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• Nutrition provides an animal with all of the
building blocks to grow, reproduce,
fight infection and maintain health
• Nutrition must be supplied Diet Water Air
Why is nutrition important?
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Why is nutrition important?
Under optimal conditions, nutrition doesn’t have to be perfect
But in times of stress, nutrient levels are much more critical - Disease - Poor water quality - Physical or environmental stress (e.g., transportation, handling)
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Carbohydrates • Various combinations of carbon and water - Plants use for energy storage and structure - Animals use for energy - Includes:
- Fiber components - Structural - Hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin
- Non-fiber components - Sugars – glucose, fructose, sucrose - Starches – amylose, glycogen
http://www.factmonster.com ipka/A0775714.html 9/06
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Amino acids / Protein Amino acids are the building blocks of all proteins including - skeletal muscle and other tissues - scales, skin, fur, feathers - hormones and signaling molecules - immune defenses ~ 20 amino acids and ~ 10 are essential
Lysine
Cysteine
http://es.wikipedia.org/ 9/06
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Amino acids / Protein Generally the most expensive dietary component Quality is more important than quantity! - must have the right balance of amino acids - high quality fishmeal is the gold standard
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Fatty acids / Lipids - Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
-Most concentrated form of energy storage -Generally long-term energy storage
-Major forms – - Triglycerides (3 fatty acids + glycerol) - Phospholipids and other membrane components - Cholesterol - Sterol hormones -Some fatty acids are essential -Some lipids are essential
http://www.raw-milk-facts.com/images/Cholesterol2.gif 3/08
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Fatty acids / Lipids
Ruminant fat (beef, lamb, goat) More saturated,
Fewer double bonds
Poultry and pork fat Mix of saturated and unsaturated
Some double bonds
Fish oil Mostly unsaturated Many double bonds
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Vitamins • Chemical compounds required in relatively low amounts
– Biochemical Co-enzymes – Molecular Regulators – Hormone - Vitamin D
- Fat soluble – A, D, E & K -Stored with fat, primarily in the liver - Harder to excrete excess - Water soluble – thiamin, niacin, pantothenate, pyridoxine, B12, biotin, riboflavin, folate, choline, ascorbate -excess can be excreted
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Carotenoid pigments • 600 + known carotenoids; • ~ 50 vitamin A precursors • Found in plant & animal products,
but only made by plants • Function as pigment (skin, muscle, fat, egg yolk)
• Important for mating success • Important for marketing food
• Function as an antioxidant / immune modulator
www.plantations.cornell.edu/ images/tomato.jpg
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Minerals • Functions
– Structure (e.g., Ca, P, Mg, Mn, S) – Acid-base balance & osmoregulation (e.g, Na, Cl, K, S) – Metalloenzymes (e.g, Fe, Zn, Cu, S)
• At least 21 known to be required • Macrominerals - Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S • Microminerals - at least 14 • Ultratrace minerals
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Digestion and Absorption • Varies between species due to wild type diet
– Carnivore (meat eater- zooplankton to mammals)
– Omnivore (variety of foods, may have seasonal changes)
– Herbivore (plant eater – phytoplankton to aquatic plants)
• Varies between species due to environment – Terrestrial vs. aquatic – Environmental temperature (cold-blood animals)
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Digestion and Absorption
Stevens and Hume, 1996
Terrestrial, warm-blooded herbivore
GI tract/body length ~ 35
Long, complicated GI tract
to extract maximal nutrients from plants
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Digestion and Absorption Aquatic,
cold-blooded herbivore
Eats algae and phytoplankton
GI tract/body length ~ 4
Medium, simple GI tract to extract nutrients that are easily digestible and allow time to partially digest plant material
Stoneroller
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Digestion and Absorption Aquatic,
cold-blooded omnivore
Eats algae, aquatic plants, insects, other animal
material
GI tract/body length ~ 2
Short, simple GI tract to extract nutrients that are
easily digestible
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Digestion and Absorption
? Brook Trout
Carnivore - Crustaceans, insects, fish…
GIT/BL = 0.75
Short GI tract for Readily digestible Food items
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Digestion and Absorption • Small intestine secretes many enzymes
– Proteases break down proteins – Lipases and bile salts break down lipids – Many enzymes for non-structural carb digestion
Consumed Absorbed* Carbohydrates………Simple Sugars
Fats……………….….Fatty acids, glycerol
Proteins……………..Amino acids
*Absorbed into blood or lymph
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Digestion and Absorption • What about fiber???
•No foregut fermentation
•Little or no hindgut fermentation
•Mastication/grinding
–Carp - pharyngeal teeth
–Milkfish, gizzard shad - gizzard
–Grass Carp
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Fish Diets • Efficiency of converting food into meat or eggs
FCR (feed conversion ratio; units = g food per g gain
–Cattle = 6-8
–Hogs = 3
–Chickens = 2-3
–Fish = 1-2 These efficiencies are under optimal conditions, and will drop with underfeeding or
overfeeding!
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Why are fish so efficient? -Fish have reduced energy requirements - Cold blooded (poikilothermic) - energy not needed to maintain body T - Aquatic - not fighting gravity - able to excrete nitrogen more easily - Generally utilize readily available nutrients - e.g., unlike a cow that needs microbial digestion to use it’s food
Fish Diets
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Using protein for energy
Protein Deamination
NH4+
NH4+
Glucose Carbon Skeleton
Fat
-Can excrete N into environment – no need to store as in terrestrial animals - Means fish can efficiently use protein for energy
Fish Diets
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Dietary protein - High dietary protein can be utilized
- e.g., Salmon thrive on >90% protein - No toxicity
- Protein sources - Fish meal (gold standard) - Soybean meal (requires methionine suppl.) - Other animal proteins - Common carp needs (NRC, 1993) 30-35% crude protein 1.74% lysine 0.94% met+cys
Fish Diets
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Dietary carbohydrates Fish Diets
-Limited ability to utilize fiber - No foregut fermentation - Very little hindgut fermentation
-Need to provide readily digestible carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates also provide “float” to promote optimal feeding management - Carbohydrate sources
Wheat Corn
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Dietary vitamins Fish Diets
- Vitamin C for cartilage synthesis, disease resistance - Source matters (stability!)
-Ascorbic acid (short shelf life) -Encapsulated ascorbic acid (somewhat longer) -L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (long shelf life)
-Common carp needs, among others (NRC, 1993) Vit A 4000 IU/kg Vit E 100 IU/kg Vit C 25-50 IU/kg
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Which diet to choose for your fish Fish Diets
-Appropriate for it’s feeding strategy
Carnivorous: Trout, Bass, Perch All Starting fish Protein-based diets
Omnivorous: Catfish, Carp, Koi, Tilapia Can utilize some carbohydrates
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How should fish be fed?
- One Feeding Station for every 10 acres - Feed all that the fish will consume in 15 min. - Can feed 1 or 2 times per day - Reduce feed intake when water temperature exceeds 85 and do not feed during hot still cloudy days.