www.uis.unesco.org
STI Indicators and links to STI policies + UIS activities in the collection and analysis of STI
indicators and overview of data for the Caribbean
CARIBBEAN REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION (STI) INDICATORSSt George’s, Grenada
1-3 February 2011
www.uis.unesco.org
Objectives of this presentation
Science policy and the linkage to indicators
Present the work that UIS does to support the collection and analysis of STI indicators in developing countries
Provide an overview of the availability of STI indicators worldwide and in the region
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Science policy and the linkage to indicators
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Science, technology and innovation (STI)
STI universally recognised now as one of the main drivers of economic growth…
… and therefore of poverty reduction as well
Governments should aim to harness the benefits of STI
Hence the need for a national STI policy
Integrated in the overall national strategic plan
Coordinated between the various actors that have a stake (e.g. Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Higher Education, etc.)
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The need for monitoring
Monitoring and benchmarking is critical in assessing, implementing and evaluating policy
If you don’t know where you are, how do you know in which direction you need to go?
Policies often include targets: need for (statistical) measures to assess progress
• E.g. Lisbon target (3%)
• China: 2.5% by 2020
• CPA: 1% in Africa
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STI policy, evidence/data needed: indicators to tell a story
Do I need to invest in R&D or in Higher Education?• Better know how much you are investing already
• What is a convenient and relevant measure?
• % of GDP? Number of graduates?
In which areas should I invest predominantly?• In which areas am I already investing?
• Which are important economic sectors, in mining, agriculture, industry, services, etc?
• Which are crucial public sectors, and what are national or regional peculiarities? (health, environment, utilities, defense,…)
Do I need to improve quality of higher education or research?• Better know how you compare to other countries
• Are there sufficient links of universities and institutes to industry?
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Some examples – UNESCO
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Some examples – EU
The EU innovation Scoreboard is "an annual assessment of innovation
performance in the individual Member States of the European Union.
It was an explicit request of the European Council of Ministers meeting
in Lisbon in March 2000
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Some examples – OECD
Innovation strategy
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Some examples – AU/NEPAD
The ASTII Initiative is a programme in the Africa’s Science and Technology Consolidated Plan of Action (CPA) (adopted in 2005) by the African
Ministerial Conference on Science and Technology (AMCOST), resolving “to
establish an inter-governmental committee comprising of relevant
national authorities to develop, adopt and use common indicators to survey
and prepare an African Science, technology and Innovation report”.
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Some examples – Latin America
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UIS activities in the collection and analysis
of STI indicators and
Overview of data for the Caribbean
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UIS is the UN lead agency for S&T statistics
Official S&T data source for:
UN Statistical Division: UN Statistical Year Book
UNDP: Human Development Report
World Bank: World Development Indicators
UNESCO Reports:
• UNESCO Science Report
• UNESCO World Report - Towards Knowledge Societies
• International Report on S&T and Gender
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UIS Strategy on S&T statistics
International Review of S&T Statistics & Indicators 2002-03
Resulting priorities:
Immediate term: • R&D personnel & expenditure
• Human resources devoted to S&T
• Science education & Higher education
• International mobility
• Gender
Medium term: Innovation data• Just started!
Longer term: Output & Impact
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Lines of action
1. S&T survey operation and data guardianship
2. Training in S&T statistics: workshops & other training activities
3. Standard setting and methodological developments
4. Analysis and publications
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1. S&T Survey operation and data guardianship
Global survey on statistics of science & technology
Global database on S&T Statistics
Data dissemination: on the UIS website and through contributions to other agencies
2011: pilot survey of innovation data
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Survey on Statistics of Science & Technology
Biennially.
2004, 2006 and 2008 S&T surveys completed.
4th round launched in June 2010.
Results released on UIS website (http://stats.uis.unesco.org).
OECD and Eurostat provide data for their Member States.
RICYT provides data for Latin America and for a few Caribbean countries.
UIS keeps direct contact with national S&T statisticians.
www.uis.unesco.org
Data collection
R&D Personnel
By sector of employment, occupation, qualification, and field of science
In headcount and FTE
By gender
R&D Expenditure
By sector of performance and source of funds
New: by type of activity and field of science
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Data collection in LAC
UIS RICYT Not coveredAntigua and Barbuda xBelize xBritish Virgin Islands xDominica xGrenada xSaint Lucia xPM: Netherlands Antilles xSaint Vincent and the Grenadines xBahamas xBarbados xCuba xDominican Republic xGuyana xHaiti xJamaica xSaint Kitts and Nevis xSuriname xTrinidad and Tobago xCuraçao xMontserrat xSint Maarten xPeatro Rico x
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UIS 2008 and 2010 Surveys on R&D:response rates & published data
Regions (Countries and Territories
covered)
Responses Q 2008
Responses Q 2010
Published data
Sub-Saharan Africa (45) 20 44%45%
16 36%38%
26 58%60%
Arab States-Africa (8) 4 50% 4 50% 6 75%
Asia (31, excl. Arab States & OECD) 21 68%63%
20 65%63%
24 77%65%
Arab States - Asia (12) 6 50% 7 58% 4 33%
Americas (14, excl. RICYT & OECD) 4 29% 0 0% 4 29%
Europe (16, excl. OECD & Eurostat) 11 69% 6 38% 10 63%
Oceania (17, excl. OECD) 4 24% 1 6% 3 18%
Sub-total (143) 70 49% 54 38% 77 54%
Data from other sources:
OECD + Eurostat (45)Total coverage Total coverage
45 100%
RICYT (25, incl. 10 Caribbean) 19 76%
Total (213) 134 63% 118 55% 141 66%
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How many researchers are there?Number of researchers worldwide
Source: UIS, June 2010
4.0
4.5
1.8
2.7
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Developed countries Developing countries
Re
se
arc
he
rs (
mill
ion
s)
2002 (5.8 million) 2007 (7.2 million)
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How many researchers are there?Number of researchers worldwide
Source: UIS, June 2010 Note: Data for the USA are for 2006 instead of 2007
1.2
1.3
0.6
0.90.8
1.0
1.4 1.4
0.9
1.4
1.3
0.7
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
EU USA Japan Otherdeveloped
China Otherdeveloping
Re
se
arc
he
rs (
mill
ion
s)
2002 (5.8 million) 2007 (7.2 million)
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Where are researchers located?Shares of world researchers by principal regions, 2002 and 2007 (%)
Source: UIS, September 2009
2002 (5.8 million)
Oceania,2.1%
Africa,2.3%
Latin America & Caribbean,
2.9%North
America,25.2%
Europe,31.9%
Asia,35.7%
2007 (7.1 million)
Oceania,2.1%
Africa,2.3%
Latin America & Caribbean,
3.6%North
America,22.2%
Europe,28.4%
Asia,41.4%
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Shares of world researchers by principal regions/countries, 2002 and 2007 (%)
35.
7%
31.9
%
28.1
%
25.2
%
23
.2%
14.
0%
20.
3%
11.
2%
10.0
%
8.5%
5.0
%
4.6
%
2.9
%
3.2
%
3.0
%
2.3%
2.3%
2.1
%
1.7
%
1.6
%
1.2
%
1.5
%
0.5%
0.8%
0.6
%
0.7
%
0.5
%
0.4
%
0.4
%
0.2%
41.
4%
28.
4%
25.
8%
22.2
%
20.3
%
20.1
%
18
.9%
10.
0%
7.8
%
6.6
%
6.0%
4.0%
3.6
%
3.0
%
2.5
%
2.3
%
2.2
%
2.1%
1.8%
1.8
%
1.7
%
1.4
%
0.7
%
0.7%
0.6%
0.6%
0.5
%
0.4
%
0.3
%
0.3%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
As
ia
Eu
rop
e
Am
eri
ca
s
No
rth
Am
eri
ca
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Ch
ina
Eu
rop
ea
n U
nio
n
Ja
pan
C.I
.S.
Eu
rop
e
Ru
ssi
an
Fe
d.
N.I
.E.
Asi
a
Ge
rma
ny
L.A
.C.
Fra
nc
e
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
Afr
ica
Ind
ia
Oc
ea
nia
C.E
.O.
Eu
rop
e
Oth
er
in A
sia
Bra
zil
Ara
b S
tate
s (A
fric
a)
Me
xic
o
Eg
ypt
Oth
er
Su
b-S
ah
ara
n
C.I
.S. A
sia
Arg
en
tin
a
Isra
el
Ara
b S
tate
s (A
sia
)
So
uth
Afr
ica
2002 2007
Source: UIS estimates, September 2009
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Which countries host the greatest number of researchers?Number of researchers, 2007 or latest available year
Source: UIS, August 2010
United Kingdom,261,406
Rep. of Korea,221,928
Germany,290,853
Russia,451,213
Japan, 709,974
China,1,423,380
United States,1,425,550
Canada,139,011
India,154,827
France,215,755
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Researchers in the Caribbean
Researchers in headcount Total%
femaleper millioninhabitants
per thousandlabour force
Cuba (2008) 5525 48.5 493 1.08
Saint Lucia (1999) 74 33.3 477 1.14
Saint Vincent andthe Grenadines (2002) 21 .. 194 0.44
Trinidad and Tobago (2007) 634 38.0 477 0.93
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What are the national research densities? Researchers per million inhabitants, 2007 or latest available year
0 – 100 per million
101 – 300 per million
301 – 1000 per million
1001 – 2000 per million
Data not available
2001 per million and above
Source: UIS, August 2010
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What are the national research densities? Researchers per million inhabitants, 2007 or latest available year
0 – 100 per million
101 – 300 per million
301 – 1000 per million
1001 – 2000 per million
Data not available
2001 per million and above
Source: UIS, August 2010
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How many researchers are there?Researchers per million inhabitants, by principal regions/countries, 2007 or latest year available
5,54
8
4,70
7
4,65
4
4,26
2
3,44
3
3,44
2
3,29
2
2,88
8
2,72
8
2,72
8
2,51
5
2,01
3
1,16
4
1,07
1
1,06
3
1,00
7
978
742
654
625
526
507
464
450
385
198
178
169
136
60
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
Ja
pa
n
Un
ite
d S
tate
s -
1
No
rth
Am
eri
ca
Oc
ea
nia
Fra
nc
e -
1
Ge
rma
ny
Ru
ss
ian
Fe
d.
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
C.I
.S.
Eu
rop
e
Eu
rop
ea
n U
nio
n
Eu
rop
e
Am
eri
ca
s
C.E
.O.
Eu
rop
e
Ch
ina
Wo
rld
N.I
.E.
As
ia
Arg
en
tin
a
As
ia
Eg
yp
t
Bra
zil
-1
C.I
.S.
As
ia
Ara
b S
tate
s (
Afr
ica
)
Me
xic
o -
2
L.A
.C.
So
uth
Afr
ica
-1
Ara
b S
tate
s (
As
ia)
Oth
er
in A
sia
Afr
ica
Ind
ia -
2
Oth
er
Su
b-S
ah
ara
n
Notes: -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005Source: UIS estimates, September 2009
www.uis.unesco.org
The gender gap in science.Women as a share of total researchers, 2007 or latest available year
0% – 30%
30.1% – 45%
45.1% – 55%
55.1% – 70%
Data not available
70.1% – 100%
Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: Data in this map are based on HC, except for Congo (based on FTE).
www.uis.unesco.org
The gender gap in science.Women as a share of total researchers, 2007 or latest available year
0% – 30%
30.1% – 45%
45.1% – 55%
55.1% – 70%
Data not available
70.1% – 100%
Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: Data in this map are based on HC, except for Congo (based on FTE).
www.uis.unesco.org
Gender gap in research career? Proportion of women and men graduates in tertiary education and those employed as researchers, 2008
Source: UIS, October 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Bachelor's degree Master's degree PhD degree Researchers
Wo
me
n a
nd
me
n (
%)
Women Men
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Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) worldwide (in Purchasing Power Parity Dollars)
Source: UIS, June 2010
873.2
653.0
137.3
272.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Developed countries Developing countries
GE
RD
(in
bill
ion
s P
PP
$)
2002 (790.3 billion) 2007 (1145.7 billion)
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Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) worldwide (in Purchasing Power Parity Dollars)
Source: UIS, June 2010
277
206
108
6239
98
265
87102
373
170148
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
USA EU Japan Otherdeveloped
China Otherdeveloping
GE
RD
(in
bill
ion
s P
PP
$)
2002 (790.3 billion) 2007 (1145.7 billion)
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Where are R&D investments made?Shares of world R&D expenditure (GERD) by principal regions, 2002 and 2007 (%)
Source: UIS, September 2009
2002 (789 billion PPP$)
North America,
37.8%
Asia,27.1%
Europe,30.3%
Latin America & Caribbean,
2.6%
Oceania,1.4% Africa,
0.9%
2007 (1138 billion PPP$)
North America,
34.7%
Asia,32.7%
Europe,27.3%
Latin America & Caribbean,
2.9%
Oceania,1.6% Africa,
0.9%
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Shares of world R&D expenditure (GERD) by principal regions/countries, 2002 and 2007 (%)
40
.4%
37
.8%
27
.1%
35
.1%
30
.3%
26
.1%
13
.7%
5.0
%
5.1
% 7.2
%
4.8
%
3.9
%
2.6
%
2.3
%
1.6
%
2.0
%
1.8
%
1.5
%
1.4
%
0.6
%
0.9
%
0.8
%
0.5
%
0.3
%
0.3
%
0.2
%
0.1
%
0.1
%
0.1
%
0.1
%
37
.6%
34
.7%
32
.7%
32
.4%
27
.3%
22
.9%
13
.0%
9.2
%
6.4
%
6.1
%
3.8
%
3.3
%
2.9
%
2.4
%
2.2
%
2.1
%
1.9
%
1.6
%
1.6
%
0.9
%
0.9
%
0.8
%
0.6
%
0.4
%
0.3
%
0.2
%
0.2
%
0.1
%
0.1
%
0.1
%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Am
eric
as
No
rth
Am
eric
a
Asi
a
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Eu
rop
e
Eu
rop
ean
Un
ion
Jap
an
Ch
ina
N.I.
E. A
sia
Ger
man
y
Fra
nce
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
L.A
.C.
C.I.
S. E
uro
pe
Ind
ia
Ru
ssia
n F
ed.
C.E
.O. E
uro
pe
Bra
zil
Oce
ania
Oth
er in
Asi
a
Afr
ica
Isra
el
Mex
ico
So
uth
Afr
ica
Ara
b S
tate
s (A
fric
a)
Oth
er S
ub
-Sah
aran
Arg
enti
na
Ara
b S
tate
s (A
sia)
Eg
ypt
C.I.
S. A
sia
2002 2007
Source: UIS estimates, September 2009
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World’s top 10 leaders in R&D investmentGERD ( billions PPP$), 2007 or latest available year
Source: UIS, August 2010
Rep. of Korea,41.3
India,24.8United Kingdom,
41.0
France,42.9
Canada,24.0 Russia,
23.4
Germany,72.2
China,102.4 Japan,
147.9
United States,398.1
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A snap-shot of R&D intensity.Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a percentage of GDP, 2007 or latest available year
0.00% – 0.25%
0.26% – 0.50%
0.51% – 1.00%
1.01% – 2.00%
Data not available
2.01% and above
Source: UIS, August 2010
www.uis.unesco.org
A snap-shot of R&D intensity.Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a percentage of GDP, 2007 or latest available year
0.00% – 0.25%
0.26% – 0.50%
0.51% – 1.00%
1.01% – 2.00%
Data not available
2.01% and above
Source: UIS, August 2010
www.uis.unesco.org
R&D expenditure in the Caribbean
R&D expenditure
in '000local
Currencyas a %of GDP
in constant2005 PPP
('000)
per capita(in constant
2005 PPP)
Bermuda (1997) 1726 0.06 .. ..
Cuba (2008) 304400 0.49 .. ..
Jamaica (2002) 286837 0.06 10598 4.1
Saint Lucia (1999) 6814 0.36 4706 30.3
Saint Vincent andthe Grenadines (2002) 1500 0.15 1027 9.5
Trinidad and Tobago(2007) 81100 0.06 17676 13.3
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Which regions are most R&D intensive?Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a % of GDP by principal regions/countries, 2007 or latest year available
4.7%
3.4%
2.7%
2.6%
2.6%
2.1%
2.1%
2.1%
1.8%
1.8%
1.8%
1.7%
1.6%
1.6%
1.5%
1.3%
1.1%
1.1%
1.0%
1.0%
0.8%
0.6%
0.5%
0.5%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
4.0%
4.5%
5.0%
Isra
el
Ja
pa
n
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
No
rth
Am
eri
ca
Ge
rma
ny
Fra
nc
e
Am
eri
ca
s
Oc
ea
nia
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
N.I
.E.
As
ia
Eu
rop
ea
n U
nio
n
Wo
rld
Eu
rop
e
As
ia
Ch
ina
C.E
.O.
Eu
rop
e
Ru
ss
ian
Fe
d.
C.I
.S.
Eu
rop
e
Bra
zil
-1
So
uth
Afr
ica
-1
Ind
ia
L.A
.C.
Arg
en
tin
a
Me
xic
o -
2
Oth
er
in A
sia
Afr
ica
Ara
b S
tate
s (
Afr
ica
)
Oth
er
Su
b-S
ah
ara
n
Eg
yp
t
C.I
.S.
As
ia
Ara
b S
tate
s (
As
ia)
Notes: -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005Source: UIS estimates, September 2009
www.uis.unesco.org
R&D intensity (GERD as a % of GDP) by principal regions, 1990 – 2007
Sources: For 1990 – 2000, UIS estimates, 2004. For 2002 -2007, UIS estimates, September 2009.
2.6%2.6%
2.1%
1.1%
1.6%1.8%
1.6%1.8%
0.5%
0.6%
0.4%
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
1990 1992 1994 1996/1997 1999/2000 2002 2007
NorthernAmerica
Oceania
WORLD
Europe
Asia
LatinAmerica &Caribbean
Africa
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Which sectors perform the most R&D?A breakdown of R&D investment in Europe.GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest available year
Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -3 = 2004.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rg +
1
Sw
ed
en
+1
Sw
itze
rla
nd
-3
Fin
lan
d +
1
Au
str
ia
De
nm
ark
+1
Ge
rma
ny
Be
lgiu
m +
1
Ma
lta
+1
Ire
lan
d +
1
Slo
ve
nia
+1
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m +
1
Fra
nc
e +
1
Ru
ss
ian
Fe
d. +
1
Cze
ch
Re
p. +
1
Be
laru
s
Uk
rain
e
Ne
the
rla
nd
s +
1
Sp
ain
+1
Ice
lan
d +
1
No
rwa
y +
1
Ita
ly +
1
Hu
ng
ary
Po
rtu
ga
l +1
Cro
ati
a +
1
Es
ton
ia +
1
Slo
va
kia
+1
Tu
rke
y
Bu
lga
ria
+1
Po
lan
d +
1
Ro
ma
nia
+1
Gre
ec
e
La
tvia
+1
Lit
hu
an
ia +
1
Cy
pru
s +
1
Re
p. o
f M
old
ov
a
Ma
ce
do
nia
(F
YR
) -1
Mo
nte
ne
gro
Se
rbia
Bo
sn
ia &
He
rze
go
vin
a
Business enterprise Government Higher education Private non-profit Unknown
www.uis.unesco.org
A breakdown of R&D investment in the Americas.GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest available year
Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Un
ited
Sta
tes
+1
Can
ada
+1
Mex
ico
Ch
ile -
3
Bra
zil -
3
Co
sta
Ric
a
Arg
enti
na
Per
u -
3
Tri
nid
ad &
To
bag
o -
1
Bo
livia
-5
Co
lom
bia
Ecu
ado
r
Uru
gu
ay +
1
Gu
atem
ala
Pan
ama
-2
Par
agu
ay -
2
Business enterprise Government Higher education
Private non-profit Unknown
www.uis.unesco.org
A breakdown of R&D investment in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest available year
Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
So
uth
Afr
ica
Su
dan
-2
Mo
rocc
o -
1
Bo
tsw
ana
-2
Tu
nis
ia -
2
Zam
bia
-2
Ug
and
a
Sey
chel
les
-2
Eth
iop
ia
Bu
rkin
a F
aso
Mad
agas
car
Sen
egal
-2
Mal
aysi
a -1
Isra
el +
1
Jap
an
Rep
. o
f K
ore
a
Ch
ina
Sin
gap
ore
Ph
ilip
pin
es -
2
Ho
ng
Ko
ng
-1
Kaz
akh
stan
+1
Th
aila
nd
-2
Lao
PD
R -
5
Ind
ia
Kyr
gyz
stan
Aze
rbai
jan
Sri
Lan
ka -
1
Vie
t N
am -
5
Iran
-1
Cam
bo
dia
-5
Ind
on
esia
-2
Mo
ng
oli
a
Arm
enia
Taj
ikis
tan
-2
Bru
nei
-3
Pak
ista
n
Geo
rgia
-2
Au
stra
lia
-1
New
Zea
lan
d
Business enterprise Government Higher education Private non-profit Unknown
www.uis.unesco.org
Which sectors finance the most in R&D?Funding in Europe.GERD by source of funds, 2007 or latest available year
Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: +1 = 2008, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -4 = 2003, -5 = 2002
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rg
Sw
itze
rla
nd
-3
Fin
lan
d
Ge
rma
ny
Sw
ed
en
Slo
ve
nia
+1
Be
lgiu
m
De
nm
ark
+1
Cze
ch
Re
p. +
1
Ne
the
rla
nd
s -
4
Ma
lta
+1
Fra
nc
e +
1
Ice
lan
d +
1
Ire
lan
d
Tu
rke
y
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m +
1
Po
rtu
ga
l
Au
str
ia +
1
Sp
ain
No
rwa
y
Be
laru
s
Hu
ng
ary
Ita
ly
Cro
ati
a +
1
Slo
va
kia
+1
Bu
lga
ria
Es
ton
ia +
1
Gre
ec
e -
2
Po
lan
d +
1
Uk
rain
e
Ru
ss
ian
Fe
d. +
1
La
tvia
+1
Ro
ma
nia
+1
Lit
hu
an
ia +
1
Cy
pru
s
Ma
ce
do
nia
(F
YR
) -5
Re
p. o
f M
old
ov
a
Business enterprise Government Higher education Private non-profit Abroad Unknown
www.uis.unesco.org
Funding in the Americas.GERD by source of funds, 2007 or latest available year
Source: UIS, August 2010 Notes: +1 = 2008, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Un
ited
Sta
tes
+1
Can
ada
+1
Ch
ile
-3
Mex
ico
Bra
zil
Arg
enti
na
Co
lom
bia
Uru
gu
ay +
1
Ecu
ado
r
Cu
ba
+1
Bo
livi
a -5
El
Sal
vad
or
Pan
ama
-2
Par
agu
ay -
2
Gu
atem
ala
Business enterprise Government Higher education
Private non-profit Abroad Unknown
www.uis.unesco.org
Funding in Africa, Asia and the Pacific.GERD by source of funds, 2007 or latest available year
Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002, -6 = 2001.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
So
uth
Afr
ica
-1
Mo
roc
co
-1
Tu
nis
ia -
2
Ug
an
da
Bu
rkin
a F
as
o
Eth
iop
ia
Ma
da
ga
sc
ar
Mo
zam
biq
ue
-5
Ma
lay
sia
-1
Ja
pa
n
Isra
el -
1
Re
p. o
f K
ore
a
Ch
ina
Ph
ilip
pin
es
-2
Sin
ga
po
re
Ho
ng
Ko
ng
-1
Ka
zak
hs
tan
+1
Th
aila
nd
-2
Ky
rgy
zsta
n -
2
La
o P
DR
-5
Ind
ia
Aze
rba
ijan
Sri
La
nk
a -
1
Vie
t N
am
-5
Ind
on
es
ia -
6
Ira
n -
1
Mo
ng
olia
Ku
wa
it
Ta
jikis
tan
-2
Bru
ne
i -3
Pa
kis
tan
Arm
en
ia
Ca
mb
od
ia -
5
Au
str
alia
-1
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Business enterprise Government Higher education Private non-profit Abroad Unknown
www.uis.unesco.org
Quality of data
Efficient use of resources
Consistency over time and space
Accessibility and affordability
Validityand reliability
Comparability through
standards
Relevance to policy
Potential for disaggregation
Currency and punctuality
Coherence across sources
Clarity and transparency
www.uis.unesco.org
2. Capacity building
There are many problems:
Lack of understanding of importance of S&T (indicators)
Lack of political will and action
Lack of coordination
Lack of trained personnel
High staff turnover
www.uis.unesco.org
Capacity building (2)
Measurement problems:
Measuring “real effort” (full-time equivalents)
Private sector R&D
Budget data vs. surveys
Role of foreign entities
www.uis.unesco.org
S&T statistics workshops
Increase the number of countries regularly producing quality S&T indicators.
Create local capacities and establish sustainable local S&T statistics systems.
Promote the use of S&T indicators for evidence-based S&T policy making.
Share experiences with other developing countries and address problems.
Gain knowledge about the particular characteristics of S&T statistics data.
Demonstrate good practices in other countries of the region.
www.uis.unesco.org
UIS S&T Statistics workshops
2005: Uganda, India
2006: Indonesia, Senegal, Kazakhstan
2007: Tunisia, FYR of Macedonia, Jordan, Brazil, Russia, Cameroon
2008: Oman, Cambodia, Botswana
2009: Kenya, Egypt
2010: Mali, Syria, Uzbekistan, Nepal
But also contributing to similar workshops of partner organisations (e.g. RICYT, NEPAD)
www.uis.unesco.org
Countries that have participated in UNESCO S&T statistics workshops 2005-2010
Countries and territories not yet covered
Countries and territories not targeted
Countries and territories covered
www.uis.unesco.org
Results of workshops
Increased response rate – non-responding countries learn how to do it from UIS and neighbours.
Immediate problems solved.
Increased data quality – improved understanding of application of international standards.
Face to face contacts = more effective networking.
Inputs to UIS programme development.
www.uis.unesco.org
3. Standard setting/methodological developments
Careers of Doctoral Holders – CDH (since 2004)
Measuring Innovation in Developing countries: Annex to the Oslo Manual (2005)
• Will be presented separately
Measuring R&D in Developing Countries: Technical Guide and Annex to the Frascati Manual (2010)
• Will be presented separately
www.uis.unesco.org
The careers of doctorate holders survey (CDH)
A joint project with the OECD and Eurostat.
Methodology developed “from scratch”.
Aimed both at developed and developing countries.
With participation from experts from both developed and developing countries.
Promoting the methodology by encouraging developing countries to conduct such surveys and produce cross-nationally comparable statistics on careers of doctorate holders.
www.uis.unesco.org
Relevance of the CDH project
Focus on the crucial role of highly qualified individuals who represent a key to the production, application and transmission of knowledge.
Statistics on the global trends in human resources for Science and Technology (HRST) very weak.
Quality and comparability of international data on migration is particularly weak.
Diversity of data collection methods hinders international comparability, and does not provide information on career paths and mobility patterns.
www.uis.unesco.org
Objectives of CDH
Objectives:
To design an internationally comparable tool for tracking the careers of doctorates holders and highly qualified people in different countries.
To collect and exchange information on the career paths of holders of doctorates from existing data sources and the new survey tool.
www.uis.unesco.org
CDH toolkit
Components:
Model questionnaire and Instruction Manual
Output tables and variables definitions
Methodological guidelines
Bridge table model questionnaire - output tables
See: http://www.uis.unesco.org/ev.php?URL_ID=5219&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201
and www.oecd.org/sti/cdh
www.uis.unesco.org
CDH modules
Doctoral Education (EDU)
Early Career Research positions (ECR)
Employment situation (EMP)
International mobility (MOB)
Career-related experience (CAR)
Personal characteristics (PER)
www.uis.unesco.org
4. Some publications
Data publicly available at: www.uis.unesco.org
UIS Publications (can be downloaded from the UIS website): • S&T Bulletin 1 – Investment in R&D;
• S&T Bulletin 2 – Bibliometric Indicators;
• S&T Bulletin 3 – Women in Science
• Fact sheet: R&D statistics (recently updated)
UNESCO Science Report 2010
International Report on Science, Technology and Gender 2007
UNESCO World Report
History of Science Statistics at UNESCO
Paper on ‘current status of International Science statistics for Africa’ in African Statistical Journal
www.uis.unesco.org
Collaborations / Partnerships
UNESCO HQs
World Bank
Eurostat
AU-NEPAD
ADB
ATPS
ISDB
EU-Medibtikar
IDRC (Canada)
IRD (France)
UNESCO offices worldwide
OECD
RICYT (Latin America)
ALECSO
Arab Academy of Science
ISESCO
Inter-Academy Council
INRS (Quebec, Canada)
ASEAN
www.uis.unesco.org
Way forward
There is still a lot to do!
UIS needs to keep direct contact with statisticians: Quality and relevance.
Countries to establish sustainable S&T statistics systems, involving line ministries (S&T Ministries or Research Councils) and National Statistical Offices.
Looking forward to further cooperation.