Download - YOUR BODY: FORM & FUNCTION
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YOUR BODY: FORM & FUNCTION
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Key Terms
• Anatomy: body’s structure
• Physiology: function- how things
work
• Homeostasis: maintenance of stable internal environment
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Calcium: highest mineral in body
99% in bone & teeth (structure)
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Calcium important:
1. Structure- bones/teeth
2. Function: muscle contraction,
blood clotting
Bone Blood Muscles
Calcium
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What happens when your blood calcium level starts to fall?
Blood calcium stimulus parathyroid glands (neck) Parathyroid hormone bones Blood (normal level) calcium
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Return to normal blood calcium
Stop releasing parathyroid
hormone
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
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What happens if bones continue to release calcium & not replaced in diet?
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Not enough calcium in diet?
Bones calcium blood
Bone thinning: osteoporosis
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Osteoporosis
• Peak bone mass: ages 16-30 • After 35-45 bone breakdown > bone formed • Bone density: African Americans > Caucasians Men > Women Smoking alcohol Weight bearing exercises, calcium
intake
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Vitamin D
Some people don’t
get enough from:
1) Diet
2) Made in skin
(sunlight)
Vitamin D:
Important for
Calcium absorption
Low Vitamin D, bones
Lose calcium
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Vitamin D
May also protect you against
• Cancer
• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Type 2 Diabetes
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Vitamin D & sunlight- most of US:
November-February- Vitamin D: skin
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Human Anatomy
• Dorsal (back) cavity: cranial (brain) & spinal cavities
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• Ventral (front) cavity:
1. Thoracic : lungs and heart
2. Abdominal: stomach, liver, intestines
Partition: muscle sheet= diaphragm
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Organ system
Body
Parts Organ
Tissue
Cells
Molecules Atoms
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• Atoms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Molecule: H2O
• Organelle: mitochondria
• Cell: basic unit of life - heart muscle cell
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• Tissues: cells together- common function (ex: heart muscle beating)
• Organ: different tissue types: special body function (heart): nervous + muscle tissue
• Organ system: several organs + tissues working together Example: cardiovascular system (heart + blood vessels + nervous tissue)
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4 Tissue Types
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1. Epithelium: covers surfaces
Examples: skin, inner lining blood vessels
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2. Connective Tissue: support
Cells surrounded by “ground substance”: extracellular material
Example: bone & cartilage
Cells + ground substance (hard)
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Example: blood cells + plasma (fluid)
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3. Muscle Tissue: ability to contract (shorten)
Three types:
A) Skeletal
B) Cardiac
C) Smooth
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Skeletal: striped (striated)- biceps
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Cardiac (heart) muscle (striated): dies during heart attack
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Smooth muscle: no striations Ex. Stomach, blood vessels, uterus, lung tubes
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4. Nervous Tissue
Neurons Glial Cells
(impulses) Wrap around neurons: speed
nerve impulse
Also: “sense organs”: eyes, ears
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Organs: Several different tissues
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Animals in Research & Safety Testing
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Saving Animals: tissue engineering
• In vitro testing: use cells from human donors
• Cells grown into tissue
• Example: “reconstructed human epidermis”
• Used for drug testing: pharmaceutical companies
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Human Skin growing “in vitro”
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Cosmetics Industry & Animal Testing
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In 2009: “Only companies that don’t use animal testing can sell makeup in Europe” NY Times 11/20/07
Cosmetic companies: human skin harvested from cosmetic operations
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Cosmetic Industry: L’Oreal- test safety cosmetics
• Alternative to skin
testing/sacrificing
thousands of
mice, dogs,
rabbits
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Tissue Engineering
Cells + Matrix Materials
Grow together in vitro
Replacement
Trachea (wind pipe) Arteries
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“Blood Vessels Grown from Patient’s Skin”
NY Times 10/9/07
Cytograft Tissue Engineering, California
Replace damaged blood vessels without rejection
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Building a new heart from old tissue
• Adult rat heart- soak in chemicals
• Leave behind
structural
tissue
“skeleton”
• Add heart cells
from baby rat
• Produce new
beating/pumping heart
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Cancer Cells Live Forever In Vitro
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1951 Henrietta Lacks died
aggressive cervical cancer
at Johns Hopkins Baltimore
• Doc snip- cervical tissue:
gave to researcher
• Family not notified
• Her cells “Multiplied like
crazy and never died”
in vitro (NY Times 2/2/10)
• Her cells: “immortal”
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• Named HeLa cell line
• HeLa cells research:
1. 1st Polio vaccine
2. Went into outer space:
study: zero gravity
3. Drug development:
Parkinson’s, leukemia,
influenza
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11 organ systems: organs + tissues working together
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#1 Integumentary: skin, hair, nails, glands (oil, sweat)
Function: protection, stable body temperature
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#2 Skeletal: Bones, cartilage, ligaments
Function:
Support
&
Protection
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#3 Muscular & # 4 Nervous systems
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#3 Muscular system
Function: movement, posture, support
Produces heat: keeps us warm
#4 Nervous system: sends signals (impulses): brain, spinal cord, nerves
Sense organs (eyes & ears)
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#5 Endocrine & # 6 Lymphatic Systems
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#5 Endocrine System
Hormones: chemical messengers
Produced: endocrine glands
Example: Thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone
Speeds up metabolism
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#6 Lymphatic system:
Lymphatic vessels: collect extracellular fluid blood
Immune cells: lymph nodes
protect against cancers, infections (bacteria)
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#7 Cardiovascular &
#8 Respiratory Systems
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#7 Cardiovascular System
• Heart, blood, blood vessels, bone marrow (makes red blood cells)
• Carries:
nutrients,
gases,
hormones,
wastes
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#8 Respiratory System
• Lungs and air passageways
• Exchange
O2 & CO2
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#9 Digestive & #10 Urinary Systems
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#9 Digestive System
• 30 foot tube: mouth anus
• Digestion of food
• Absorption:
Nutrients & H2O
• Includes: pancreas,
Liver
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#10 Urinary System
• Removes wastes
• Conserves H2O
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#11 Male & Female Reproductive System
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What are your vital signs?
• Temperature: 98.6 F
• Blood Pressure: 120/80
• Pulse: 72 beats/minute
• Respiration: 15-20 breaths/minute