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WORLD RELIGIONS
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Culture Religion = critical part of culture
• Core values and beliefs come from religion
• Enmeshed with our cultural and social systems
Tied to pop growth Politics Design and structure of cities Sacred space Marriage, family, education, laws, health
code
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Commonalities among world relig:
Implied value system (right and wrong) Notion of sacred texts and space Idea about place of humans in universe Most have creation story Most believe in higher power/force Most include teachings about many
facets of life – law, politics, fitness, diet, cleanliness, etc.
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Organizational Divisions Branches: fundamental division
(Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox) Denominations: division of branch
that unites a # of local congregations (Methodist, Presbyterian, S. Baptist)
Sects: small group that has broken away from a denomination
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Migration Diffusion Migrants usually take their religion
with them, but unlike language, they usually maintain it for several generations.
i.e. places of immigration are usually very religiously diverse (United States)
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World Religions
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World Religions
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Largest World Religions
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Largest Religious Groups in US(US = 82% Christian)
1.) Protestant 53% (Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran, Presbyterian)
2.) Catholic 23% (New England, Southwest)
3.) Mormon 2% (Utah, Idaho, Arizona, CO, Southern CA)
4.) Orthodox 1%
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US Religious Distribution
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CHRISTIANITY – universalizing, global religion
Christianity - @ 2 billion followers = world’s largest religion and most geographically dispersed
Doctrines:• Monotheistic• Origins in Judaism (Old Testament)• Christ = son of God, promised Messiah, Savior,
way to salvation• Sacred Text: Bible (OT and NT)• Sacred Places: Israel, holy lands
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Where Distributed? Christianity = major religion in all of
Americas, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and countries w/ Christian majority exist in Africa and Asia
3 Major Branches:• Catholic (50%), SW and E Europe, LA, parts of
N. America)• Protestantism (25%):N. Europe, Australia, NZ,
N. America• Eastern Orthodox (10%): 14 self governing
churches in E. Europe (i.e. Russian Orthodox, etc.)
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Pope Benedict
Martin Luther Henry VIII
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Origins of Christianity Jesus – virgin birth in Bethlehem, literal
son of God, raised as a Jew, called disciples, organized church, referred to as “the Christ, Messiah,” atonement, resurrection• Catholics = Pope = head of church• E. Orthodox: split from Catholics in 1054 b/c
rivalry betwn Pope in Rome and Patriarch in Constantinople
• Protestantism: split 1517 – Martin Luther later Henry VIII
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Diffusion of Christianity Christianity is diffused by relocation,
hierarchical, and contagious diffusion Hearth = Palestine 1st diffusion by relocation: after Christ’s
death missionary apostles carried his etchings along Roman empire (i.e. Paul)
Spread within Roman empire by contagious diffusion – contact between Christians and Pagans
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Diffusion – contd. Dominance was assured in Roman
empire by hierarchical diffusion – Emperor Constantine converted
Migration, missionary activity, and British colonialism (1500-today) spread Christianity worldwide
Acculturation: conversion and intermarriage of natives, Africans, etc.
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Christian Calendar EASTER – commemorates Christ’s
resurrection and the pending resurrection of all men
CHRISTMAS – commemorates the birth of Christ – Virgin Mary, literal Son of God
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Organization of Space – Places of Worship
Church: comes from Greek word meaning “Lord” or “Master”
“church” can refer to the building and the group of people
Traditionally churches placed in town center - largest, tallest, prettiest buildings.
Church architecture varies from branch to branch, denomination to denomination (Protestant churches usually more simple)
Cemeteries – bury dead underground
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ISLAM – universalizing relig about 1 billion followers #2 behind Christianity Followers found worldwide, but
especially in:• Middle East and N. Africa• Indonesia (most populous Muslim
country)• Pakistan• Bangladesh
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ISLAM - Doctrines Also has roots in Judaism (accepts
many OT stories and prophets) Monotheistic – one God – Allah Prophet Mohammad = last and
greatest prophet Koran 5 Pillars – Faith, Prayer, Pilgrimage,
Alms, Fasting
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ISLAM – Distribution Two Major branches
• Sunni = 83% of Muslims – in ME and N. Africa• Shiites= 16% - in Iraq, Iran and Azerbaijan
(caliph must be descended from Muhammad’s blood line)
• Muslim population in Europe and N. America has increased in recent yrs. because of immigration
• Arabic = lingua franca of Muslim world (Koran is in Arabic)
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ISLAM - Origins Abraham: Hagar and Ishmael – ancestors
Muhammad & Arabic line Muhammad – born @ 570 AD in Mecca
(Saudi Arabia). Received revelations from God through Angel Gabriel (Koran). Gained following in Medina, returned to Mecca & established Islam. From there diffused to rest of ME, N. Africa, E. Asia, etc.
Diffused by Muslim Empires – Ottoman, Mogul, Persian
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ISLAM – Holy Places Mecca: holiest city (hajj) contains al-Ka’ba –
thought to be built by Abraham and Ishmael and contains black stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as sign of the covenant (in Saudi Arabia – pilgrimage)
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ISLAM – holy places cont’d Medina: Muhammad’s tomb here (in Saudi Arabia) Jerusalem: Muhammad ascended to heaven here (Dome of
the Rock – pictured below) – i.e. conflict w/ Jews
Places of worship = mosques call to prayer by the muzzan from the minaret tower
mosque in Indonesia
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BUDDHISM – universalizing religion
Buddhism = 3rd largest universalizing religion w/ 300 million followers
Founded by the Buddha – Siddhartha Gautama
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BUDDHISM - Doctrines 4 Noble Truths: suffering, why it
exists, how to prevent it (change desires)
8 Fold Path – way to achieve “Nirvana” i.e. complete redemption (right…understanding, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration)
Reincarnation
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BUDDHISM – where distributed 3 main branches
• Mahayanists – 56% China, Japan, Korea• Theravadists – 38% - Cambodia, Laos,
Thailand, Sri Lanka• Tantrayanists – 6% - Tibet, Mongolia
Actual # of Buddhists difficult to know because it doesn’t require exclusive adherence. Many Buddhists also follow a local/ethnic religion
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BUDDHISM- Origins Founder – Siddhartha Gautama –
born 1563 BC present day Nepal.• Son of a lord• Led privileged life• 4 trips changed his life
Decrepit old man Disease ridden man Corpse…pain, suffering, felt guilty about
own life Monk – taught him about withdrawal from
world
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Buddha At 29 yrs – fled palace, lived in forest 6 yrs
meditating. Emerged as “The Buddha” – the enlightened one. Spent 45 years preaching views in modern day India
2 main branches• Theravada – oldest, believe Buddhism is full
time occupation, become monk• Mahayana – split off 2,000 yrs ago, less
demanding, emphasize Buddha’s self help and introspection
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BUDDHISM - Diffusion Began in NE India – spread east by
traveling monks to Asia 1st Century – AD Merchants brought
Buddhism to China – truly became a Chinese religion
From China diffused to Korea and Japan
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BUDDHISM – holy places Important places are associated w/ life of Buddha
in Nepal and NE India Pagoda: contains relics believed to be from
Buddha. Pagodas not used for congregational worship
Temples and monasteries used for individual prayer and meditation
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SIKHISM – universalizing relig about 24 million followers almost all
in Punjab region of India 1st guru (religious teacher) in late
1400s in present day Pakistan God is perfect – people become like
him by continual improvement – take responsibility for actions, surrender to God
Men – wear turbans, don’t cut hair Holy Place = Golden Temple - Punjab
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Sikhism Sikh Golden Temple
in Punjab region –
N. India
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JUDAISM – Ethnic relig about 6 million in US, 4 million in
Israel, 2 million in former USSR, 2 million elsewhere. In U.S. Jews heavily concentrated in large cities (NYC)
Jews geographically scattered from historical captivities and conquering
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Jewish Doctrine 1st monotheistic religion – 1 God and
Jews are his covenant people (through Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, 12 tribes)
God gave land of Canaan to Abraham and his seed – divided among tribes
Ten Commandments Torah – Old Testament (do NOT
accept NT or Jesus as the Christ)
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Distribution/Diffusion Jews dispersed by Romans about 70
AD- Diaspora – scattered throughout Europe
A people without a nation for hundreds of years. Some in Europe assimilated. Others persecuted• Russia and Romania – pogroms in late
1800s and early 1900s• Nazis – Holocaust – 1930s-1940s
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ZIONISM – the return Zionism – call for Jews to return to their
promised land Always existed, but not a major movement
until the Holocaust Holocaust survivors return to land of
Palestine – have historical and spiritual claim on land (but Palestinians there for 2,000 yrs)
Israel recognized as a nation by UN in 1948 backed by US and GB….conflict ever since
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Jewish Calendar Rosh Hashanah – New Year Yom Kippur – Day of Autumn Hanukkah – Festival of Lights Passover – commemorates Israeli
liberation from slavery in Egypt – destroying angel passed over Israeli’s first borns. God led Moses with many miracles to deliver his people to their land
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Jewish Holy Places Synagogues Land of Palestine – ZION Wailing Wall – remnant of original
Jewish temple destroyed by Romans (Muslim Dome of Rock is located just in front…significance of shared sacred space has fueled conflict
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HINDUISM – ethnic relig Hinduism = largest ethnic religion -
about 820 million
In general the 3rd largest religion worldwide behind Christianity and Islam
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HINDUISM - Doctrines No single authority Vedas - collection of sacred writings Up to individual to decide best way
to worship God Caste System – reincarnation – you
move up by good karma Ahisma – do not eat any living being
- vegetarian
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HINDUISM Where distributed – INDIA and Nepal Origins – no specific founder. The term
“Hindusim” originally referred to people living in India.
Diffusion – very little; not seeking converts Holy Places – tied to India
• Ganges River – purifies• Temples – shrines home to various Gods
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Other Ethnic Religions Most people in China and Japan
practice ethnic religions that co-exist with Buddhism. Very different from Western concept of exclusive religious adherence….i.e. many Chinese are both Buddhist and Confucian
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Confucianism Confucius – 551-479 BC– Chinese
philosopher and teacher Emphasized ancient Chinese
tradition of “li” – correct behavior…how to treat others, stresses responsibility, respect, public service
Ethnic religion because strongly rooted in traditional Chinese values
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DAOISM (Taoism) Created by Lao-Zi 604-531 BC – a
contemporary of Confucius Writings emphasized the mystical
and magical to explain events Stresses introspection – seek dao –
the way or the path Today in China and Taiwan
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SHINTOISM Ethnic religion of Japan Focus on forces of nature – sun,
moon, rivers, etc. Later regarded emperors as divine
(turned into a political cult i.e. WWII) Still in Japan today – references
ancestors, pilgrimages to shrines believed to house deities
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Ethnic African Religions about 10% of African’s follow
animism – inanimate objects (trees, stones, river) have spirit/conscious life
No holy books, passed down by oral tradition
Practitioners of animism have decreased as Christianity and Islam have spread (Africa = about 50 % Christian, 40% Muslim
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Concepts of Sacred Space Sacred Space: geographic
intersection between the divine and the mortal
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Concepts of Sacred Space Landscape of the dead
• Christians, Muslims, Jews bury dead in cemetery (dates back to ancient Roman catacombs)
• Hindus – cremation – wash body in Ganges River and burn on funeral pyre
• Ancient Zoroastrians – expose dead to scavenging birds and animals to strip body of unclean portions. Don’t want body to contaminate sacred elements of earth, fire, water
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Sacred Space Religious Settlements – entire
settlement around religious purposes• i.e. utopian communities• Often theocracies – church and political
leaders = the same• Examples…..
Puritans – Massachusetts, city on a hill, 1600s
Moravians – 1700s – Bethlehem, PA and Salem, NC
Mormons 1800s – Nauvoo, Ill, SLC, UT
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RELIGIOUS CONFLICT
Recent resurgence of fundamentalism (literal interpretation and intense adherence to principles of religion)….often causes divide within the religion and problems with others- Taliban – Afghanistan- Hindus – caste system- Christian fundamentalism – Eric Rudolph- 911 suicide bombers
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Religion and Communism Communism countered religion – Marx
says religion is “opium” of the people and threat to the state
USSR – 1918 – Communist Revolution – government nationalizes all church property; religion dwindles
No religious freedom – if you go, go to Orthodox services controlled by government
Fall of Communism in the late 80s early 90s – resurgence of religion in E. Europe
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Relig V. Relig – interfaith boundaries….Palestine
Palestine..Jews,, Christians, and Muslims have fought for over 2,000 yrs for small piece of land
Jews and Palestinians claim historical and spiritual tie to land (Abraham)
Great Britain opened door for Jewish return (Balfour Declaration)
1948 Israel recognized by UN – no nation of Palestine…refugees
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Palestine – cont’d 3 subsequent wars….’56, ’67, ’73…each
time Israel wins and expands into more land
Israel would not exist without U.S. backing…..big reason why U.S. hated by Middle East
Israel = tiny nation surrounded on all sides by countries that want to destroy it
City of Jerusalem = especially problematic because it contains religious sites for Jews, Christians, and Muslims
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Religion V. Religion - IRELAND Ireland = 92% Catholic N. Ireland = (northern portion of island…
part of UK) 58% Prot, 42% Cath Ireland got independence in 1937 and
created republic of Ireland in 1949. But 6 N. counties voted to stay with the UK
Catholics in N. Ireland = victims of discrimination in jobs and education
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Religion V. Religion - IRELAND Continuous cycle of demonstrations and
protests IRA – Irish Republican Army – Catholics in
Ireland and N. Ireland – militant organization dedicated to Irish unity – use terrorism, bombings, etc.
about 3,000 dead over the years in N. Ireland
Majority willing to live peacefully – militants disrupt peace for all – fuel fires, polarize sides, etc.