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Wireless Power Transmission
Using Solar Power Satellites (SPS)
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One type of harnessing solar power
Solar energy is collected by using PV cells
Transmitted to earth as Microwaves
Again converted back into electrical energy
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What is Beamed (wireless) Power Transmission??
Power is transmitted through space
Invented by Nikola Tesla in 19th century
Extension to three dimensional networks from two
dimensional networks
Energy can be transmitted through clouds, rain etc
without sufficient lossmakes the system highly efficientwww.final-yearproject.com |
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Three types of WPT
Microwave based WPT
Laser based WPT
Hybrid microwave-laser WPT
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Microwave V/S Laser
MicrowaveMore developed
High efficiency up to 85%
Beams are far below than lethal levels of concentrationeven for a prolonged exposure
Cause interference with communication industrywww.final-yearproject.com |
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Microwave V/S Laser
Laser Recently developed solid state lasers allow
efficient transfer of power
Range of 10% to 20% efficiency with in a few years
Conform to limits on eye and skin damage
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Micro Waves
Wavelength is measured in centimeters
Travel with the same velocity of light
Can penetrates haze, cloud, rain, snow and cloudsGood
for transmitting information from one place to another
Longer microwaves used in Microwave Ovens and Shorter
microwaves used for radar like applications
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How can we produce Microwaves??
DC power can be converted into microwave by using
Magnetron
Uses interaction of electrical and magnetic fields to
produce oscillations of high power
Employs radial electric field, axial magnetic field,
anode structure and cylindrical cathode
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Operation
Two permanent magnets Produces constant magnetic field Electrons produces its own magnetic field
On one side of the electron path magnetic fields gets added up
and on the other side effective magnetic field gets reduced
Electrons trajectory bends towards weakened
direction Circular motionAnode interacts with electrons which produces an alternating
current of high frequency in the cavities
Antenna connected to the anode and is coupled with the
wave-guide (a hollow metal enclosure into which antenna
transmits wave energywww.final-yearproject.com |
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Solar Power Satellite (SPS)
Idea was proposedby Peter E Glaser in
1968
Would use
microwaves to transmitpower to earth
Idea gained
momentum during oil
crisis in 1970, butafter prices stabilized
idea was dropped
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Consists of three parts
A huge solar collector, typically made up of solar cells
A microwave antenna aimed at the earth
A antenna occupying a large area on earth to collect the power
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Placed in geosynchronous orbit SPS illuminated 99% ofthe time
Only moving part is Transmitter antenna which tracks
ground based receiving antenna called Rectenna
Transmitter antenna connected to solar array by two
rotary joints with slip rings
Each SPS will have 400 million solar cells
Waste heat is re-radiated to space reduce globalwarming
Conversion efficiency is 54%www.final-yearproject.com |
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BEAM
FORMI
NG
ANTEN
NA
FREESPACE
TRANSMISSION
DC TO
MICROW
AVE
CONVERS
ION
RECEPTI
ON
CONVERS
ION TO
DC
Power output is around 10 giga watts which is
approximately equal to the power output of 10 nuclear
power stations
Pollution free
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Spacetenna
An antenna onboard the satellite
Antenna in the form of an array
Each array consists of magnetron elements and
directional amplifiers that supplies microwave power to
slotted wave guide
ability to match transmission line impedance (source
impedance) and load (atmosphere 377 ohm)
If impedance match is correct, the energy being transferred
will be radiated in to the atmospherewww.final-yearproject.com |http://troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/
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Power Generation Module
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Array module
110 sub arrays
1320 solar cell units
45 array modules
Each array produces 180 A at 1 kv
Wing summing bus line collects power from each array
Wing summing bus line connected to central bus line which
are interfaced with spacetennawww.final-yearproject.com |http://troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/
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Rectenna
Rectifying Antenna power collecting harmonic filtering rectification into DC power
An antenna comprising a mesh of dipoles and diodes for
absorbing microwave energy from a transmitter and converting
it into DC power
Microwaves are received with about 85% efficiency
Around 5 km across (3.1 miles)www.final-yearproject.com |
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Rectenna Design
Currently there are two different types being looked at:
Wire mesh reflector Built on a rigid frame above the ground Visually transparent so that it would not interfere
with plant life
Magic carpetMaterial pegged to the ground
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Advantages over ground based system:
More intense sunlight
In geosynchronous orbit (36000 km), SPS would be illuminated
99% of the time
No need for costly storage devices for when the sun is not in view
only a few days at spring and fall equinox would the satellitebe in shadow
Waste heat is radiated back to the space
Power can be beamed to the location where it is needed, dont
have to invest in as a large grid
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Problems???
Complexity30 years to complete
Size6.5 miles long by 3.3 miles wide
Transmitting antenna mile in diameter (1 km)
CostPrototype would have cost $74 billion
Microwave transmission
interface with other electronic devices health and environmental effects
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Environmental problems???
Possible health hazards
Effects of long term exposure Exposure is equal to the amount that people receive
from cell phones and microwaves
Location
The size of construction of rectenna is massive
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Developments
US Department of Energy Research Program 1978-1981
Japanese continued to study the idea throughout the 1980s
In 1995, NASA began a fresh look study
set up a research, technology, and investment schedule research aimed at an SPS system of 250MW
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Current Developments
SPS 2000 Project in development in Japan
Goal is to build a low cost demonstration model by 2025
8 countries along the equator have agreed to be the site
of rectenna
10MW satellite delivering microwave power
will not be geosynchronous orbit, instead low orbit 1100 km
ground based rectenna could be smallerA 2.45 GHz microwave frequency is used for transmission
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Power to Mobile Devices
If microwave beam carrying power could be beamed to
earth uniformly, they could power cell phones
Biggest problem is that the antenna would have to be
25-30 cm2
Would require a network of hundreds of satellites
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References:
1. P.E.Glaser, Power from the sun: Its future, Science,
vol. 162, 957-961, 1968
2. G.A.Landis, An Evolutionary path to SPS, Space Power,
vol. 9, No.4 pp. 365-371, 1990
3. www.nasatech.com
4. www.spacefuture.com
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Thank Youwww final-yearproject com |http://troubleshoot4free com/fyp/