 1936

Megadiaptomus pseudohebes Reddy, 1987

In the present study I came across M. pseudohebes Reddy, 1987

81

Megadiaptomus pseudohebes Reddy, 1987 (Plate XII. Figs 1-9. )


Female

Rostral spines short and blunt. Fourth and fifth pedigers fused. Metasomal

wings generally triangular, and almost symmetrical; each wing with 2 small, unequal,

hyaline spines. Prosome about 3 times as long as urosome. Urosome bimerous, genital

somite nearly twice as long as anal somite. Caudal rami symmetrical, partially

overlapping with each other, each ramus about 1.5 times as long as wide, with coarse

hairs on inner margins.

Natatory legs (Fig 6) outer-edge spines of exopodite segments in legs 2-4

modified in to spinose papillae; otherwise typical of subfamily Diaptominae.

Fifth legs strongly built. Coxa roughly rectangular. Basis subquadrate, with

short, sensory lateral seta. First exopodite-segment about 1.5 times as long as wide.

Endopodite unsegmented, but indented on proximal inner margin, invariably longer

than first-exopodite segment.

Male

Fourth and fifth pedigers completely fused as in female. metasomal wings

small and symmetrical. Urosome 5-merous (Fig. 4).

Left antennule as in female. Right antennule with spine on each of segments 8

and 10-13; spines on segments 11 and 13 generally slender and equal in length;

antepenultimate segment generally elongate, stout, somewhat dilated apically (Fig. 8).

Fifth legs (Fig. 9) as in Reddy (1987).

83


In the present study M.pseudohebes morphologically agrees with Reddy

(1987), and there are no remarkable variations at generic and specific level.

Distribution

This was first reported by Reddy (1987), from Kondakarla near Anakapalli

town in Andhra Pradesh State. Recently I have found this species at Vejendla quarries

near Guntur.

Ecology

Found but rarely in temporary water bodies, and often co-occuring with N.

schmackeri and P. blanci.

Conservation status: Endangered (EN).

84

Summary and Conclusions

The present study deals with the diversity of diaptomid copepods in the

neighbouring South Indian States of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. A total of about

220 plankton samples were examined, of which 150 samples from 55 different habitats

yielded the following 12 diaptomid species:

1. Paradiaptomus greeni (Gurney, 1906)

2. Heliodiaptomus viduus (Gurney, 1916)

3. Heliodiaptomus contortus (Gurney, 1907)

4. Heliodiaptomus cinctus (Gurney, 1907)

5. Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius Reddy, 1987

6. Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi Kiefer, 1936

7. Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892)

8. Neodiaptomus lindbergi Brehm, 1951

9. Phyllodiatpomus blanci (Guerne & Richard, 1896)

10. Tropodiaptomus informis Kiefer, 1936

11. Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus Kiefer, 1936

12. Megadiaptomus pseudohebes Reddy, 1987

The salient morphological characters of all the above-listed species have been

described and illustrated. The inter-and or intrapopulation variation in the morphology,

wherever noticed, is pointed out. Identification keys for both sexes of congeners are

provided. Comparision is made of the species distribution patterns between Andhra

Pradesh and Karnataka States.

Following IUCN criteria, the conservation status of all the species identified is

assessed.

85

Conclusions:

1. Diaptomid diversity between Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka States is by

and large the same. However, there are some specific differences relating to the

occurrence of the following three species

1. Heliodiaptomus contortus

2. Allodiaptomus raoi, and

3. Megadiaptomus pseudohebes

These species are restricted to Andhra Pradesh only, as evidenced by the

present study as well as the existing literature.

No morphological variation is discernible in the populations of the species that are

common to both States.

The distribution patterns of diaptomids change with time. For example certain

species like Heliodiaptomus contortus and Neodioptomus schmackeri, which

were reported as common on the Nagarjuna University campus about 15 years

ago (Subba Reddy, 1989, Venkateswarlu, 1989); are found absent today.

Similarly Megadiaptomus pseudohebes in Nallapadu quarries (Ramadevi,

1988) near Guntur was not encountered even as strays, despite repeated

sampling in the present study. However this species is being reported for the

first time from Vejendla quarries.

None of the samples examined contained more than four diaptomid species, which

signifies that the family Diaptomidae is not speciose in the localities surveyed.

Congeneric occurrence is noticed only in the genus Heliodiaptomus.

Following IUCN criteria, Megadiaptomus pseudohebes can be considered an

endangered species while H. contortus, H. cinctus, A. intermedis, N. lindbergi

and Tropodiaptomus informis, are Vulnerable.

86

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Dara Ambedkar Presently working as as a lecturer Post

Graduate Department of Zoology, Andhra Christian College,

Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Author published several articles in

international peer reviewed journals and received several

young scientist awards in various International and National

conferences, and he gained rich research experience in the

field of diaptomid taxonomy and finally the present book could

be a precursor for research scholars in the field of micro invertebrate taxonomy.

Email: [email protected]

Tel: 8885413180

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