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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: THE SUN
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx -
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for THE SUN.................................................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
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Executive Summary of Key Results for THE SUN
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by The Sun, we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Both major coalitions were given relatively equal amounts of coverage.
PR were attacked (82.68%) and covered negatively (71.43%) much more then BN, andreceived very little positive coverage as opposed to BN (92.68%).
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (91%), followed by attacks.
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was slightlyskewed towards PR (53%). Najib Razak was the most mentioned politician, followed by
Anwar Ibrahim. Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the
neutral category was used very much the most often (92%).
However, of the non-neutral material, more positive and negative coverage was given to BN,while PR was attacked more often.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were used as sources most often, and overall, politiciansfrom BN were used as sources much more often (64%) than both PR politicians (19%) and
independent/other political figures (16%).
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Muhyiddin Yassin (40.74%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by NajibRazak (38.89%) - these two politicians' were the source of almost 80% of all attack politics.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often than eitheropposition politicians.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage (28.5%), followed by PKR, PR, PAS then DAP.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
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BN
PKR
PR
PAS
DAP
MCA
UMNO
PSM
Gerakan
Other
MIC
PBB
PRS
SAPP
SPDP
PBS
SUPP
UPKO
PRM
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
28.50
15.86
12.60
10.41
10.29
7.15
6.61
2.60
1.98
1.86
1.12
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.17
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.00
Volume
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the two major coalitions receivedrelatively equal volumes of coverage, with the PR coalition receiving 49.15% to BN's46.18%.
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
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BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
46.18
49.15
2.81
1.86
Volume
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (91%), followed by attacks.
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5%1%
91%
3%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
DAP were the most negatively covered (35.71%), followed by BN (21.43%), PKR and PAS(both 14.29%), then PR and UMNO (both 7.14%).
PR were the most attacked (40.95%), followed by PKR (21.26%), PAS (18.9%), and then BN(12.6%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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DAP
BN
PKR
PAS
PR
UMNOMCA
Other
MIC
Gerakan
PBB
PBS
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UPKO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (84.15%) coverage by a very significant margin, with theopposition coalition/parties receiving very little positive coverage at all.
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
PKR
PR
DAP
PAS
MCAUMNO
PSM
Gerakan
Other
MIC
PBB
PRS
SAPP
SPDP
PBS
SUPP
UPKO
PRM
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (82.68%) and covered negatively (71.43%) more then BN, andreceived very little positive coverage as opposed to BN (92.68%).
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PR TonalWeighting
Positive 1 : 0.07 3%
Neutral 1 : 1 91%
Negative 1 : 2.5 1%
Attacked 1 : 5.2 5%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
15.75
28.57
46.37
92.68
82.68
71.43
48.61
6.10
1.57
0.00
5.03
1.22
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant margin (28.34%),followed by Anwar Ibrahim, then Lim Kit Siang, Lim Guan Eng and Khalid Ibrahim, in thatorder.
Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Anwar IbrahimLim Kit Siang
Lim Guan Eng
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Muhyiddin Yassin
Chua Soi Lek
Rafizi Ramli
Hadi Awang
Karpal Singh
Nik Aziz
Tian Chua
Mahathir MohamadWong Ho Leng
Ibrahim Ali
Taib Mahmud
Musa Aman
Ng Yen Yen
Ambiga Sreenevasan
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
28.34
9.208.31
7.27
6.68
6.53
5.79
4.15
3.86
2.37
2.08
1.78
1.78
1.481.34
1.19
1.19
1.04
1.04
0.59
Coverage Volume
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis skewed somewhat towards PR (53%).
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
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44%
53%
2%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were usedas sources most often (38.62% and 16.61% respectively), followed by EC Spokespeople, LimGuan Eng, then Chua Soi Lek.
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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Najib Razak
Muhyiddin Yassin
Election Commission Spokesperson
Lim Guan Eng
Chua Soi Lek
Hadi Awang
Mahathir Mohamad
Lim Kit Siang
Khalid Ibrahim
Anwar Ibrahim
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
38.62
16.61
11.00
9.39
5.18
3.78
3.45
2.37
2.05
1.83
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (64%) than both PR politicians(19%) and independent/other political figures (16%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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64%
19%
16%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (92%).
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3%
92%
1%4%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim and Lim KitSiang came first equal (both 33.33%), followed by Khalid Ibrahim, Nurul Izzah and Chua SoiLek (both 11.11%).
Khalid Ibrahim was the most attacked (29.17%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (20.83%), NajibRazak (12.5%), then Hadi Awang and Muhyddin Yassin (both 8.33%).
Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Lim Kit Siang
Khalid Ibrahim
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Chua Soi Lek
Anwar Ibrahim
Hadi Awang
Muhyiddin Yassin
Ibrahim Ali
Lim Guan Eng
Nik Aziz
Rafizi Ramli
Alfred Jabu
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Bernard Dompok
Chong Chieng Jen
Dzulkefly Ahmad
Elizabeth WongG. Palanivel
Hassan Ali
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (52.17%) and neutral coverage (27.53%).
Anwar Ibrahim received the second most neutral coverage (9.29%) followed by Lim Kit Siang.
Lim Guan Eng received the second most positive coverage (21.74%), followed by Tian Chua(8.7%), then Khalid Ibrahim and Muhyiddin Yassin (both 4.35%).
Refer to Table 8 for figures.
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Najib RazakAnwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Nurul Izzah
Lim Guan Eng
Khalid Ibrahim
Muhyiddin Yassin
Chua Soi Lek
Rafizi Ramli
Hadi Awang
Karpal Singh
Nik Aziz
Tian Chua
Mahathir Mohamad
Wong Ho Leng
Taib Mahmud
Ibrahim Ali
Musa Aman
Ng Yen Yen
Ambiga SreenevasanAzmin Ali
G. Palanivel
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, more positive and negative coverage was given to BN, while PR was attacked moreoften.
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.6 3%
Neutral 1 : 1.2 89%
Negative 1 : 0.8 1%
Attacked 1 : 3.6 4%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
20.83
55.56
43.45
60.87
75.00
44.44
54.06
39.13
4.17
0.00
2.49
0.00
Coverage Volume
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Muhyiddin Yassin (40.74%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by NajibRazak (38.89%) - these two politicians' were the source of almost 80% of all attack politics.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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Muhyiddin Yassin
Najib Razak
Mahathir Mohamad
Chua Soi Lek
Lim Guan Eng
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Anwar Ibrahim
Baru Bian
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Musa Aman
Nazri Aziz
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40.74
38.89
6.48
3.70
3.70
1.85
1.85
0.93
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent and other figures.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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90%
6%4%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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39%
61%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage,followed by the Economy and Development, then Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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38%
4%
27%
4%
2%
15%
4%1%
6%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed byDemocracy & Human Rights, then Electioneering.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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31%
6%
24%
15%
3%
4%
18%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 sans weekends (nd = 22 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 9001
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 326
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 14.8
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
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TABLE 1
Par ty Percentage
BN 28.501
DAP 10.285
Gerakan 1.9827
MCA 7.1458
MIC 1.1152
PAS 10.409
PBB 0.20653
PBS 0.12392
PKR 15.861
PR 12.598
PRS 0.20653
PRM 0PSM 2.6022
SAPP 0.20653
SPDP 0.16522
SUPP 0.08261
UMNO 6.6088
UPKO 0.041305
Other 1.8587
TABLE 2
Par ty Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 28.501
BN 46.179615
Gerakan 1.9827
MCA 7.1458
MIC 1.1152
PBB 0.20653
PBS 0.12392
PRS 0.20653
SPDP 0.16522
SUPP 0.08261
UMNO 6.6088
UPKO 0.041305
PR 12.598
PR 49.153DAP 10.285
PAS 10.409
PKR 15.861
PRM 0
Independent 2.80873PSM 2.6022
SAPP 0.20653
Other 1.8587 Other 1.8587
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 12.598 21.429 27.41 84.146 145.583
DAP 1.5748 35.714 10.964 0 48.2528
Gerakan 0 0 2.1014 2.439 4.5404
MCA 1.5748 0 7.7204 1.2195 10.5147
MIC 0.7874 0 1.1878 0 1.9752
PAS 18.898 14.286 10.279 0 43.463
PBB 0 0 0.22841 0 0.22841
PBS 0 0 0.13705 0 0.13705
PKR 21.26 14.286 15.943 4.878 56.367
PR 40.945 7.1429 11.421 1.2195 60.7284
PRS 0 0 0.22841 0 0.22841
PRM 0 0 0 0 0
PSM 0 0 2.8323 1.2195 4.0518
SAPP 0 0 0.22841 0 0.22841
SPDP 0 0 0.18273 0 0.18273
SUPP 0 0 0.091366 0 0.091366
UMNO 0.7874 7.1429 7.0352 4.878 19.8435
UPKO 0 0 0.045683 0 0.045683
Other 1.5748 0 1.9644 0 3.5392
Parties &Coalitions
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TABLE 4
BN
Attacked 15.7476
Negative 30.9341
Neutral 46.368449
Positive 92.6825
PR
Attacked 82.6778
Negative 71.4289
Neutral 48.607
Positive 6.0975
Attacked 1.5748
Negative 0
Neutral 5.02511
Positive 1.2195
Independent &
Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.29674
Alfred Jabu 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.59347
Anwar Ibrahim 9.1988
Azmin Ali 0.59347
Baru Bian 0
Bernard Dompok 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0
Chua Soi Lek 4.1543
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0
Elizabeth Wong 0.14837
G. Palanivel 0.59347
Hadi Awang 2.3739
Hassan Ali 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0Ibrahim Ali 1.1869
James Masing 0.14837
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.14837
Karpal Singh 2.0772
Khalid Ibrahim 6.6766
Khalid Samad 0.14837
Lim Guan Eng 7.27
Lim Kit Siang 8.3086
Liow Tiong Lai 0.29674
Mahathir Mohamad 1.4837Maximus Ongkili 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.29674
Muhyiddin Yassin 5.7864
Musa Aman 1.0386
Najib Razak 28.338
Ng Yen Yen 1.0386
Nik Aziz 1.7804
Nizar Jamaluddin 0.14837
Nurul Izzah 6.5282
Rafizi Ramli 3.8576
Rosmah Mansur 0.59347
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0
Taib Mahmud 1.1869
Teresa Kok 0
Tian Chua 1.7804
Tony Pua 0.59347
William Mawan 0
Wong Ho Leng 1.3353
Wong Soon Koh 0
Yong Teck Lee 0
(mention)
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27 THE SUN
TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 5.48964
BN 44.36182
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0.59347
Alfred Jabu PBB 1.1869Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0
James Masing PRS 0.14837
William Mawan SPDP 0
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 36.94344
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa AmanNajib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 0
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 19.58457
PR 53.26416
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 4.74778
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 28.93181
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth Wong
Jeffrey KitinganKhalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.59347
2.37384
Hassan Ali Independent 0
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 1.1869
Rosmah Mansur 0.59347
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0
Independent/
Other'1st lady'
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TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 5.178
BN 64.40137
Mahathir Mohamad 3.452
Muhyiddin Yassin 16.613
Musa Aman 0Najib Razak 38.619
Nazri Aziz 0.53937
Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 1.8339
PR 19.4174
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 3.7756
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 2.0496
Lim Guan Eng 9.3851
Lim Kit Siang 2.3732
Nik Aziz 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.4315
Independent 16.1809
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 1.726
Vox Pop Female 1.0787
1.9417
11.003
Percentage
(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 11.111 0.16584 0
Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0.66335 0
Anwar Ibrahim 20.833 0 9.2869 0
Azmin Ali 0 0 0.66335 0Baru Bian 0 0 0 0
Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0
Chua Soi Lek 0 11.111 4.4776 0
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0.16584 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0.66335 0
Hadi Awang 8.3333 0 2.3217 0
Hassan Ali 0 0 0 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0 0Ibrahim Ali 4.1667 0 1.1609 0
James Masing 0 0 0.16584 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0.16584 0
Karpal Singh 0 0 2.1559 0
Khalid Ibrahim 29.167 11.111 5.9701 4.3478
Khalid Samad 0 0 0.16584 0
Lim Guan Eng 4.1667 0 7.131 21.739
Lim Kit Siang 4.1667 33.333 8.6235 0
Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.33167 0
Mahathir Mohamad 0 0 1.6584 0
Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0 0.33167 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 8.3333 0 4.9751 4.3478
Musa Aman 0 0 1.1609 0
Najib Razak 12.5 33.333 27.529 52.174
Ng Yen Yen 0 0 1.1609 0
Nik Aziz 4.1667 0 1.8242 0
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0.16584 0
Nurul Izzah 0 0 7.2968 0
Rafizi Ramli 4.1667 0 4.1459 0
Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0.66335 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Taib Mahmud 0 0 1.1609 4.3478
Teresa Kok 0 0 0 0
Tian Chua 0 0 1.6584 8.6957
Tony Pua 0 0 0.66335 0
William Mawan 0 0 0 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 1.3267 4.3478
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0
Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0 0
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TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 20.8333
Negative 55.555
Neutral 43.4495
Positive 60.8696
PR
Attacked 75.0001
Negative 44.444
Neutral 54.06283
Positive 39.1303
Attacked 4.1667
Negative 0
Neutral 2.4876
Positive 0
Independent/Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 3.7037
BN 89.8152
Mahathir Mohamad 6.4815
Muhyiddin Yassin 40.741Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 38.889
Nazri Aziz 0
Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 0
PR 6.48153
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 1.8519
Lim Guan Eng 3.7037Lim Kit Siang 0.92593
Nik Aziz 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 1.8519
Independent 3.70376
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 0.92593
Vox Pop Female 0
0.92593
0
Percentage
(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 7.8396
Policy Issues 20.784
Environment 0.866Economy/Development 5.6062
Education 0.72926
Foreign Policy 0.41021
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 3.0994
Oppressive Legislation 0.77484
Health 0.22789
Religion 1.2306
Ethnicity 10.073
32.58898
Religion 1.9143
Democracy & Human Rights 7.794
Socioeconomic Status 4.7402
Mudslinging 0.91158
Gender 1.1851
Electioneering 5.9708
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other