![Page 1: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 2: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 3: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 4: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 5: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 6: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 7: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 8: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 9: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 10: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 11: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 12: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 13: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 14: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 15: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 16: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 17: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 18: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 19: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 20: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 21: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 22: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 23: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 24: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 25: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 26: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 27: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 28: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 29: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 30: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 31: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 32: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 33: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 34: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 35: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 36: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 37: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 38: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 39: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 40: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 41: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 42: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 43: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 44: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 45: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 46: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 47: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 48: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 49: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 50: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 51: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 52: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 53: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 54: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 55: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 56: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 57: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 58: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 59: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 60: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 61: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 62: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 63: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 64: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 65: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 66: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 67: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 68: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 69: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 70: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 71: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 72: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 73: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 74: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 75: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 76: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 77: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 78: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 79: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 80: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 81: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 82: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 83: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 84: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 85: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 86: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 87: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 88: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 89: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 90: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 91: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 92: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 93: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 94: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 95: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 96: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 97: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 98: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 99: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 100: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 101: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 102: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 103: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 104: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 105: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 106: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 107: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 108: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 109: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 110: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 111: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 112: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 113: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 114: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 115: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 116: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 117: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 118: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 119: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 120: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 121: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 122: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 123: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 124: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 125: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 126: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 127: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 128: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 129: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 130: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 131: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 132: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 133: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 134: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 135: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 136: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 137: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 138: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 139: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 140: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 141: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 142: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 143: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 144: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 145: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 146: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 147: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 148: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 149: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 150: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 151: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 152: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 153: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 154: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 155: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 156: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 157: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 158: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 159: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 160: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 161: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 162: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 163: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 164: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 165: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 166: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 167: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 168: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 169: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 170: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 171: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 172: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 173: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 174: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 175: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 176: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 177: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 178: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 179: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 180: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 181: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 182: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 183: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 184: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 185: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 186: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 187: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 188: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 189: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 190: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 191: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 192: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 193: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 194: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 195: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 196: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 197: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 198: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 199: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 200: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 201: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 202: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 203: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 204: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 205: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 206: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 207: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 208: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 209: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 210: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 211: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 212: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 213: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 214: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 215: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 216: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/216.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 217: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/217.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 218: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/218.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 219: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/219.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 220: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/220.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 221: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/221.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 222: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/222.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 223: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/223.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 224: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/224.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 225: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/225.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 226: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/226.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 227: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/227.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 228: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/228.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 229: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/229.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 230: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/230.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 231: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/231.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 232: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/232.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 233: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/233.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
![Page 234: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/234.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
![Page 235: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/235.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name _____________________
LAB- The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It functions as the freeway of
your body by carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and even medications to and from
organs, tissues, and cells. The blood vessels act as the road or path, the blood is the vehicle that substances
travel upon, and the heart is the pump that keeps everything moving. In fact, all of the blood vessels in your
body would equal more than 60,000 miles!
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels travel in one direction, leaving the heart through the
arteries. Twenty major arteries travel through the body and branch into
smaller blood vessels, called arterioles. The arterioles get even smaller
and branch into blood vessels that are a single cell thick, called capillaries.
Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body and are so
small that red blood cells must travel single file. Because of their
thinness, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes easily diffuse out
of capillaries into the tissues and cells that surround them.. The capillaries pass through the tissues of the
body, dropping off and picking up substances, and then begin to group together to become venules. Venules
eventually join together and form veins, that end up back at the heart to start the path through the body all
over again. Veins and veules have specialized valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
The Blood
A healthy adult contains approximately 5 liters of blood. Blood is a liquid made up primarily of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is mainly water with a variety of dissolved substances and
nutrients. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the lungs and the
cells of the body. White blood cells function in immunity allowing our bodies to recognize and fight off
infections. Platelets function to help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged.
The Heart
The heart is one of, if not the most important, organ of the body and will beat
more than 3 billion times in an average lifetime. It is made up of strong
cardiac muscle tissue that contracts continually for the entire lifetime of an
individual. The heart creates its own electrical impulses through cardiac
conduction, which keeps the heart beating regularly. The contractions of the heart expel blood out of four
chambers within the heart that are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The
blood is pushed forward out through arteries, and specialized valves prevent the blood from flowing
backward.
![Page 236: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/236.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Path of Blood
Below summarizes the path of blood throughout the body.
Circulation Through the Body
There are 3 main paths, or circulations, along which blood travels.
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it
picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood then returns to the hear through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation: Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries to the rest of the body and then
returns to the heart through veins.
Coronary Circulation: Arteries and veins connected to the aorta provide blood to the actual heart muscle.
![Page 237: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/237.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Cardiovascular Disorders
A healthy cardiovascular system is crucial for overall health. A variety of abnormalities caused by disease or
disorders can affect the ability of the heart, blood, and blood vesseles to circulate important substances
around the body.
Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from 2009 in US.
STATION 1: The Cardiovascular System
The Exterior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. M.
B. N.
C. O.
D. R.
E. S.
F. W.
G. Z.
I.
J.
![Page 238: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/238.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
The Interior Heart
Identify the selected parts of the heart.
A. J. S.
B. L. T.
C. M. U.
D. N. W.
E. O. X.
F. P. Y.
H. Q.
I. R.
STATION 2: Heart Sounds and Pulse
The sounds created by the heart are caused by the heart
valves opening and closing. Normally, there are two sounds heard when listening to the heart. The first
sound is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing and the semilunar (SL) valves opening. The second
sound is caused by the SL valves closing and the AV valves opening. The pulse is just an extension of the
heartbeat as blood is pumped into arteries throughout the body, Larger arteries closer to the heart have a
stronger pulse, allowing us to feel it through the skin an determine the heart rate.
Listening to the Heart
1. The heart will sound different depending on the part of
the chest you auscultate (listen to). The figure shows the
location on the chest to auscultate each of the valves of
the heart.
2. Use the stethoscope to listen to your partner’s heart in
each of the locations on the figure to the right. Just as if
you were a healthcare worker, BE AWARE of where you
are placing the stethoscope on your female classmates.
Ask your partner if he or she would like to hold the chest
piece of the stethoscope on parts of the chest that may be
uncomfortable.
3. Describe how the heart sounds in each part of the heart in the space below:
a. Aortic semilunar valve_________________________________________________________
b. Right AV valve_______________________________________________________________
c. Pulmonary semilunar valve_______________________________________________________
d. Left AV valve_______________________________________________________________
![Page 239: WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name LAB- The Cardiovascular System](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022020622/61ee0df24ed5355f564905dd/html5/thumbnails/239.jpg)
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
Locating Pulse Points
The pulse is actually the arteries expanding in rhythm with the
contractions of the heart. The pulse can be taken at a variety locations
on the body. There are 7 common pulse points. Take the pulse at each
of the following 6 sites by counting the number of beats in 15 seconds.
Multiple this number by 4 to determine beats per minute (BPM). Record
your data in the table below. The location of each pulse point can be
found in the image to the right. If you are having trouble locating the
pulse, you can use the stethoscope on the location.
PULSE POINTS
Pulse Area Beats in 15 sec Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Radial
Brachial
Carotid
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
How does pulse vary around the body? ________________________________________________
Station 3 – Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts it pushes blood out into the arteries of the body. The force created by the “pulse”
of blood flowing through the artery is called the blood pressure. When blood pressure is high it means the
heart is working harder to push blood through the blood vessels. A normal healthy adult blood pressure for
an adult is 120/80. The top number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart contracts and is called
systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is the pressure on the arteries when the heart relaxes and is
known as the diastolic blood pressure.
Procedure:
1. Have your partner sit and place his or her forearm on a
desk or table. Make sure the blood pressure cuff is
completely deflated and secure it around your partner’s
upper arm so it does not slid e down but is not too tight.
2. Have your partner hold the pressure gauge, clip it on
the cuff or place it on the table so it is easily visible.
3. Place your ear tips of the stethoscope in your ears and
the chest piece of the stethoscope in the crease of the
elbow, just under the cuff so it will be held in place.
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HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology Mod Oppelt 2014
4. If you are right handed hold the pump in the palm of your left hand so you are easily able to tighten and
loosen the valve on top of the pump with your fingers.
5. Squeeze the pump and watch the pressure gauge. Increase the pressure to around 150 mmHg or until
you’re are no longer able to hear your partner’s pulse through the stethoscope. DO NOT INFLATE TOO
TIGHT! (If the cuff is not inflating, make sure the valve is closed on the pump).
6. At this point you have cut off circulation at the elbow. Slightly open the valve to allow the air out of the
cuff SLOWLY. Watch the pressure gauge as it drops and listen carefully with the stethoscope for when the
pulse returns. This takes a lot of practice so you may need to reinflate the cuff and try a few times.
7. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse returns is the systolic blood pressure. Record number
in the table to the right.
8. Continue to let air out of the cuff SLOWLY, watch the pressure
gauge, and listen when the pulse can longer be heard through the
stethoscope.
9. The number on the pressure gauge when the pulse disappears is the
diastolic pressure. Record number in table to the right.
10. Completely release all of the air out of the blood pressure cuff and remove it from your partner.
Exchange roles.
Review Questions
1. How do the heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to perform the function of the cardiovascular
system?
2. What are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat?
3. Explain the difference between an artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
4. What is the function of the following: red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet?
5. Outline the path of blood through the heart.
6. What is the difference between pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation?
7. From the table in the background section, what cardiovascular disorder was the most prevalent in 2009?
What was the least? Hypothesize why.
8. What cardiovascular disorder has the highest mortality rate? The lowest mortality rate?
Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Diastolic Blood
Pressure