Wireless Power Transfer using Maxwell and Simplorer
Zed (Zhangjun) TangMark ChristiniTakahiro KogaANSYS, Inc.
Wireless Power Supply System for EV• Inductive type
1mm 1cm 10cm 1m 10m 100m
100%
50%
0%
Transfer Distance
Efficiency Resonance type
Inductive type(~15W) Inductive type(~50kW)
Ref: EE Times Japan 2009.10
ACPower
Inverter
Cable
Capacitor
Primary CoilPrimary Coil
Secondary CoilSecondary Coil
BatteryRectifier/Charger
MaxwellSimplorer
Geometry
Schematic
20kW @ 400V/20kHz
Core
CoilShield Plate
Secondary Coil
Primary Coil
Materials
Secondary
Primary
500mm410mm
90mm
90mm330mm
400mm
Magnetic Core• Material : FDK 6H40 (Bs=0.53T, μi=2400)
Winding Coil• Litz wire : 0.25φ × 384 parallel turns• Conductivity : 5.8×107[S/m]• Primary : 10 turns• Secondary : 5 turns
ANSYS MechanicalThermal/Stress
RMxprtMotor Design
SimplorerSystem Design
PP := 6
ICA:
A
A
A
GAIN
A
A
A
GAIN
A
JPMSYNCIA
IB
IC
Torque JPMSYNCIA
IB
IC
TorqueD2D
MaxwellElectromagnetic Components
PExprtMagnetics
Q3DParasitics
Model order Reduction
Co-simulation
Field Solution
Model Generation
Optimization
ANSYS CFDThermal
Electromechanical Design Flow
• Solves 2-D and 3-D electromagnetic field problems using FEA
• Five Solution Types: Electrostatic, Magnetostatic, Eddy Current, Transient Electric, Transient Magnetic
• Determines R,L,C, forces, torques, losses, saturation, time-induced effects
• Simulation of: Power Magnetics, Inductors, Transformers, Motors, Generators, Actuators, Bus bars
• Co-simulation with Simplorer
• Direct link from PExprt, RMxprt
• Direct link to ANSYS Mechanical
Maxwell ‐ Introduction
• Three Basic Simulation Types:• Circuits• Block Diagrams• State Machines
• Multi‐domain simulator for electrical, magnetic, mechanical, fluid, and thermal systems
• Integrated analysis with EM tools (Maxwell, PExprt, Q3D, RMxprt, HFSS) and thermal tools (ANSYS CFD, ANSYS Icepack)
• Co‐simulation with Maxwell and Simulink• Optimization and Statistical analysis • VHDL‐AMS capability
SUM2_6
CONST
id_ref
G(s)
GS2
I
I_PART_id
GAIN
idLIMIT
yd
UL := 9
LL := ‐9
GAIN
P_PART_id
KP := 0.76
IMP = 0
IMP = 1IMP = 0IMP = 1
IMP = 0 and RLine.I <= ILOW
IMP = 1 and RLine.I >= IUP
IMP = 0 and RLine.I >= IUP
IMP = 1 and RLine.I <= ILOW
SET: CS1:=-1SET: CS2:=-1SET: CS3:=-1SET: CS4:=-1
SET: CS1:=-1SET: CS2:=1SET: CS3:=-1SET: CS4:=-1
SET: CS1:=1SET: CS2:=-1SET: CS3:=-1SET: CS4:=-1
SET: CS1:=-1SET: CS2:=-1SET: CS3:=-1SET: CS4:=-1
Circuits
Block Diagrams
State Machines
12
R1 R2 R3 R450 1k 1k50
C1 C2
3.3u
3.3u
V0 := 5 V0 := 0
N0005
N0003N0004
N0002
Simplorer ‐ Introduction
Solution Flow Chart
• Maxwell + Simplorer
MaxwellMagnetostatic
MaxwellEddy Current Simplorer
AC / TRImpedance Model
Circuit / Drive / Controller designWaveform, Efficiency, Power factor, Response
MaxwellEddy Current
Fields, Losses
Core, Winding
GapSliding
Maxwell / Magnetostatic
• L, M, k : • Self Inductance• Mutual Inductance• Coupling Coefficient
k=0.54
L1 MM L2
M
L1
L2
Maxwell / Magnetostatic
Inductance L, MCoupling factor kFieldCore saturation
Mag B
Coupling factor k – sliding gap
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00Sliding [mm]
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Mat
rix1.
Cpl
Coe
f(Cur
rent
_1,C
urre
nt_2
)
3D_Static_sliding_kCoupling - k ANSOFT
Curve InfoMatrix1.CplCoef(Current_1,Current_2)
Setup1 : LastAdaptiveGap='50mm'
Matrix1.CplCoef(Current_1,Current_2)Setup1 : LastAdaptiveGap='100mm'
Matrix1.CplCoef(Current_1,Current_2)Setup1 : LastAdaptiveGap='150mm'
Matrix1.CplCoef(Current_1,Current_2)Setup1 : LastAdaptiveGap='200mm'
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00Sliding [mm]
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Mat
rix1.
Cpl
Coe
f(Cur
rent
_1,C
urre
nt_2
)
3D_Static_sliding_kCoupling - k ANSOFT
Curve InfoMatrix1.CplCoef(Current_1,Current_2)
Setup1 : LastAdaptiveGap='50mm'
Matrix1.CplCoef(Current_1,Current_2)Setup1 : LastAdaptiveGap='100mm'
Matrix1.CplCoef(Current_1,Current_2)Setup1 : LastAdaptiveGap='150mm'
Matrix1.CplCoef(Current_1,Current_2)Setup1 : LastAdaptiveGap='200mm'
Core Shape/MaterialNumber of turnsCurrent Amp.Gap
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00Current [A]
0.00
0.01
0.10
1.00
Gap
[met
er]
2D_Static_BHMutual Inductance L12 ANSOFT
Matrix1.L(C [nH]
0.0000e+000
5.7000e+003
1.1400e+004
1.7100e+004
2.2800e+004
2.8500e+004
3.4200e+004
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00Current [A]
1
10
100
1000
Gap
[mm
]
2D_StaticMutual Inductance L12 ANSOFT
Matrix1.L(C [nH]
0.0000e+000
5.7000e+003
1.1400e+004
1.7100e+004
2.2800e+004
2.8500e+004
3.4200e+004
Maxwell / MagnetostaticVerification for core saturation:
Linear Material(Initial permeability)
Nonlinear Material(BH curve)
Specification Area
Saturation
X: Gap [mm] / Y: Input Current [A] / Color: Mutual inductance [nH]
21LLkM
Specification Area
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00H (A_per_meter)
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
B (t
esla
)Maxwell / Magnetostatic• Verification for core saturation
• Core’s BH curve, Mag_B field plot• No magnetic saturation
Nonlinear BH curve
~0.4T
Maximum point : 0.26T
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00Current [A]
0.00
0.01
0.10
1.00
Gap
[met
er]
2D_Static_BHMutual Inductance L12 ANSOFT
Matrix1.L(C [nH]
0.0000e+000
5.7000e+003
1.1400e+004
1.7100e+004
2.2800e+004
2.8500e+004
3.4200e+004
Specification Area
Maxwell / Eddy Current• State Space Modeling for Simplorer
• Frequency domain impedance(R,L) model for circuit simulation
• AC fields and Losses (after circuit simulation)
Maxwell / Eddy Current Solver
Core Shape/MaterialNumber of turnsFrequencyGapShield Shape/Material
AC CharacteristicsInductance L, MCoupling factor kFieldCore HysteresisShield
Shield Plate (Aluminum)
Core(Power Ferrite)
No Shielding Shielding
Simplorer with Maxwell State Space Model
AC / Frequency domain TR / Time domain
Efficiency Map• Output/Input Power• Tuned capacitance for each conditions• Blue valley vs sliding indicates poor design (coil too small)
90%
50%
20%
%100
cos
in
out
PPVIP
Efficiency[%]
Sliding [mm]Gap [mm]
Gap Sliding
Max.96%
0
0
0
R1
7.2mOhm
R2
3.6mOhm
Cs
1.72uF
Cp
4.96uF
Rload
13ohm
W
+WM1
W
+WM2
D4
D3
D2
D1
IGBT4
IGBT3
IGBT2
IGBT1
C1
1000uF
TRANS4
DT4
TRANS3
SINE1.VAL > TRIANG1.VAL
TRANS2
DT1
TRANS1
SINE1.VAL < TRIANG1.VAL
STATE_11_4
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=0DEL: DT4##Dead_Time
STATE_11_3
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=1SET: TSV2:=1SET: TSV1:=0
STATE_11_2
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=0DEL: DT1##Dead_Time
STATE_11_1
SET: TSV4:=1SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=1
TRIANG1
AMPL=1FREQ=Carrier_Freq
SINE1
AMPL=Modulation_IndexFREQ=Frequency
ICA: FML_INIT1
Modulation_Index:=0Carrier_Freq:=20kFrequency:=20k
DC_Source:=400Dead_Time:=2u
~
3PHAS
~
~
A * sin (2 * pi * f * t + PHI + phi_u)
PHI = 0°
PHI = -120°
PHI = -240°
THREE_PHASE1D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10 Battery- +
LBATT_A1
D11
D12
D13
D14
C2
1uF
2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00Time [ms]
-150.00
-100.00
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
Y1 [
A]
Curve Info rmsWM1.I
TR 41.6165
WM2.ITR 34.8648
2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00Time [ms]
-800.00
-300.00
200.00
700.00
Y1 [
V]
Curve Info rmsWM1.V
TR 281.0066
WM2.VTR 321.9453
2.900 2.925 2.950 2.975 3.000Time [ms]
-250.00
-125.00
0.00
125.00
250.00
Y1 [A
]
-1000.00
-500.00
0.00
500.00
873.02
Y2 [V
]
MX1: 2.9200MX2: 2.9811
-408.7847-315.0105-64.8250
-40.2840-377.1247-319.5653 -53.6971
-0.0037
0.0610
Curve Info Y Axis rmsWM1.I
TR Y1 38.9542
WM2.ITR Y1 34.1140
WM1.VTR Y2 276.0822
WM2.VTR Y2 316.6292
PWRProbe
PWR_Probe1
Current_1:srcCurrent_2:src
Current_1:snkCurrent_2:snk
PWRProbe
PWR_Probe2
0
0
0
R1
7.2mOhm
R2
3.6mOhm
Cs
1.72uF
Cp
4.96uF
Rload
13ohm
W
+WM1
W
+WM2
D4
D3
D2
D1
IGBT4
IGBT3
IGBT2
IGBT1
C1
1000uF
TRANS4
DT4
TRANS3
SINE1.VAL > TRIANG1.VAL
TRANS2
DT1
TRANS1
SINE1.VAL < TRIANG1.VAL
STATE_11_4
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=0DEL: DT4##Dead_Time
STATE_11_3
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=1SET: TSV2:=1SET: TSV1:=0
STATE_11_2
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=0DEL: DT1##Dead_Time
STATE_11_1
SET: TSV4:=1SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=1
TRIANG1
AMPL=1FREQ=Carrier_Freq
SINE1
AMPL=Modulation_IndexFREQ=Frequency
ICA: FML_INIT1
Modulation_Index:=0Carrier_Freq:=20kFrequency:=20k
DC_Source:=400Dead_Time:=2u
~
3PHAS
~
~
A * sin (2 * pi * f * t + PHI + phi_u)
PHI = 0°
PHI = -120°
PHI = -240°
THREE_PHASE1D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10 Battery- +
LBATT_A1
D11
D12
D13
D14
C2
1uF
2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00Time [ms]
-150.00
-100.00
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
Y1 [A
]
Curve Info rmsWM1.I
TR 41.6165
WM2.ITR 34.8648
2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00Time [ms]
-800.00
-300.00
200.00
700.00
Y1 [
V]
Curve Info rmsWM1.V
TR 281.0066
WM2.VTR 321.9453
2.900 2.925 2.950 2.975 3.000Time [ms]
-250.00
-125.00
0.00
125.00
250.00
Y1 [A
]
-1000.00
-500.00
0.00
500.00
873.02
Y2 [V
]
MX1: 2.9200MX2: 2.9811
-408.7847-315.0105-64.8250
-40.2840-377.1247-319.5653 -53.6971
-0.0037
0.0610
Curve Info Y Axis rmsWM1.I
TR Y1 38.9542
WM2.ITR Y1 34.1140
WM1.VTR Y2 276.0822
WM2.VTR Y2 316.6292
PWRProbe
PWR_Probe1
Current_1:srcCurrent_2:src
Current_1:snkCurrent_2:snk
PWRProbe
PWR_Probe2
Maxwell – Simplorer System Simulation
AC400V Rectify InverterWireless Power Transformer Battery
Controller
0
0
0
R1
7.2mOhm
R2
3.6mOhm
Cs
1.72uF
Cp
4.96uF
Rload
13ohm
W
+WM1
W
+WM2
D4
D3
D2
D1
IGBT4
IGBT3
IGBT2
IGBT1
C1
1000uF
TRANS4
DT4
TRANS3
SINE1.VAL > TRIANG1.VAL
TRANS2
DT1
TRANS1
SINE1.VAL < TRIANG1.VAL
STATE_11_4
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=0DEL: DT4##Dead_Time
STATE_11_3
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=1SET: TSV2:=1SET: TSV1:=0
STATE_11_2
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=0DEL: DT1##Dead_Time
STATE_11_1
SET: TSV4:=1SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=1
TRIANG1
AMPL=1FREQ=Carrier_Freq
SINE1
AMPL=Modulation_IndexFREQ=Frequency
ICA: FML_INIT1
Modulation_Index:=0Carrier_Freq:=20kFrequency:=20k
DC_Source:=400Dead_Time:=2u
~
3PHAS
~
~
A * sin (2 * pi * f * t + PHI + phi_u)
PHI = 0°
PHI = -120°
PHI = -240°
THREE_PHASE1D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10 Battery- +
LBATT_A1
D11
D12
D13
D14
C2
1uF
2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00Time [ms]
-150.00
-100.00
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
Y1 [A
]
Curve Info rmsWM1.I
TR 41.6165
WM2.ITR 34.8648
2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00Time [ms]
-800.00
-300.00
200.00
700.00
Y1 [
V]
Curve Info rmsWM1.V
TR 281.0066
WM2.VTR 321.9453
2.900 2.925 2.950 2.975 3.000Time [ms]
-250.00
-125.00
0.00
125.00
250.00
Y1 [A
]
-1000.00
-500.00
0.00
500.00
873.02
Y2 [V
]
MX1: 2.9200MX2: 2.9811
-408.7847-315.0105-64.8250
-40.2840-377.1247-319.5653 -53.6971
-0.0037
0.0610
Curve Info Y Axis rmsWM1.I
TR Y1 38.9542
WM2.ITR Y1 34.1140
WM1.VTR Y2 276.0822
WM2.VTR Y2 316.6292
PWRProbe
PWR_Probe1
Current_1:srcCurrent_2:src
Current_1:snkCurrent_2:snk
PWRProbe
PWR_Probe2
0
0
0
R1
7.2mOhm
R2
3.6mOhm
Cs
1.72uF
Cp
4.96uF
Rload
13ohm
W
+WM1
W
+WM2
D4
D3
D2
D1
IGBT4
IGBT3
IGBT2
IGBT1
C1
1000uF
TRANS4
DT4
TRANS3
SINE1.VAL > TRIANG1.VAL
TRANS2
DT1
TRANS1
SINE1.VAL < TRIANG1.VAL
STATE_11_4
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=0DEL: DT4##Dead_Time
STATE_11_3
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=1SET: TSV2:=1SET: TSV1:=0
STATE_11_2
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=0DEL: DT1##Dead_Time
STATE_11_1
SET: TSV4:=1SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=1
TRIANG1
AMPL=1FREQ=Carrier_Freq
SINE1
AMPL=Modulation_IndexFREQ=Frequency
ICA: FML_INIT1
Modulation_Index:=0Carrier_Freq:=20kFrequency:=20k
DC_Source:=400Dead_Time:=2u
~
3PHAS
~
~
A * sin (2 * pi * f * t + PHI + phi_u)
PHI = 0°
PHI = -120°
PHI = -240°
THREE_PHASE1D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10 Battery- +
LBATT_A1
D11
D12
D13
D14
C2
1uF
2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00Time [ms]
-150.00
-100.00
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
Y1 [A
]
Curve Info rmsWM1.I
TR 41.6165
WM2.ITR 34.8648
2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00Time [ms]
-800.00
-300.00
200.00
700.00
Y1 [
V]
Curve Info rmsWM1.V
TR 281.0066
WM2.VTR 321.9453
2.900 2.925 2.950 2.975 3.000Time [ms]
-250.00
-125.00
0.00
125.00
250.00
Y1 [A
]
-1000.00
-500.00
0.00
500.00
873.02
Y2 [V
]
MX1: 2.9200MX2: 2.9811
-408.7847-315.0105-64.8250
-40.2840-377.1247-319.5653 -53.6971
-0.0037
0.0610
Curve Info Y Axis rmsWM1.I
TR Y1 38.9542
WM2.ITR Y1 34.1140
WM1.VTR Y2 276.0822
WM2.VTR Y2 316.6292
PWRProbe
PWR_Probe1
Current_1:srcCurrent_2:src
Current_1:snkCurrent_2:snk
PWRProbe
PWR_Probe2
Maxwell – Simplorer System Simulation
AC400V Rectify InverterWireless Power Transformer Battery
Controller
Simplorer: Design Driver Controller in a System Level Simulation
Circuit DriverController
AC/TR ResponseWaveformEfficiency
Back to Maxwell: Core Hysteresis Loss Using the Current Amplitude and Phase from Simplorer
Hysteresis Loss
Considering Magnetic Loss tangent
tan1 jj
Freq [kHz]Core1st_LossSetup1 : LastAdaptivePhase='0deg'
Core2nd_LossSetup1 : LastAdaptivePhase='0deg'
1 20.000000 0.909102 0.313144
3D_EddyCore Loss ANSOFT
Core loss[W]
Primary
Secondary
Back to Maxwell: Shield Surface Loss Using the Current Amplitude and Phase from Simplorer
Surface Loss
Key Point:Impedance boundary BC
Primary Secondary
Freq [kHz]Shield1st_LossSetup1 : LastAdaptivePhase='0deg'
Shield2nd_LossSetup1 : LastAdaptivePhase='0deg'
1 20.000000 22.938675 37.886583
3D_EddyShield Loss ANSOFT
Freq [kHz]Shield1st_LossSetup1 : LastAdaptivePhase='0deg'
Shield2nd_LossSetup1 : LastAdaptivePhase='0deg'
1 20.000000 22.938675 37.886583
3D_EddyShield Loss ANSOFT
Shield Loss[W]
Back to Maxwell: Field Solution Using the Current Amplitude and Phase from Simplorer
Magnetic Field Intensity
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00Distance [meter]
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
Mag
_B [m
Tesl
a]
2D_EddyXY Plot 1 ANSOFT
Curve InfoMag_B
Setup1 : LastAdaptiveFreq='20kHz' Phase='0deg'
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00Distance [meter]
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
Mag
_B [m
Tesl
a]
2D_EddyXY Plot 1 ANSOFT
Curve InfoMag_B
Setup1 : LastAdaptiveFreq='20kHz' Phase='0deg'
Magnetic Field Density
Distance
Distance
Back to Maxwell and Link to HFSS• Maxwell → HFSS Dynamic Link
• Magnetic source solved by Maxwell and Link to HFSS field solution• Far Field and Large Area electromagnetic solution• HFSS can handle a car body object as 2D sheet object
Maxwell
HFSS
Back to Maxwell and Link to HFSS• Maxwell → HFSS Dynamic Link
• Magnetic source solved by Maxwell and Link to HFSS field solution• Far Field and Large Area electromagnetic solution• HFSS can handle a car body object as 2D sheet object
Maxwell
HFSS
Thermal /Stress Analysis using Workbench• Maxwell 3D Eddy Current losses can be imported directly to ANSYS steady‐state thermal and stress solver for mechanical analysis
0
0
0
R1
(1/87-0.004) ohm
R2
(1/348-0.001) ohm
Cs
1.93uF
Cp
5.24uF
Rload
10ohm
W
+WM1
W
+WM2
D4
D3
D2
D1
IGBT4
IGBT3
IGBT2
IGBT1
C1
1000uF
TRANS4
DT4
TRANS3
SINE1.VAL > TRIANG1.VAL
TRANS2
DT1
TRANS1
SINE1.VAL < TRIANG1.VAL
STATE_11_4
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=0DEL: DT4##Dead_Time
STATE_11_3
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=1SET: TSV2:=1SET: TSV1:=0
STATE_11_2
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=0DEL: DT1##Dead_Time
STATE_11_1
SET: TSV4:=1SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=1
TRIANG1
AMPL=1FREQ=Carrier_Freq
SINE1
AMPL=Modulation_IndexFREQ=Frequency
ICA: FML_INIT1
Modulation_Index:=0Carrier_Freq:=10kFrequency:=10k
DC_Source:=200Dead_Time:=2u
~
3PHAS
~
~
A * sin (2 * pi * f * t + PHI + phi_u)
PHI = 0°
PHI = -120°
PHI = -240°
THREE_PHASE1D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10 Battery- +
LBATT_A1
D11
D12
D13
D14
C2
1e-006farad
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00Time [ms]
-40.00
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
Y1 [A
]
Curve Info rmsWM1.I
TR 9.4139
WM2.ITR 10.5939
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00Time [ms]
-300.00
-100.00
100.00
300.00
Y1 [V
]
Curve Info rmsWM1.V
TR 154.9045
WM2.VTR 120.2425
1.90 1.92 1.94 1.96 1.98 2.00Time [ms]
-40.00
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
Y1 [A
]
-200.00
-100.00
0.00
100.00
200.00
Y2 [V
]
MX1: 1.9753MX2: 1.9783
-6.0797-1.2036-0.0090
131.1979
-0.51411.340627.9814
156.0455
0.0030
Curve Info Y Axis rmsWM1.I
TR Y1 9.3501
WM2.ITR Y1 10.5176
WM1.VTR Y2 153.6594
WM2.VTR Y2 119.4615
Current_1st_1:src
Current_1st_2:src
Current_2nd_1:src
Current_2nd_2:src
Current_1st_1:snk
Current_1st_2:snk
Current_2nd_1:snk
Current_2nd_2:snk
0
0
0
R1
(1/87-0.004) ohm
R2
(1/348-0.001) ohm
Cs
1.93uF
Cp
5.24uF
Rload
10ohm
W
+WM1
W
+WM2
D4
D3
D2
D1
IGBT4
IGBT3
IGBT2
IGBT1
C1
1000uF
TRANS4
DT4
TRANS3
SINE1.VAL > TRIANG1.VAL
TRANS2
DT1
TRANS1
SINE1.VAL < TRIANG1.VAL
STATE_11_4
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=0DEL: DT4##Dead_Time
STATE_11_3
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=1SET: TSV2:=1SET: TSV1:=0
STATE_11_2
SET: TSV4:=0SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=0DEL: DT1##Dead_Time
STATE_11_1
SET: TSV4:=1SET: TSV3:=0SET: TSV2:=0SET: TSV1:=1
TRIANG1
AMPL=1FREQ=Carrier_Freq
SINE1
AMPL=Modulation_IndexFREQ=Frequency
ICA: FML_INIT1
Modulation_Index:=0Carrier_Freq:=10kFrequency:=10k
DC_Source:=200Dead_Time:=2u
~
3PHAS
~
~
A * sin (2 * pi * f * t + PHI + phi_u)
PHI = 0°
PHI = -120°
PHI = -240°
THREE_PHASE1D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10 Battery- +
LBATT_A1
D11
D12
D13
D14
C2
1e-006farad
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00Time [ms]
-40.00
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
Y1 [A
]
Curve Info rmsWM1.I
TR 9.4139
WM2.ITR 10.5939
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00Time [ms]
-300.00
-100.00
100.00
300.00
Y1 [V
]
Curve Info rmsWM1.V
TR 154.9045
WM2.VTR 120.2425
1.90 1.92 1.94 1.96 1.98 2.00Time [ms]
-40.00
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
Y1 [A
]
-200.00
-100.00
0.00
100.00
200.00
Y2 [V
]
MX1: 1.9753MX2: 1.9783
-6.0797-1.2036-0.0090
131.1979
-0.51411.340627.9814
156.0455
0.0030
Curve Info Y Axis rmsWM1.I
TR Y1 9.3501
WM2.ITR Y1 10.5176
WM1.VTR Y2 153.6594
WM2.VTR Y2 119.4615
Current_1st_1:src
Current_1st_2:src
Current_2nd_1:src
Current_2nd_2:src
Current_1st_1:snk
Current_1st_2:snk
Current_2nd_1:snk
Current_2nd_2:snk
0
Rload
10ohm
Battery- +
LBATT_A1
D11
D12
D13
D14
C2
1e-006farad
Conclusion• Wireless power transfer for HEV/EV’s can easily be simulated with ANSYS electromagnetic and circuit simulation tools.
• The full solutions requires a system level approach. • ANSYS Products can also support multi‐physics simulation, such as combined Thermal / Structure for mechanical analysis.
Wireless power supply implementation for electric vehicles batteries charging
Ing. Andrea Serra, Dott. Giovanni Falcitelli, Ing. Emiliano D’AlessandroEnginSoft S.p.A.
Alfredo SonnanteVision s.r.l.
• Vision is a young consulting company specialized in design, management, promotion anddistribution of industrial systems and innovative technology infrastructures.
• It proposes and provides technologies and innovative services for enterprises, publicinstitutions and private users, through research programs with international partners andpilot actions.
• In the automotive research framework, Vision promotes the E‐way® project, that is theresult of a collaboration between Vision and the Italian Region of Puglia. The latterapproved a measure of financial relief for the start‐up of innovative micro‐enterprises(Regional Regulation Nr. 25 of 11.21.2008) .
• Vision mission is to innovate actual vehicles power chain, through power supply systemsbased on WPT (Wireless Power Transfer).
E‐way® system consists of an electromagnetic carpet with emitters that can transfer power
to a collector placed under the car floor in order to charge its batteries WHILE the vehicle is
moving.
2) Emitters carpet
3) Asphalt layer
5) Car collector
6) Car batteries
Eway®: physical aspects
A more complex model needs to bedefined and more parameters can affectsimulations and correspondent results.
A “dynamic” approach must beimplemented in order to considerelectromechanical interactions.
Virtual prototyping should be based on atransient to transient (Simplorer toMaxwell) analysis in order to evaluate allphysic phenomena involved in thisapplication.
Eway®: physical aspects
Current densities can be induced on the collector coil as a consequence of thefollowing separated and independent effects:
Motion coupling
The relative motion between the emitter and the collector concatenates a space variant
magnetic flux and generates the correspondent f.e.m.
Motionless coupling
Alternate source currents in the emitters generate a time variant magnetic flux that concatenates with the collector (even if the
latter does not move).
Eway®: numerical approach
In order to take in account both the time and space variations (AC and motion), the numerical analysisshould theoretically be carried on through a transient to transient with motion simulation(Simplorer+Maxwell with motion).However, in this case, the time stepping for the analysis should be fine enough to follow the much higherfrequency periodicity of the alternate current.
A possible Simplorer scheme for a transient to transient with motion analysis
Eway®: numerical approach
A typical vehicle cruise speed, that is the relative speed between the emitter and the collector carpet, isaround 90km/h (25m/sec). This means that the induced current frequency is around 25Hz/de (where de isthe distance between two consecutive collector rows of the carpet).
If• emitters and collectors have similar
size• emitters are adjacent in the carpet• emitters’ alternate current are
more than 100Hz
The frequency of the current induced byflux time variations and of the currentsinduced by flux space variations are quitedifferent.
Physic phenomena are frequencydecoupled and can be analyzed throughdifferent numerical approaches.
Eway®: numerical approach
Motionless coupling
A parametric, as a function of different position of the collector with respect to the carpet,
transient analysis will be performed to evaluate the main stationary system performances.
Motion coupling
A velocity driven mechanical transient analysis will be performed to evaluate the main
dynamic system performances.
Transient (Simplorer) to transient with motion (Maxwell) system control.
Transient (Simplorer) to transient without motion (Maxwell) system control.
Eway®: sample results
Sample of the induced currents on a collector that moves at 90km/h over an “one row carpet” of emittersplaced at one meter distance each other.Current amplitudes increase as soon as they cross one of the emitters’ section.
Eway®: sample results
Sample of the induced currents on the collector that moves at 90km/h over an “one row carpet” ofemitters placed at one meter distance each other.Current amplitudes increase as soon as they cross one of the emitters’ section.
Eway®: sample results
Sample of the induced forces on the collector that moves at 90km/h (toward the x direction of thecoordinate system) over an “one row carpet” of emitters placed at one meter distance each other.Current amplitudes increase as soon as they cross one of the emitters’ section.
Forces along the x direction are mainlyresistive and they oppose to the motion.The correspondent power is dissipated andcannot be collected.
Forces along the z direction do notgenerate mechanical work but they suggestthat some energy can be collected towardbatteries. This behavior reflects thealternator working principle, where theprimary winding is represented by theplanar carpet and the secondary winding isrepresented by the collector.