Download - Why low-cost D
D emand for pork
across the country is increasing. However, the
domestic swine industry is declining. Many farmers experienced losses due to
high input cost, poor management practices and disease occurrence.
Environmental pollution is also a factor that made hog raisers stopped their hog
raising project. There are alternative ways of
raising pigs at low-cost. This may help hog raisers continue with their project. This include
utilization of indigenous materials available at the farm.
This technology guide will help you venture in
environment-friendly swine production at low-cost and high net income.
Why low-cost swine production?
It is simple and easy to
practice With low investment cost Ensures food safety and
environment-friendly With high return of
investment
Introduction
1
Advantages
Low-cost swine production
is not laborious Minimize odor up to 90% Less stress
Easy to manage because of no bathing
Habitat is not destructed
There is free access of good microbes
It is resistant to pathogens
and diseases With quality meat (less fat
and more tasty)
Harvested beddings can be used as organic fertilizer
It is adaptable to climate
change
BREEDS & BREEDING
One of the factors to consider
in pig farming is the breed of
stocks.
Basic Swine Breeds
in the Philippines
Landrace
white-meat type of
pig large hanging ears small head
long neck and body square-shaped ham
of the landrace
highly prolific, superior in feed efficiency and daily
gain BUT, it lacks
hardiness and has
weak feet, pastern and legs.
Large White
white meat type
medium erect ears curved back fast growing and good
feed converter highly prolific/
productive
excellent milkers its carcass is suited
for bacon production
not adapted in rugged conditions
Hampshire
black meat type of
pig with white belted body from the shoulder to the front
legs. smaller in size with
strong, short legs and
erect ears. prolific and shows
good mothering
ability adapted to rugged
conditions.
2
Berkshire
black with six white
points medium size erect ears medium size with long
the carcass quality is excellent
guilt is not prolific,
poor in feed efficiency and average daily gain (ADG)
Duroc
meat type, red pig
(gold to yellow) small forward ears,
2/3 erect and 1/3
hanging good body constitution strong legs
good mothering ability fast grower, good
milker and prolific
adapts well to rugged conditions
Pietrain
very meaty type with
spotted black and
white color well shaped hams, loin
and shoulders
ears are erect slow grower (poor
feed conversion)
highly susceptible to stress
Pietrain is only good in
crosses but not as purebred
Recommendations:
Sow Line Landrace and Large
White
Boar Line
Duroc, Pietrain, and
Large White Fattener Production
Cross between Land-race and Large White (F1) and Duroc is used
3
SELECTING STOCKS
In the selection of stocks, the following should be considered:
Criteria for Selection
Ideal Weight
White pigs should be
12-15kg (45 days
from birth) while the
native pigs must be
10kg (90 days)
Shinny haircoat
4
GAIT
no swaying swaying of rear
parts
CLAWS
evenly unevenly
LEGS PASTERN
correct steep low angle
Select an area that has
enough space for better ventilation, sunlight and fresh air
With good drainage Accessible to forages or
grasses and other plants
as sources of indigenous feeds
Building a Pig House
Factors to Consider in Selecting a Pig Farm
Consider available
resources in the area, especially for backyard pig production
Constructing Floor
2. Fill it with mixture of 100
kilograms of ricehull or sawdust, 10 kilograms of soil, and 2 kilograms of salt.
HOUSING
Pig house should be designed
and constructed properly for good health and well-being of pigs, obtain maximum
performance and savings in labor cost.
3. Spray bedding with
indigenous microorganism (IMO) or Effective Microorganism Activated
Solution (EMAS) to enhance microorganisms.
5
Roofing
Select the kind of roofing
materials that will keep the temperature low. Aluminum roofing reflects most of the
temperature of the sun while Nipa, Anahaw or Cogon have a very good insulating
capacity.
Constructing a Roof Roofing height from the
floor is atleast two
meters, especially if roofing materials are local materials.
For galvanized iron (GI) sheets, it should be three meters from the floor
Keep area
clean, dry
and safe
6
Safety Net:
Spray EMAS to suppress foul odor.
Spraying of EMAS is important to minimize the growth of detrimental
microorganisms especially during decomposition period.
What is EMAS?
EMAS stands for Effective Microorganism Activated Solution
•EMAS can be used for many purposes in the same way as EM-1.
•Microbial activity is higher than EM-1 if
How to make EMAS
1 liter EM-1 1 liter molasses
28 liters water
Mix the materials well and pour the mixture into the air-tight container.
Open the plastic bottle once, in the morning to exude the gas.
Pigpen In constructing pigpen,
consider a space of 1 square
meter per animal. Example, an area of 3 meters x 8 meters can accommodate 20-
25 pigs Partition can be concrete or
slatted. It should be 1-meter
high. Distance between the floor
and the horizontal bottom
bar is 10 cm The vertical bars should have
a distance of 8cm.
Pen partition
1.0 m
8 cm
L
Basic housing
Consider proper management of manure and urine In establishing pig beddings. It can be harvested as compost after slaughtering or marketing the pigs.
7
Feed Trough Long feed trough is the
most common equipment used in feeding.
Feed troughs should be designed and constructed properly so that feed
wastage will be reduced, have a minimum rate of feed flow and will not be
blown by the wind. Feed troughs can hold
sufficient feeds
It must be constructed with feeding grills so that pigs will not rest on it that may
cause contamination.
Equipment and Tools
Waterer/Nipple
Types of Nipples Bite Nipple
It should be installed in the dunging area or at the back of the pen to
keep the sleeping area of the pigs clean and dry.
The required minimum
supply of water is one
to two liters per minute for bigger animals while for weaners, it is
0.50 - 0.60 liter per minute.
Feeding Grill
Automatic drinkers or nipples
are better because it reduce water spillage and wastage.
Doors and Alleys
Doors can be made out of iron bars, bamboo or galvanized iron (GI) pipes
with at least 0.6 meter. Alleys should be wide
enough (1.2-1.5m) for
easy movement during feeding.
8
Bite Nipple
Types of Rearing Complete Confinement
1 m2/head space Deep litter floor
Spray materials w/ EM weekly
Add materials when
needed
Combination of Complete
Animals stay in pens and pasture alternately depending on their growth
stage Confine sow and litter for
2-3 weeks
For breeders and grower paddocks, feeding is done in pens
Place drinkers in strategic location
Open or Free Range
Pigs are pastured for
foraging They are provided with
shed with feeding
materials and drinkers strategically located in the range
Push Nipple
It should be
installed 8-cm
above the feeding trough with required
minimum supply of water of one
liter per minute.
9
FEEDING SYSTEM
Feeding is based on
nutritional requirements of
pigs in
different
growth
stages.
It can be
divided into
three (3)
stages based on weight such
as starter, grower and
finisher stage.
Roughage maintains a
healthy gut and improves
digestion, induces foraging
and making them more
active. It reduces possible
Basic Feeding System Restricted Feeding - the
amount of feed given is controlled or limited just to meet the minimum
requirement of the pig. Ad Libitum Feeding -
this is feeding without restriction and feed is
always available for the pigs
Combination of Ad Libitum and Restricted Feeding - pigs are fed ad libitum
until they reach the weight of 50 kg and feeding is restricted until they reach
the market age.
Feeding Methods Wet Feeding - feed is
mixed with water
Dry Feeding - dry feed is directly given to pigs
Fermented feeding -
natural feed is mix with fermented juices and fermented for at least 12
hours
Natural Feed Formulation Procedure
A. Binugbog
It is a cooked natural feed formulation compose of cracked corn, rice bran,
broken rice or binlid, taro or grasses and tinapa head. This is given during the growing
stage of the pig
Steps in Preparing Binugbog 1. Chop grasses or any
green leaves like kangkong, and/or gabi;
10
B. Fermented Grasses/Fodder Silage
1. Collect young fodders, grasses or weeds. Wash with clean water.
2. Put in a drum, add 1 kg mollases, 60 ml effective micro-organism activated
solution (EMAS) and 1o kg rice bran.
3. Mix thoroughly and cover tightly.
4. Ferment for seven days. Afterwhich, the fermented grasses or fodder silage is
ready for feeding.
2. Boil enough amount of water in a pot;
3. Add available energy
source such as chopped cassava, corn, broken rice and rice bran then boil;
4. Add the protein source such as fish meal (tinapa head) or grated coconut
then continue boiling until cooked;
5. Mix thoroughly. Add
water if needed;
6. When the mixture is cooked, add chopped grasses and green leaves
and mix thoroughly. Remove the pot from fire immediately. Do not
overcook the leaves;
7. Remove the cover
and let it cool;
11
8. Give as ration to pigs three times a day.
Cooked feeds must be consumed within the day.
Give pigs protein rich
plants like Rensonii,
Indigofera and
Trichantera Gigantea
Ingredients
(100 kg ration)
Amount
STARTER GROWER FINISHER
Fish Meal (Tinapa head)
15.5 11 5.5
Corn grits 12 13.5 14
Kamote 8.5 9 9.5
Molasses 4 4.5 5
D1 60 62 66
Vitamins: FAA/FFJ/FPJ
2liters 2.5liters 3liters
Minerals: Salt 1 kg 1kg 1kg
Probiotics: EMAS 500ml 500 500
Water (in the absence of concoctions/vitamins)
2 liters 2.5 liters 3 liters
Ration 700g – 1 kg 50% AM 50% PM
Vegetable snack 1x/day
12nn
1.5 – 1.8 kg 50% AM 50% PM
Vegetable snack 2x/day
(AM & PM)
2.5 – 3 kg 50% AM 50% PM
Vegetable snack - un-
limited
C. Natural Feed Mix Prepare the following
ingredients (Please refer to the table below for the ratio)
Rice bran/darak ( D1) Corn grits
Kamote tops
12
Tinapa head Salt EMAS
Chop plant parts Powderize tinapa head
Mix all ingredients Add EMAS Put in a container and
ferment for seven days
Shifting Feeding System from Conventional to
Natural Feeds
Age of Pigs
Conventional-
Natural Feeds
Ratio
1st week
(61-67 days)
70:30
2nd week
(68-74 days)
50:50
3rd week
(75-81 days)
30:70
4th week
(82-180 days)
0:100
GROUP SOURCE
Energy Source
Corn Grits,
kamote, molasses,
rice bran/ darak
(D1)
Protein source Soybean meal,
taro or gabi leaf,
madre de agua,
Vitamin and
Mineral Source
Fermented Plant/
Fruit Juice, Fish
Amino Acid. Kuhol
Amino Acid, Salt,
ngalug, kang-
kong, kamote
tops, vegetable
trimmings
13
Microbial Fermentation Benefits
Promotes healthy growth of pigs
Can potentially replaces
antibiotic inclusion in feeds Influences bacteria
ecology of the
gastrointestinal tract Reduces the level of
enterobacteriaceae in the
digestive tract
Plant Ingredient s for Natural Feed Mix
Protect the health of the pigs as well as the consumers through alternative ways. This
will likewise lessen the cost of production.
Use herbs in managing the health of the pigs. Use recommended healthy parts
of herbs like: Seeds from fully ripe fruits
Whole fruit harvested before maturity
Young leaves
Flower buds Underground parts
collected before flowering
Pointers in Using Herbs
Treat one disease with one plant at a time
Use earthen material for
cooking or boiling Do not cover pots to
release toxins
Decoctions are effective for 8-12 hours only
As general rule, leaves/
blossoms are boiled for 10 minutes, while bark, roots, seeds or fruits are boiled
for 30 minutes Discontinue use if no
improvement in 1-2 days
HEALTH MANAGEMENT For Treating Diseases For cough, give pig with
decoction of the following plants:
Lagundi Leaves
Alagao Leaves
Eucalyptus Leaves
Oregano Leaves
Tamarind Leaves
Ginger rhizomes
Mango Tops 14
For arthritis, apply crushed, ginger rhizomes, chili pepper
fruits, Herbabuena, Basil and Lantana leaves with oil and poultice.
To wash wounds, use decoction of leaves of guava, tamarind, duhat
and/or Damong Maria
Ginger Rhizomes
Chili Pepper
Herba Buena Leaves
Basil Leaves
Lantana Leaves
For superficial bleeding, apply extracted juice of gatas-gatas leaves,
malunggay leaves or ulasiman stem and leaves
Gatas-gatas Leaves Ulasiman Stem/ Leaves
Duhat Leaves
Damong Maria Leaves
For scabies and itchiness, apply extracted juice of madre de cacao leaves,
makabuhay stem/leaves and malunggay leaves
Madre cacao Leaves
Makabuhay Stem/ Leaves
15
16
For intestinal worms, roast half a glass of dried seeds of ipil-ipil, pulverize and
mix in the feeds
For diarrhea, give pigs two glasses of buko juice mixed with two glasses of water,
one tablespoon of sugar and 1/4 teaspoon of salt
Ipil-ipil
To arrest discharge, give pigs with concoctions of guava leaves, cogon roots,
avocado and star apple leaves. Dice 1/2 kilo leaves or 1/2 kilo cogon
roots, add two glasses of water, bring to a boil. Let it cool and strain. Divide
into four parts. Administer every three hours
For ringworm and other foot problems, apply extracted cowpea seeds
and leaves, Acapulco leaves and/or garlic cloves
Cowpea Seeds/
Leaves
Acapulco Leaves
Buko Juice
Sugar
Salt
To improve appetite, feed pigs with Malunggay leaves, and/
or Camote /Kangkong tops
Guava Leaves
Star apple/
REFERENCE: A Module on Low-Cost Swine Production.
Imelda M. Guillermo/Rosalinda B. Lucero ATI-RTC 02 San Mateo and Cabagan, Isabela
A Module on Sustainable Pig Farming Maurieann M. Turingan, DVM ATI-RTC 02 San Mateo and Cabagan, Isabela
PHOTOS BY:
Imelda M. Guillermo/Jhimcelle Salvador ATI-RTC 02 San Mateo and Cabagan, Isabela
EDITORIAL STAFF
Writer: CLARIS M. ALASKA, DPA Writer/Layout Artist: VLADIMIR B. CALIGUIRAN Technical Editors: IMELDA M. GUILLERMO ROSALINDA B. LUCERO MAURIEANN M. TURINGAN, DVM Editor-in-Chief: MA. NORMA G. MADDALORA Consultants: IMELDA M. GUILLERMO Training Center Superintendent I RENATO A. MAGUIGAD Center Director
Produced by:
Agricultural Training Institute Regional Training Center Region 02
Malasin, San Mateo, Isabela/ ISU Compound, Garita, Cabagan, Isabela
www.e-extension.gov.ph www.ati-da.gov.ph/ati-2 [email protected]