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Chapter 2
Conceptual frameworks for spatial analysis
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The geospatial perspective
A distinct perspective on the worldDomain of geospatial analysisDealing with what happens whereHuman computer interface
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Basic primitives: Place
Terrestrial scale - shape and sizeNaming of placesDynamicsNeed for rigour – coordinate systems and
datums2D vs 3D perspectives on geospatial
issues
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Basic primitives: Attributes
Characteristics associated with placeNominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio and
Cyclical scalesSpatial intensive measuresSpatial extensive measures
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Basic primitives: Attributes
Attribute tables
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Basic primitives: Objects
PointsLinesAreas
Representative pointsPolylinesPolygons
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Basic primitives: Maps
Communicating with mapsTraditional mapsDigital mappingAlternative visualisations – 3D and
dynamic
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Basic primitives: Multiple properties
Multiple properties of place
Concept of layersCombining layersResolving modelling and
geocoding differences
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Basic primitives: Fields
Discrete-object view Continuous-field view Data modelling as a
form of representation Conversion between
model views
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Basic primitives: Spatial weights
Adjacency modelsProximity –
distance basedSpatial weights
matrices, W
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Basic primitives: Networks
Basic components of a networkForms of networkConcept of network topologyApplications of network analysis
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Basic primitives: Density
Density as object count (n) divided by area (a), so d=n/a
Density as link between discrete and continuous model views
Sensitivity to definition of both n and a
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Basic primitives: detail, resolution, scale
Intrinsic complexity of the real worldSpatial resolutionRepresentative fractionResolution and digital datasetsTemporal resolution
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Basic primitives: Topology
General concepts of topologyTopological dimensionAdjacencyConnectivityContainment
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Spatial relationships: Overview
Invariance and displacement Translation/displacement, rotation, reflection
Relative positioningCo-location
Overlay Intersection and Union Co-located or proximal?
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Spatial relationships: Distance & direction
Location and distance/direction calculations
Representative pointsDirection and circular measureSpatial weights matrices
Determination of weights: binary and real- valued
Reconstruction and MDS
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Spatial relationships: Context
Spatial context and proximityNeighbourhoods
Uniform distance Zonal Weighted …
Heterogeneity
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Spatial relationships: Dependence
Spatial dependence and Tobler’s 1st LawSpatial autocorrelationCorrelogramsGeostatistics
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Spatial relationships: Sampling & interpolation
Point sampling Systematic Random Stratified
Zonal sampling and statistics
Fields and interpolation
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Spatial relationships: Smoothing & sharpening
Convolution1st-order processes2nd-order processesPattern and processFiltering
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Spatial statistics: Probability & uncertainty
Probability in a spatial contextMarginal vs Joint probabilityProbability fieldsProbability and uncertaintyProbability densityUncertainty and error propagationUncertainty and accuracy
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Spatial statistics: Inference
Statistical inference and significanceConfidenceControlled experimentsNatural experimentsSampling & independenceSamples vs populations
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Spatial data infrastructure
Agencies and standardsGeoportalsMetadataInteroperability