World HistoryWorld History
Chapter 11Chapter 11
Islamic CivilizationIslamic Civilization
Main IdeaMain Idea
Muhammad established basic beliefs Muhammad established basic beliefs and practices for Islamand practices for Islam
Terms to DefineTerms to Define
SheikhSheikh RevelationRevelation Ahari’ahAhari’ah MosqueMosque ImamImam HajjHajj
People to MeetPeople to Meet
MuhammadMuhammad MuslimsMuslims
Places to LocatePlaces to Locate
Arabian PeninsulaArabian Peninsula MakkahMakkah
A New FaithA New Faith
South of Asia Minor South of Asia Minor Arabian PeninsulaArabian Peninsula Like the Israelites, Phoenicians, and Like the Israelites, Phoenicians, and
Chaldeans, the Arabs were Chaldeans, the Arabs were descended from Semitic tribesdescended from Semitic tribes
Archaeologists traced Arab Archaeologists traced Arab civilizations to at least 3000 B.C. civilizations to at least 3000 B.C.
Arab LifeArab LifeThe SettingThe Setting
Isolation kept invading tribes awayIsolation kept invading tribes away The Arabian Peninsula is a wedge of The Arabian Peninsula is a wedge of
land between the Red Sea and the land between the Red Sea and the Persian gulf. It is made up of two Persian gulf. It is made up of two distinct regionsdistinct regions The southwest area with well watered The southwest area with well watered
valleysvalleys The rest of the Peninsula with arid The rest of the Peninsula with arid
plains and deserts plains and deserts
Lives of the BeduinLives of the Beduin
In ancient times many of the Arabs In ancient times many of the Arabs were bedouins who herded sheep, were bedouins who herded sheep, camels, and goatscamels, and goats
Lived in tentsLived in tents Drank milk from their herdsDrank milk from their herds Ate datesAte dates Special occasions, ate muttonSpecial occasions, ate mutton
TribesTribes
Bedouin lived in tribesBedouin lived in tribes Made up of related familiesMade up of related families ProtectionProtection Leader was a sheikh (or chief) Leader was a sheikh (or chief)
appointed by the heads of familiesappointed by the heads of families
Tribes--WarTribes--War
Was part of the lifestyleWas part of the lifestyle Went on raids to gain camels and Went on raids to gain camels and
horses as well gain land and water horses as well gain land and water holes (most precious)holes (most precious)
Bedouin believed in retaliation—”eye Bedouin believed in retaliation—”eye for an eye”for an eye”
Growth of TownsGrowth of Towns By the A.D. 500s, many tribes had By the A.D. 500s, many tribes had
settled around oases or in fertile valleys settled around oases or in fertile valleys to pursue either farming or trade; to pursue either farming or trade; prosperous markets towns grew, the prosperous markets towns grew, the most important of which was Makkahmost important of which was Makkah
Makkah was en route to Syria, Iraq, and Makkah was en route to Syria, Iraq, and ChinaChina
Makkah contained the most holy of Makkah contained the most holy of shrines, the Kaaba, which contained the shrines, the Kaaba, which contained the statues of the many Arab deitiesstatues of the many Arab deities
Signs of ChangeSigns of Change
As business ideas replaced tribal ties As business ideas replaced tribal ties in the trading towns, the old tribal in the trading towns, the old tribal rules were no longer adequate; the rules were no longer adequate; the Arabs needed a central government Arabs needed a central government
They were threatened by Byzantine They were threatened by Byzantine and Persian empiresand Persian empires
Signs of Change--religionSigns of Change--religion
Religious ideas were also changing; introduced Religious ideas were also changing; introduced to monotheistic religions of Judaism and to monotheistic religions of Judaism and Christianity, many Arabs grew dissatisfied with Christianity, many Arabs grew dissatisfied with their old beliefstheir old beliefs
Holy men known as hanifs (hah*NEEFS) Holy men known as hanifs (hah*NEEFS) denounced idols and believed in one goddenounced idols and believed in one god
They rejected Judaism and Christianity, They rejected Judaism and Christianity, preferring to find a uniquely Arab form of preferring to find a uniquely Arab form of monotheismmonotheism
The ferment contributed toward the emergence The ferment contributed toward the emergence of Islam, which means “submission to the will of of Islam, which means “submission to the will of Allah (God)” Allah (God)”
Muhammad and His Muhammad and His MessageMessage
The prophet of Islam Muhammad, The prophet of Islam Muhammad, was born in the bustling city of was born in the bustling city of Makkah around A.D. 570Makkah around A.D. 570
Muslim traditions state that Muslim traditions state that Muhammad was orphaned at an Muhammad was orphaned at an early age and raised by an uncleearly age and raised by an uncle
Life of MuhammadLife of Muhammad
During his teens, he worked as a caravan During his teens, he worked as a caravan leaderleader
Reputation for honest and able personReputation for honest and able person His employer, a wealthy widow named Khadija His employer, a wealthy widow named Khadija
(kuh*DEE*juh) placed him in charge of her (kuh*DEE*juh) placed him in charge of her business affairsbusiness affairs
When he was 25, she proposed marriage to himWhen he was 25, she proposed marriage to him His marriage relieved him of financial worries His marriage relieved him of financial worries
and allowed him to focus on the meaning of life and allowed him to focus on the meaning of life
Muhammad TroubledMuhammad Troubled
He was troubled by greed, idol He was troubled by greed, idol worship, and treatment of the poorworship, and treatment of the poor
He spent time alone praying and He spent time alone praying and fasting in a cave outside the cityfasting in a cave outside the city
RevelationRevelation
Islamic tradition holds that Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad experienced a revelation Muhammad experienced a revelation (vision) in A.D.—a voice called him to (vision) in A.D.—a voice called him to be the apostle of the one true deity, be the apostle of the one true deity, Allah (Arabic word for God)Allah (Arabic word for God) First revelation told him to recite (see First revelation told him to recite (see
quote in text)quote in text) The second revelation commanded The second revelation commanded
Muhammad to “rise and warn’ the people Muhammad to “rise and warn’ the people about divine judgment about divine judgment
Muhammad PreachesMuhammad Preaches
I A.D. 613 Muhammad preached to the I A.D. 613 Muhammad preached to the people of Makkah that there was only people of Makkah that there was only one God and that people everywhere one God and that people everywhere must worship and obey himmust worship and obey him The rich should share with the poorThe rich should share with the poor God ,measured people by their devotion God ,measured people by their devotion
and good deedsand good deeds He told the people of Makkah to live their He told the people of Makkah to live their
lives in preparation for the day of lives in preparation for the day of judgement judgement
Muhammad’s First Muhammad’s First ConvertsConverts
Khadija and his immediate family Khadija and his immediate family became the first Muslims—followers became the first Muslims—followers of Islamof Islam
Opposition to IslamOpposition to Islam
Most Makkans rejected Most Makkans rejected Muhammad’s messageMuhammad’s message
Upset by attacks on images of KaabaUpset by attacks on images of Kaaba Makkans afraid lack of pilgrimages Makkans afraid lack of pilgrimages
would ruin economywould ruin economy Makkans persecuted MuslimsMakkans persecuted Muslims
Muhammad PersistsMuhammad Persists
Muhammad persisted in his Muhammad persisted in his presching until threats against his presching until threats against his life force him to seek help outside life force him to seek help outside the citythe city
He found refuge in the small town of He found refuge in the small town of Yathrib to the north in A.D. 622, the Yathrib to the north in A.D. 622, the first year of the Muslim calendarfirst year of the Muslim calendar
The Islamic CommunityThe Islamic Community
Yathrib became known as Madinat Yathrib became known as Madinat al-Nabi, “the city of the prophet”al-Nabi, “the city of the prophet” Or Madinah (muh*DEE*nuh) Or Madinah (muh*DEE*nuh)
Origin of the Islamic Origin of the Islamic StateState
Muhammad was a skilled politician as Muhammad was a skilled politician as well as religious leaderwell as religious leader
In the Madinah Compact, he laid the In the Madinah Compact, he laid the foundations of the Islamic statefoundations of the Islamic state
Loyalty to Islamic community was placed Loyalty to Islamic community was placed above the tribeabove the tribe
Disputes settled by MuhammadDisputes settled by Muhammad Divine law of Islam recorded in the holy Divine law of Islam recorded in the holy
scriptures known as the Quranscriptures known as the Quran Jew and Christians were extended Jew and Christians were extended
protection who accepted Islam’s political protection who accepted Islam’s political authority authority
Acceptance of IslamAcceptance of Islam
Makkans invaded Yathrib and were Makkans invaded Yathrib and were defeated by Muslimsdefeated by Muslims
Makkans accepted IslamMakkans accepted Islam Muslims destroyed idols in the KaabaMuslims destroyed idols in the Kaaba Turned the shrine into a place of Turned the shrine into a place of
worship which was believed to have worship which was believed to have been built by the prophetbeen built by the prophet
Makkah became the spiritual capital of Makkah became the spiritual capital of Islam, and Madinah remained its Islam, and Madinah remained its political capital political capital
Muhammad DiesMuhammad Dies
By A.D. 631, Islam had extended By A.D. 631, Islam had extended throughout the Arabian Peninsula throughout the Arabian Peninsula supported by an army of tribessupported by an army of tribes
After a brief illness, Muhammad died After a brief illness, Muhammad died at Madinah in A.D. 632at Madinah in A.D. 632 Left behind religious community based Left behind religious community based
on sacred writingson sacred writings Left behind his life as an example or Left behind his life as an example or
interpretive guide for Muslims to follow interpretive guide for Muslims to follow
Beliefs and Practices of Beliefs and Practices of IslamIslam
Beliefs and practices are based on Beliefs and practices are based on his revelationshis revelations
Beliefs remain remarkably stable Beliefs remain remarkably stable after centuriesafter centuries
The QuranThe Quran
According to Muslim tradition, the angel According to Muslim tradition, the angel Gabriel revealed divine messages to Gabriel revealed divine messages to Muhammad over a 22-year periodMuhammad over a 22-year period
Faithful Muslims wrote down or memorized Faithful Muslims wrote down or memorized these passagesthese passages
Not compiled into a collection until Not compiled into a collection until Muhammad diedMuhammad died
It took 20 years to compile all messages into It took 20 years to compile all messages into the Quranthe Quran
The Quran, for all Muslims, is the final The Quran, for all Muslims, is the final authority in matters of faith and lifestyle authority in matters of faith and lifestyle
The QuranThe Quran
Believed to be God’s message Believed to be God’s message Expressed in stories, teachings, and Expressed in stories, teachings, and
exhortationsexhortations Noah’s ark and Jonah in the belly of Noah’s ark and Jonah in the belly of
the whale—variations of those found the whale—variations of those found in the Bible in the Bible
ValuesValues
Similar to Judaism and ChristianitySimilar to Judaism and Christianity Muslims are commanded toMuslims are commanded to
Honor parentsHonor parents Show kindness to neighborsShow kindness to neighbors Protect orphans and widowsProtect orphans and widows Give to the poorGive to the poor
Must notMust not Murder, steal, lie, or commit adultryMurder, steal, lie, or commit adultry
Values (cont)Values (cont)
Forbids gambling, eating pork, Forbids gambling, eating pork, drinking alcoholic beveragesdrinking alcoholic beverages
Rules over marriages divorce, family Rules over marriages divorce, family life, property inheritance and life, property inheritance and business practicesbusiness practices
LawLaw
Law and religion are not separatedLaw and religion are not separated Generations of legal scholars have Generations of legal scholars have
organized Islamic moral principle organized Islamic moral principle into a body of law known as the into a body of law known as the “shari’ah”“shari’ah” These are based on the Quran and the These are based on the Quran and the
Hadith (sayings of Muhammad)Hadith (sayings of Muhammad)
Five Pillars of IslamFive Pillars of Islam
FaithFaith PrayerPrayer AlmsAlms FastingFasting PilgrimagePilgrimage
FaithFaith Confession of faith: “There is no god but God, Confession of faith: “There is no god but God,
Muhammad is the messenger of God”Muhammad is the messenger of God” Affirms the oneness of an all-powerful, just, Affirms the oneness of an all-powerful, just,
and merciful Godand merciful God All Muslims are required to submit to God’s All Muslims are required to submit to God’s
will as given in the Quranwill as given in the Quran Stresses Muhammad as a prophet, not divine Stresses Muhammad as a prophet, not divine
beingbeing Muslims believe Muhammad was last and Muslims believe Muhammad was last and
greatest of several prophetsgreatest of several prophets Muslims see their life as a preparation for the Muslims see their life as a preparation for the
Day of Judgement—judged according to their Day of Judgement—judged according to their actions actions
Faith-(cont)Faith-(cont) Allah is the same god as the God of the Allah is the same god as the God of the
Jews and ChristiansJews and Christians Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus are Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus are
considered prophetsconsidered prophets Muslims respect Jews and Christians as Muslims respect Jews and Christians as
“People of the Book”“People of the Book” Muslims believe Arabs are descendents of Muslims believe Arabs are descendents of
Abraham through his son Ishmael and Abraham through his son Ishmael and Jews are descendents of Abraham through Jews are descendents of Abraham through his son Isaachis son Isaac
The Quran states that Jesus transmitted The Quran states that Jesus transmitted God’s message and performed miraclesGod’s message and performed miracles
PrayerPrayer Muslims express their devotion in prayers Muslims express their devotion in prayers
offered five times each day: sunrise, offered five times each day: sunrise, noon, afternoon, sunset, and eveningnoon, afternoon, sunset, and evening
Worshippers face Makkah—kneeling, Worshippers face Makkah—kneeling, bowing, and touching one’s forehead to bowing, and touching one’s forehead to the ground as a sign of submission to Godthe ground as a sign of submission to God
At noon on Friday, many Muslims At noon on Friday, many Muslims worship together at a mosque—place of worship together at a mosque—place of worship—or at a school, court of law or worship—or at a school, court of law or sheltershelter
Faith--ImamFaith--Imam
An imam, prayer leader, guides An imam, prayer leader, guides believers in prayer—sermon believers in prayer—sermon sometimes followssometimes follows
Any male Muslim with the proper Any male Muslim with the proper religious education can serve as an religious education can serve as an imamimam
AlmsAlms
Wealthy should assist the poor and Wealthy should assist the poor and weakweak
Almsgiving is practiced privately Almsgiving is practiced privately though contributions to the needy though contributions to the needy and publicly through a state tax that and publicly through a state tax that supports schools and aids the poorsupports schools and aids the poor
FastingFasting
Fasting occurs during the month of Fasting occurs during the month of Ramadan (the ninth month of the Ramadan (the ninth month of the Muslim calendar), during which Muslim calendar), during which Muhammad received his first Muhammad received his first revelation; during Ramadan, revelation; during Ramadan, Muslims neither eat nor drink from Muslims neither eat nor drink from sunrise to sunsetsunrise to sunset
At the end, there is a 3-day At the end, there is a 3-day celebration for the end of the fastcelebration for the end of the fast
PilgrimagePilgrimage
Every able bodied who can afford the trip is Every able bodied who can afford the trip is expected to make pilgrimage at least once in expected to make pilgrimage at least once in his or her lifetime his or her lifetime
Those who perform the hajj are respected in Those who perform the hajj are respected in the communitythe community
Takes place 2 months and 10 days after Takes place 2 months and 10 days after Ramadan and involves 3 days of ceremony, Ramadan and involves 3 days of ceremony, prayer, and sacrificeprayer, and sacrifice
Worship at shrines in Makkah and MadinahWorship at shrines in Makkah and Madinah Seen where ideas come together from different Seen where ideas come together from different
parts of the worldparts of the world