Zambia National Governance Baseline
Survey Report
Methodology and Main Findings(Workshop Presentation)
October 26, 2004
Purpose and Main Objective
Purpose: To evaluate public services and service providers
Main Objective: To generate information that would be used by the citizens and government of Zambia.
Main Objective (cont.)
The information described in the Report would be used to: • Design and implement public sector
reforms;• Enhance good governance;• Fight corruption; and • Improve the quality of public services
Specific Objectives:
• To assess the quality and adequacy of public services;
• To assess the integrity of public service providers;
• To establish the extent of corruption among public officials;
• To evaluate current anti-corruption strategies;
Specific Objectives (Cont.)
• To identify key problems facing the public;• To get the public’s view of institutional
reforms; and• To identify weak and strong public
institutions in terms of governance.
MethodologySource of Data and Survey
Instrument• The Report is based on primary data;• Data collected from three field surveys
conducted in all provinces of Zambia;• Structured questionnaires used as data
collection instruments.
Pre-Test Survey
• Pre-test survey conducted in rural and urban settings to ascertain:ØStructure and language of questionsØDuration of interviewsØExtent of cooperation from respondents
• Instrument revised in light of pre-test findings
Main Survey
Three categories of respondents were interviewed:§ Households§ Public Officials§ Business Enterprises
Questionnaire details
• Different questionnaire were used for each category of respondents
• Most questions were close-ended• Some questions repeated in all three
types of questionnaires to facilitate comparison across respondents
Sample Distribution
• Total sample size: 3,000§Households: 1,500§Public Officials 1,000§Businesses 500
Household SurveyHousehold Sample Distribution• Heads of households targeted for interviews• 50 SEAs - Standard Enumeration Areas -
selected• Households allocated to provinces, and
rural/urban areas, on basis of sample-proportion-to-size method - 2000 census population figures used to assign weights.
Household sample distribution
• Rural stratum: 870• Urban stratum: 630• Household sample selection:
– Households in selected SEAs listed– Random sample drawn
Public officials sample
• 2000 GRZ Establishment Register and ZRA Staff List used as sampling frames
• Sample grouped in three categories:• Policy makers• Programme managers• Support staff• Sample allocated to headquarters, province,
and district, using sample proportion to size procedure
Business sample
• Managers targeted for interview• List of Businesses in SEAs selected for
household interviews compiled from CSO Register of establishments
• Businesses on list stratified by International Standard Industrial Classification, and by size
• Sample randomly selected
Corruption: one of the most important
challengesKey problems in Zambia
(% of respondents reporting that these are very serious problems)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Infraestructure/Qualityof roads
Corruption in the publicsector
Safety concerns / crime
High cost of living
Households Managers Public Officials
Types of corruption in Zambia
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
percentage of users that were asked for a bribe to obtain publicservices
percentage of managers that were asked to pay a bribe whilerequesting licenses and permits
purchasing of positions (% of public officials reporting it is veryfrequent)
percentage of users that were asked to pay a bribe while tryingto obtain a public service
public funds misappropriation (% of public officials reporting it isvery frequent)
% of respondents who reported that type of corruption
Quality of Public Services
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Zambia National Commercial Bank
Postal Services
Electricity
Telephone
Company Registration
Social Securiy
Public education services
Police excluding traffic police
Councils
Public health services
Traffic Police
Pensions
% of respondents reporting high qualityManagers Households
Quality of public services across provinces (as reported by households)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Central
Copperbelt
Eastern
Luapula
Lusaka
Northern
North-Western
Southern
Western
Central
Copperbelt
Eastern
Luapula
Lusaka
Northern
North-Western
Southern
Western
% of households reporting high quality
Postal Services
Traffic Police
Quality of public services across provinces (as reported by managers)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Central
Copperbelt
Eateren
Luapula
Lusaka
Northern
North-Western
Southern
Western
Central
Copperbelt
Eastern
Luapula
Lusaka
Northern
North-Western
Southern
Western
Public Health Services
Zambia National Commercial Bank
% of managers reporting high quality
Note: No manager in the North-Western province reported high quality of public health services. The same is true for the Western province in the case of the Zambia National Commercial Bank
Honesty and institutions
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Church/Religious body
Public news media
Post office
NGO
Zambia Telecommunications Company (ZAMTEL)
Zambia Electricity Supply Corportation (ZESCO)
Immigration Department
Ministry of Finance & Economic Planning (Budget Office)
Cabinet
Road Traffic Commission
Police
Traffic Police
% of repondents reporting the institution to be honestHoseholds Business Public Officials
Public Officials’ views on decision making
0% 1 0 % 2 0 % 30% 40% 5 0 % 6 0 % 7 0 % 8 0 % 9 0 % 100%
High Courts
ZAMPOST (Posta l Sev ices)
Ministry of Labour and Social Securi ty
Nat ional Assembly
Ministry of Home Affairs
Ministry of Mines and Minerals Development
Zambia Revenue Author i ty (ZRA)
Municipal government
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Tourism , Environment and Natural Resources
Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry
Zambia Electr ic i ty Supply Corportat ion (ZESCO)
Nat ional Housing Authori ty (NHA)
Permanent Human Rights Commiss ion
Ministry of Agriculture, and Cooperatives
Off ice of the President - Provinces
Police
Judiciary
Ministry of Community Development and Social Services
Magistrate Courts
Off ice of the President – Publ ic Service Management Divis ion
Ministry of Health
Traffic Police
Zambia Telecommunicat ions Company (ZAMTEL)
Censorsh ip Board of Zambia
Ministry of Finance and National Planning
Ministry of Works and Supply
Defence forces
Off ice of the President – Cabinet Off ice
% of public officials reporting that an excessive number of administrative steps are required for carrying out procedures
Bribes are not exclusive for national enterprises…
Bribes for type of activity: Comparing domestic and foreign enterprises
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Request for licenses and permits
Public service procedure
Pursue legal proceedings in the judicial branch
Obtain contracts with state institutions
Update on fiscal situation
% of managers reporting that bribes are very frequentDomestic Foreign
Corruption affects differently Urban and Rural areas (as reported by managers)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
RuralUrban
To obtain licenses and permits
To speed up legal proceedings in the judicial branch
To obtain basic public services
To update/revise tax status
To obtain contracts with state institutions
% of managers reporting that bribes are very frequent…
Corruption affects differently Urban and Rural areas (as reported by households)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
RuralUrban
To obtain licenses and permits
To speed up legal proceedings in the judicial branch
To obtain basic public services
To update/revise tax status
% of households reporting that bribes are very frequent…
Practice of Purchasing Jobs, (as reported by public officials)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Min. of Finance and National Planning
Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA)
Min. of Health
Min. of Education
Min. of Works and Supply
Min. of Mines and Minerals Development
Traffic Police
Zambia Telecommunications Company -ZAMTEL
Zambia Postal Services- ZAMPOST
Municipal government
Off.of the President – Public Service Management Division
Judiciary
superiors collegues at the same level subordinates
% of public officials reporting purchase of jobs is a very common practice among...
Frequency of bribes (as reported by households)
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA)- Vat Division
Zambia Telecommunications Company -ZAMTEL.
Company Registration
Water and Sewerage Company
Public education services
Zambia Electricity Suplly Corporation-ZESCO
ZRA Taxes Division
Public health services
Councils
Lands Department
Pensions
Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA)- Customs Division
Passport office
Judges/Courts officials
National Registration office
Traffic police
Police excluding traffic police
Note: The frequency was calculated for those users who contacted the agency seeking attention
Frequency of bribes (as reported by managers)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Zambia Postal Services
Tender Board
Zambia Telecommunications Company -ZAMTEL.
Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA)- Vat Division
Water and Sewerage Company
Company Registration
ZRA Taxes Division
Zambia Electricity Suplly Corporation-ZESCO
Public health services
Pensions
Public education services
Councils
Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA)- Customs Division
Judges/Courts officials
National Registration office
Passport office
Police excluding traffic police
Lands Department
Traffic police
Note: The frequency was calculated for those users who contacted the agency seeking attention
Corruption increases inequality, 1
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Bri
bes
as %
of h
ouse
hold
in
com
e
Wholecountry
Low Middle High
Percentage of household income paid as bribes to obtain public services, by household income status (as reported by households)
By household income
Note: figures are calculated out of those users who contacted the agency, and they are weighted by income level
Corruption increases inequality, 2
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
Bri
bes
as %
of r
even
ue
Wholecountry
Small Medium Large
Percentage of firms revenue paid as bribes to obtain public services, by firms size (as reported by firms)
By firms sizeNote: figures are calculated out of those firms who contacted the agency, and they are weighted by revenues
Corruption while doing business with the Government
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
CountryAverage
Small Medium Large
When doing business with the government, average % of the invoice that firms forfeit to receive its payment from the government (as reported by managers)
By size of firmNote: Figures are calculated for those managers reporting that their firm have made sales to the government over the last three years
Corruption imposes barriers to access basic social services
Cost of corruption: discouraged users by service
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
National Registration Office
Police Excluding traffic Police
Public health services
Councils
Water & Sewerage
Traffic Police
Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA)- Taxes Division
Proportion of head households reporting that they decide to not conduct procedures with these institutions because they couldn’t pay the unofficial costs
Justice is particularly affected by corruption
Bribes to pursue Legal Proceedings
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
households
business
public officials
% of respondents reporting that most times/always bribes are paid to pursue legal proceedings
Inaccessibility of the Justice System
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
% of households/firms that felt the need to use the court
system but decided not to
Households Businesses
Utilization of Court System (as reported by households and managers)
Undue Influence on the Judiciarypercentage of households reporting that the Judiciary is...
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
central
copperbelt
eastern
luapula
lusaka
northern
north-western
southern
western
central
copperbelt
eastern
luapula
lusaka
northern
north-western
southern
western
Manipulated by Economic Interests
Dependent on Government
Performance of the Judiciary(as reported by managers)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Less corrupt than the government
Very fair
Deserves confidence
Laws apply equally to the rich and the poor
Independent of the government
Independent of economic pressures
% of managers who agree that the Judicial sector in Zambia is...
Obstacles to using courts in Zambia (as reported by households and firms)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
% o
f res
pond
ents
agr
eein
g th
at
the
obst
acle
is v
ery
impo
rtan
t
Small Medium Large lowincome
middleincome
highincome
Too long the process
Court decisionsinfluenced by corruption
Gratifications
Businesses Households
Time Spent Dealing with the Bureaucracy
Institution where firms spent more time dealing with bureaucracy
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%
Zambia RevenueAuthority (ZRA)
Zambia ElectricitySupply
Corportation(ZESCO)
Councils Public HealthServices
Police
% of firms reporting that the greatest amount of time was spent in this institution
Willingness to pay to eliminate corruption (as reported by managers)
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
All Small Medium Large
Additional taxes that firms would be willing to pay to eliminate corruption
By size of firm
Public Officials’ support to public sector reforms
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Establishing a living wage for public employees
Establishing personnel management system where compensationand promotions are based on performance
Administrative decentralization of the state
Greater oversight of government functions by the general publicand civil society
Regular declaration of assets of public officials
Reduction in governemtn worforce, if it allows an increase insalary and benefits for remaining government workers
Privatization of public services
Against In favor% of public officials who are..