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World War I
“The Great War”
War to End All Wars
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Origins of the War
• 1. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria)
• Heir to Austrian throne– June 28, 1914 – Sarajevo– Gavrilo Princip (19 year old Serbian terrorist)
• “Black Hand” organization• Killing of Ferdinand and wife Sophie begin the war
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Origins
• 2. Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany– Declares war on Serbia– (Austria-Hungary is Germany’s ally – friend)– July 28, 1914
3. Russia joins Serbia1. Declares war on Austria-Hungary
2. Vows to protect Slavic people
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Origins
• 4. Germany declares war on Russia, France and Belgium– Formulates “Schlieffen” plan
• 2 side attack plan on France and Russia (same time)
– Aug. 4, Germany invades Belgium (to France)» Helmuth von Moltke + 700,000 Germans defeat
small Belgium army» Capture and kill soldiers and civilians alike
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Origins
• 5. Great Britain declares war on Germany August 4, 1914
• 6. Turkey & Bulgaria join war on Germany and Austria-Hungary side
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Alliance Structure
• Triple Alliance– Central Powers
• (bad side)– Germany– Austria-Hungary– Italy (temporary)
• Triple EntenteAllied Powers
– Britain– France– Russia– Serbia– Belgium– India– Canada– Australia– New Zealand
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Warfare
• Methods– Traditional (mass
slaughter)– Trench
• STALEMATE (no one wins) Trench foot PP
– Machine guns– Artillery– Poison gases– U-Boats (unterseeboot)-
unrestricted submarine warfare
• American policy is ISOLATIONISM– NEUTRAL– Believed that Europe was
now the “grave of nations”– Most Americans favored
the side of allies due to common cultural ties
– Americans hated the USW Germany used
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Russia Revolution
• 1917 Russia left war– Czar Nicholas overthrown (entire family
killed)-no survivors, no czar– Bolsheviks (political party)– Believed Communism
• They did not believe in the war• Left France at the mercy of Germany, with Russia
no longer a barrier
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Lusitania
• May 1915• Germany sinks HMS
Lusitania (English)• 1,200 dead (128
Americans)• America condemns
Germany and Wilson demands Germany stop USW
• Germany refuses to stop
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American Response
• Pres. Wilson re-elected president 1916
• Wilson repeats his goal of NEUTRALITY.
• Calls reps from all sides to Colonel House-no winners, no losers
• Made all mad at him
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The Sussex Pledge
• April 1916 Germany sinks • French supply ship (4
Americans hurt on board)• Germany promises to
stop USW• Germany signed Sussex
Pledge (promise to stop all USW)
• Wilson demands Germany quit USW
• Threaten to cut off all diplomatic relations + apply sanctions against Germany if they refuse.
• Wilson pursues his “armed neutrality” program; sends help to allies. Used old Anti-Piracy Law.
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War Hawks in America
• Congress want war– Expand armed forces– Establish universal military training programs– National Defense Act (+soldiers/equipment)– Naval Construction Act (ordered new ships)
– Germany goes back to USW
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Zimmerman Note
• Sent to Mexico by Germany. It was intercepted by England. It proposed:– Mexico to invade America (keep us busy)– When Germany wins, they would give Mexico
back “lost lands”.• Texas• New Mexico• California• Arizona
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WAR Declared
• April 2, 1916• Wilson went to
Congress; said “America can be neutral no longer”.
• US would join the war on the side of the allies.
• April 6, 1916• US officially enters
war• Began war machine
buildup– War economy– Centralize
management of resources
– Control public opinion– Suppress dissent
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Stage I: Selective Service
• 21-31 year olds– Draft – Notices sent out across America
• Congress called up +3 million young men
• Trained within months
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Stage 2: War Industries Board
• Bernard Baruch, Director
• July 1917– Had power over all US industry
• Set prices• Allocated natural resources• Standardized products
– Ex. Type ribbon colors (150/5)
• Boost plant efficiency– Suspend anti-trust laws & guarantee corporate profits
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Stage 3: Food Administration
• Herbert Hoover, Director– Job: Convince
Americans to be patriotic (food saved for soldiers)
– “meatless Mondays”
• Accomplishments:– Victory gardens– Set high prices on
farm goods– Women’s Land Army
(grew crops)– Brought Mexicans into
the country to work fields
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Stage 4: National War Labor
• Guaranteed rights of labor unions to organize; promotion of national interests; the right of collective bargaining.
• Accomplished:– Improved working conditions– Set higher wages– Shorter work day to 8 hours per
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Stage 5: Women’s Movement
• Women took industrial jobs left by men “Rosie”
• +100,000 women entered workforce
• Womenall’s• Women farmed, built
planes, guns, ammo
• Opened up “women’s” jobs to blacks
• Led to women’s suffrage movement
• Led also to the prohibition movement (save grain to feed soldiers)
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Step 6: Public Opinion
• George Creel, Director– Job: stop anti-war talk– Create war propaganda (make the war seem
right to Americans)– Created posters, wrote news stories– Brought in movie stars “spokesman”– Responsible for “Uncle Sam” image
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Anti-German
• Stopped everything German in America
• Dachshunds, now called “liberty pups”
• German language not allowed taught in American schools
• 1918, Robert Prager (German) socialist coal miner lynched– German food renamed
• Hamburgers now called “liberty steaks”
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Limiting Anti-War talk
• 1917 Espionage Act• illegal to aid the
enemy or to avoid military service
• DIRECT violation of the 1st amendment
• 1918 Sedition Act• Illegal to print, write,
or publish anything critical of the government, the flag, or the military
• +1,000 jailed• Eugene Debs
(socialist leader) sentenced to 10 years
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Schenck v. U. S.
• Convicted of anti-war; anti-American speech
• Published +15,000 pamphlets/articles
• Filed appeal with Supreme Court– Supreme Court sided with US
• To ensure the safety of the country during wartime
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Armistice Day
• Nov. 11, 1918– Guns of war fell silent– Over 8.5 million dead– Leaders (4)
• Woodrow Wilson (US)• David L. George (UK)• Georges Clemenceau
(France)• Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
– Peace Treaty Meeting• Jan. 12, 1918• Versailles, France
• Wilson proposed:– Open diplomacy– Freedom of the seas– Removal of trade
barriers– Reduction of arms– Self-determination– League of Nations (to
settle disputes before going to war)
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Treaty of Versailles
• Germany must:– Disarm it’s military– Pay reparations to injured nations– Accept total responsibility for war– Give up colonies– If Germany protested, France threatened to
restart hostilities.– Germany’s allies must:
• Give up their colonies
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Treaty of Versailles
• Signed June 28, 1919– 9 new nations created from ashes of German
empire
– League of Nations established• America did not join
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Post-War Battles at Home
• Distrust of League of Nations– Americans did not favor L o N
• March 19, 1920 Senate cancelled the Treaty
• Influenza– Military camps “breeding grounds” – disease– Fighting men brought it home– Hospitals overwhelmed
• ¼ fell ill + 500,000 died from sickness
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Battles (2)
• Economic problems– Jan 1, 1919
• Military demobilized• Government agencies cancelled• Gov’t contracts cancelled• Soldiers returned home
– Needed jobs– Forced women out of “war time” jobs
• Housing shortage
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Battles (3)
• Unemployment– High inflation & low morale– Anti-foreigner sentiment
• 1921 (Quota law for immigrants)• 1924 National Origins Act
– Set quota at 2% of aliens already living in America» Clear attempt to limit Asian immigration
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Battles (4)
• Labor Conditions– Organized labor
• 4 million workers in 3,000 strikes nationally• Labor lost most of time
– Unhappy workers replaced– Americans feared unionization
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Battles (5)
• Red Scare (fear of Communism)– 1917 Bolsheviks overthrew Czar Nicholas II– Vladimir I Lenin– Believed all people should share all wealth,
social standing, and resources collectively• Established Soviet Union• No class system allowed• Established communism (no private ownership of
property) – Government owns everything
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Justice System
• Stop communism here
• Groups protested socialism
• Held “dissenters” in jails/prisons until Red Scare ended as political prisoners
• Led to the birth of the Federal Bureau of Investigations– J. Edgar Hoover
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FBI
• J. Edgar Hoover, Director• Mitchell Palmer (Attorney General)
– “Palmer” raids (stop “evil red thinking”)• Collected files on radicals
– 39 arrested at bakery (revolutionaries???)
• FBI arrested +4,000 (33 cities)• No warrants used, only arrested• People beaten into confession
– All immigrants arrested deported
• No lawyers allowed
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Sacco & Vanzetti
• Italian immigrants May 1920
• Anarchists (no government needed)– Arrested for armed robbery– Tried for robbery + beliefs– Found guilty– Executed 1927
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“Return to Normalcy”
• American angry at Wilson– War time taxes high– Economic troubles– Social problems high
– 1920 Election of Warren G. Harding (Rep.)• Return to Normalcy• Calvin Coolidge, V-Pres