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WOOL KERATIN-BASED WOOL KERATIN-BASED NANOFIBRES FOR ACTIVE NANOFIBRES FOR ACTIVE FILTRATION OF AIR AND FILTRATION OF AIR AND
WATERWATERA. Aluigi, C.Vineis, A. Varesano, C. Tonetti, C. Tonin,
G.Mazzuchetti.
2nd International Conference on Innovative Natural Fibre Composites for Industrial Applications
Rome, April 15-18, 2009
INSTITUTE FOR MACROMOLECULAR STUDIES
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High Cysteine Content Protein
(7-20% of the total aminoacids)
Wool Feather
Horns, NailsHair
KERATINS
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KERATIN WASTES: Renewable SourceKERATIN WASTES: Renewable Source
> 5.000.000 tons/year of keratin wastes from
By-products of the textile industry Poor quality raw wool not fit for
spinning Hairs and feathers from butchery
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Intermidiate Intermidiate FilamentsFilaments
Low-Sulphur Content Keratin (1,5 -2 %wt) (LSLS)
MW: 60, 45 kDa -Helix Structure
CuticleCuticle High-Sulphur
Content Keratin (8%wt) (HSHS)
MW: 28-11 kDa Sheet-Disordered
Structures
MatrixMatrix High-Sulphur
Content Keratin (8% wt) (HSHS)
MW: 28-11 kDa Disordered
Structure
Wool Wool FibreFibre
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AIMAIM
Nanofibre Non-Nanofibre Non-WovensWovens
Filtration System
Air Cleaning
Water depuration: especially removal of ultrafine particles and
heavy metals adsorption
Keratin from Keratin from WoolWool
[1] P. Kar and M. Misra, J. Chem. Technol Biotechnol, 2004, 79, 1313-1319[2] X. Huang, Y. J. Wang and Y. H. Di, Textile Research Journal, 2007, 77(12), 946-950
Properties of regenerated wool keratin
Heavy metals absorption [1] Formaldeyde absorption [2]
Nanofibre non-wovens properties
High surface/volume ratio High porosity
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Nanofibre Production by Nanofibre Production by ElectrospinningElectrospinning
Basic setup for an electrospinning Basic setup for an electrospinning apparatusapparatus
High voltage supplier [10 30 KV DC]
Syringe with a small diameter needle [0.2 1.5 mm]
Metal collecting screen
Electrostatic forces
Elongational forces able to transform the polymer solution in
nanofibres
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Keratin Keratin ExtractioExtraction from n from WoolWool
+metabisulphite
[0.6M]; Urea [8M];
SDS [0.02M]; pH 6.5
Shaking, 65°C, 2h
Filtration
Solid Fraction Liquid Fraction
Keratin/H2O
Casting 50°Covernight
Regenerated Keratin
Film
Dialysis
Filtration5 mLS
HS
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KeratinPA 6
20 kDa
Regenerated Keratin Regenerated Keratin CharacteristicCharacteristic
Poor mechanical properties
Non-ThermoplasticCommon solvent
use(volatile)
Polymer Blend
Used to produce filters
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Keratin/Formic Acid Solution Keratin/Formic Acid Solution StabilityStability
Keratin / Formic AcidKeratin / Formic Acid
1 StandardKeratin regenerated from formic
acid:2 2 days3 After two weeks4 After 1 month5 After 3 months
Extracted Keratin in Formic Acid
5% wt
Casting 50°Covernight
Films of Keratin regenerated
from Formic Acid
SDS-PAGE
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Regenerated Keratinin Formic Acid
15% wt
++
Polyamide 6in Formic Acid
15% wt
BlendsBlends0/1000/10010/9010/9030/7030/7050/5050/5070/3070/3090/1090/10100/0100/0
Castin
g
FilmFilm
Electrospinni
ng
Nanofibre Nanofibre Non-WovenNon-Woven
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Blend solution decanted overnight
Cryogenically fractured sections of blend films
Viscosity
Immiscibility between keratin and polyamide 6
i
iiT lnwln
component i ofviscosity solutionitycosvis ltheoretica
component i the of fraction weightw
thi
T
thi
Additivity Rule
Solution PropertiesSolution Properties
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Electrospinning ConditionsElectrospinning Conditions
Flow Rate (ml/min): 0,001 0,005 0,01
Voltage (kV): 15 20 25 30
Tip-to-Target Distance (cm): 10
Capillary (mm): 0,40
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Nanofibre MorfologyNanofibre Morfology
BeadsBeads
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Diameter Size Distributions of Blend Diameter Size Distributions of Blend NanofibresNanofibres
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1 day immersion in water
Water StabilityWater Stability
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[Cr+3]0=50 g/LpH=4
Stock Solution
h 2 ,adsorptionafter solution stock in theamount q
adsorption beforesolution stock in theamount
μg/mg)
g/mg)q(Capacity Adsorbing
31
30
10
Cr
Crq
m
qqq(
Preliminary test of chromium Preliminary test of chromium adsorptionadsorption
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Formaldehyde Adsorption
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Formaldehyde Adosrption Apparatus
Multicomponent filter made of
nanofibres deposited in a PP
filter sheet
Chamber containing 0.6
ppm of formaldehyde
Formaldehyde releasing silica
FormaldemeterTM
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Decrease of formaldehyde concentration with an initial concentration of 0.6 ppm (100%) during time in the presence
of filters
Tests performed at 20°C and 65% r.h.
Physiosorption
Physiosorption+
Chemisorption
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CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
Keratin/Polyamide 6 blend solutions in different proportions were prepared using formic acid as a common solvent
Morphological analysis and viscosity measurements suggest immiscibility between the two polymers
All the blend solutions were suitable for electrospinning and thin nanofibres with diameter ranging from 70 to 300 nm were obtained
The stability in water of keratin/polyamide 6 blend nanofibres decreases with increasing the keratin content
Keratin based nanofibres show a good chromium adsorption capacity
Keratin based nanofibres are good formaldehyde absorbers, reducing airborne formaldehyde concentration up to 70%
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… ALL of YOU for your attention!!
…REGIONE PIEMONTE (HI-TEX Project) and CASSA DI RISPARMIO DI BIELLA Foundation for the financial support