dr. alessandro palermo - concrete society

Introduction

Dr. Alessandro Palermo

Associate Professor/Reader, University of Canterbury

2

NZ PLATE BOUNDARIES

Canterbury Earthquake events and their aftershocks

Darfield Earthquake

Christchurch Earthquake

Database Results: Overall Damage

Watanabe, 2000

ABC Long term resilience (low-damage technologies combined

with durable materials)

Society’s needs are changing:

• Fast construction: no slowing of traffic during construction,

especially in urban areas; no delay;

• Low maintenance: minimise frequency of inspections, no traffic

disruption during inspections;

• Low post-earthquake repair: no interruption of business/traffic;

life safety comes first, but it’s not enough anymore!

Bridge Street Bridge: assessment of potential hinging of the piers after

Canterbury earthquakes

Introduction to ABC & Background Information

Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) is any type of method to speed up the

construction of bridges, it offers advantages for:

• Minimized traffic disruptions

• Reduced construction times

• Elimination of on-site formwork for pouring concrete

• Improved quality of elements

• Increased construction safety

• Use of machinery on site

• Reduced life cycle costs

• Less environmental impacts


ABC in Europe:

• Mainly limited to the decking systems and superstructure

• Steel-composite deck with the precast concrete panels

• Refer to FHWA, 2005

Examples of prefabricated decking systems in Europe (Germany, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands)


ABC in Japan:

• Mostly developed for the superstructure elements

• Refer to FHWA, 2005

Examples of prestressed box-girder, prefabricated concrete, hybrid steeldeck, corrugated steel webs in Japan


ABC in Japan:

• Mitsuki Bashi Method (Three-Month Bridge) for a fully prefabricated bridge

• Developed by Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co Ltd.

• Bridge components include steel hull footing, steel bridge pier and cap, and

a steel box girder superstructure

Mitsuki Bashi Method in Japan


ABC in Japan:

• Sumitomo Precast form for resisting Earthquakes and for Rapid

construction (SPER) Method

• Developed by Sumitomo Mitsui Construction Company

SPER Method in Japan (precast concrete segments epoxied at the joints and core cast in place


ABC in Japan:

• Public Works Research Institute conducted 2 years research program for the

development of the new precast segmental concrete bridge columns with three

private construction companies (Sumitomo Mitsui Construction, Kajiama and P.S.

Mitsubishi).

Figure 3 Connection Details of Steel Bars in Segment

From research conducted by Hoshikuma, Unjoh and Sakai. Figures illustrate two ways

of connecting precast concrete segments: grouted r.c. bars or high strenght post-

tensioned bars

Introduction to ABC & Background InformationABC in Japan: From research conducted by Hoshikuma, Unjoh and Sakai.

Kajiama Co Ltd

Sumitomo Mitsui Co Ltd

P.S. Mitsubishi Co Ltd

Lateral

displacement

La

tera

l fo

rce x

: Before Yielding of Rebar

: Minor Spalling of Cover Co.: Before Rebar Bucklingx

Figure 7 Limit states for Conventional Reinforced Concrete Columns

Lateral

displacement

Late

ral

forc

e

: Elastic range

: Before Yielding of Prestressing Steel

x

x

Figure 8 Limit states of precast prestressed concrete columns

Lateral

displacement

Late

ral fo

rce : Opening of Joints

: Limit State of Connecting Bolts

Figure 10 Limit states of precast hybrid concrete columns

-600-400-2000200400600

-120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120慣性力作用位置の変位（mm）Lateral displacement (mm)

Lateral force (kN)

-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80-1200-800-4000400800変位（mm）加速度（gal） case1-80%

case2-80%

Lateral displacement (mm)

-1500-1000-500050010001500-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200水平変位（mm)Response acceleration (gal)

Lateral displacement (mm)


ABC in Taiwan:

• Precast superstructure with cast-in-place piers are common

• Several applications of segmental piers

• More research is currently underway at National Center for Research on

Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) in Taipei

• Refer to Ou et al. (2012) and Chang et al. (2012) for more info

Examples of ABC in Taiwan

Emulative Cast-In-Place Solution for ABC

Semi Emulative Cast-In-Place Connection

• Ou et al. (2012) presents concept for a semi emulative CIP

• The lower region of the segmental column is (CIP) construction while the

upper portion is unbonded post-tensioned precast concrete segments

Semi Emulative CIP Connection


ABC in the United States:

• Started in 1985 “National Cooperative Highway Research Program

(NCHRP) Synthesis Report on Prefabricated Bridge Elements and System

(PBES)”

• Most developed compared to any other country in the world

• A variety of precast substructure and superstructure proposed

• Departments of Transportation in States such as Texas, Florida, Utah, and

California had developed manuals and guidelines for ABC and precast

connections

• Dozens of ABC bridge are implemented throughout the country


ABC in the United States:

• Billington et al. (2001) presents a variety of precast superstructure and

substructure configurations

• Most of the constructed bridges using ABC are located in low seismicity

such as in Texas, Florida, and Colorado

Substructure configurations from Billington et al. (2001)


Replacement of I-287

viaduct over Saw Mill River

Parkway, New York DOT,

2005

Introduction to ABC & Background InformationCaltrans already included ABC as an element of Accelerated Project Delivery (APD), which has many benefits such as leading to expedited capital improvement, and improving the state’s economy.

Numerous workshops and report on ABC recently such as:

•2006 ABC Workshop, Reno, Nevada

•PCI Northeast Bridge Technical Committee (2006), “Guidelines for Accelerated Bridge

Construction using Precast/Prestressed Concrete Components”

•Seismic ABC Meeting at 2007 TRB Annual Meeting

•2007 Seismic ABC meeting in San Diego

•2008 FHWA ABC Conference in Baltimore, MD

•2008 TRB SABC Collaboration Meetings

•UDOT ABC Standards Workshop report (April 2008)

•FHWA/Washington Department of Transportation ABC Workshop (September 2008)

` 1°°°° phase: connections: mainly grouted ducts; 2°°°° phase: structural systems and low damage self centering


ABC in New Zealand:

• Cast-in-place concrete construction is used twice as much as precast

concrete

• Precast superstructure only for bridges of short to medium span

Examples of ABC in New Zealand


ABC in New Zealand:

• Cast-in-place piers are the most common

• For seismic resistance, plastic hinges are the current practice

• Precast superstructure only for bridges of short to medium span

Plastic hinge detailing in a variety of substructure configurations in New Zealand


ABC in New Zealand:

• Precast superstructure typology includes, hollow-core, super T, and I

section

• Refer to NZTA 364 for more info

Examples of precast substructures in New Zealand

End users: NZ Transport Agency, City Councils, Construction companies, Practitioners

University of Canterbury (October 2011- December 2015) -614,000 NZD; January 2016-December 2019) 256.000 NZD

Advanced Bridge Construction and Design for New Zealand (ABCD – New Zealand Bridges)

Scope of the project: develop cost-competitive seismic resistant bridge systems which

features aspects such as high-speed of construction and low life-time maintenance.

Obj. 1: Develop earthquake

resistant bridge systems

which features high speed

of construction and/or low

post-earthquake repair

costs

Obj. 2: Guarantee long

term seismic resilience by

improving the durability of

the materials and the

seismic resistant

connections

Obj. 3: Build robust

modeling techniques and

loss-estimation tools for an

easier implementation in the

Industry

Recent Research at the University of Canterbury

Precast Column Connections

Precast High Damage (Emulative)

Internal

Bars

Armouring/

Confinement

Precast Low Damage

(Non-emulative)

External

Dissipators

Post Tensioning

Precast Controlled Damage (Non-emulative)

Internal Bars

Armouring/Cover

Confinement

Post Tensioning

Low Medium High

Cast-in-place/

Monolithic

Material / Fabrication

Cost

Construction Time

Repair Cost and Time

Precast High

Damage

(Emulative)


Cost

Construction Time


Precast

Controlled

Damage (Non-

emulative)


Cost

Construction Time


Precast Low

Damage (Non-

emulative)


Cost

Construction Time


Conclusions• Over the last 3 decades, ABC has been gaining a lot of popularity

around the world.

• Each nation has developed ABC in accordance with their societal

needs.

• Several types of emulative cast-in-place connections have been

developed and tested for ABC in moderate-to-high seismicity

• U.S. Department of Transportations, located in high seismicity areas,

such as Caltrans, Washington State and Japan are shifting towards

precast concrete bridge piers. Research is still undergoing but several

real applications have also been implemented.

• At this stage the priority from stakeholders is on project delivery but

recent research overseas also witnesses a strong request on

improving post-earthquake repairability especially for urban areas with

intense road traffic.

dr. alessandro palermo - concrete society

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