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Whole-body Vibration Exposure: What you need to know to prevent vibration induced injuries Tammy Eger, PhD Associate Professor, School of Human Kinetics Director, Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health Laurentian University Alison Godwin, PhD Assistant Professor, School of Human Kinetics Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health Laurentian University
Workplace Safety North Health of a Miner
November 12, 2014
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• Vibration basics
• Occupational exposed to vibration
– Whole-body vibration
– Foot-transmitted vibration
• Health risks
• Evaluation methods
• Prevention/reduction strategies
Presentation Overview
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Vibration “Types”
• Whole-body vibration (WBV)
• Hand-arm vibration (HAV)
• Foot-transmitted vibration (FTV)
FTV
HAV
WBV FTV
HAV
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Vibration Basics
4 factors are required to describe human response to vibration:
• Magnitude
– ‘bounce height’ (m/s2)
• Frequency
– # of ‘bounces’ per sec. (Hz)
• Direction
– X, Y , Z axes
• Duration
– length of exposure time
DF z-axis 4.0 Hz
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Vibration Basics
4 factors are required to describe human response to vibration:
• Magnitude
– ‘bounce height’ (m/s2)
• Frequency
– # of ‘bounces’ per sec. (Hz)
• Direction
– X, Y , Z axes
• Duration
– length of exposure time
From: http://www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english?content&nd=857170580
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Exposure at resonance is linked with increase injury risk
Image From: http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/
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Health Risks: Whole-body Vibration
• lower-back pain, spinal degeneration, neck problems
• muscle fatigue
• sleep problems, headaches, & nausea
• hearing loss
• gastro-intestinal tract problems
(Scutter et al., 1997; Seidel, 1993; Seidel, 2005; Thalheimer, 1996; Mansfield, 2005)
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Health Risks: Foot-Transmitted Vibration
- Pain and numbness in the toes and feet
- Increased sensitivity to cold
- Blanching of toes
- Joint pain
Vibration-Induced White-Foot
(Thompson et al., 2010)
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Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome
• Vascular component of HAVS – Blanching of the fingers
– Trophic changes to the skin
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Evaluation Methods
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Predicting Health Risks
Vibration Type Standard
Whole-Body Vibration ISO 2631-1
ISO 2631-5
EU Directive 2002/44/EC
Hand-Arm Vibration ISO 5349-1
EU Directive 2002/44/EC
Foot Transmitted Vibration
???
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WBV is measured in accordance with ISO 2631-1
Tri-axial
accelerometer
mounted in rubber
seat pad
Seat pad positioned on
vehicle seat
Data-logger used to record
the vibration data collected
in the field
Measuring WBV
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WBV v1.0, ByteWorks
http://ergonomics.uq.edu.au/WBV/WBVpod/Index.html
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ISO 2631-1
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ISO 2631-1 HGCZ
To predict health risk for DAILY exposure 8hr
equivalent values are calculated
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Health Risk
Determination
HIGH
MODERATE
LOW
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“Probable”
Health
Risk
ISO 2631-1 EU Directive
A(8) VDVtotal A(8) VDVtotal
(m/s2 ) (m/s1.75) (m/s2 ) (m/s1.75)
low < 0.45 < 8.5 < 0.5 < 9.1
moderate 0.45 - 0.90 8.5 - 17 0.5 – 1.15 9.1 – 21
high > 0.9 > 17 > 1.15 > 21
“Guidelines” WBV Exposure
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Example: WBV Field Study: Load-Haul-Dump Vehicle
Health risk predictions based on ISO 2631-1 HGCZ comparison
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
2.25
A(8
) m
/s2
Large LHD Vehicles Small LHD Vehicles
Within
HGCZ
Below
HGCZ
Above
HGCZ
4 of 11 (large)
LHD operators were exposed the WBV levels above the HGCZ
7 of 10 (small)
LHD operators were exposed the WBV levels above the HGCZ
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WBV Exposure Mining Equipment Operation
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WBV Exposure Mining Equipment Operation
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From: EU Good Practice Guide to WBV
Haultruck 1.2m/s2
Bulldozer 1.64 m/s2
LHD 2.25 m/s2
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Measuring FTV
• No specific standard
– ISO 2631-1
– ISO 5349-1
Portable Datalogger
Attached to Floor of Underground Mining Equipment
Non-metal Seat Pad
Metal Magnet
Tri-axial Accelerometers (NexGen Ergonomics, Montreal, QC, CND)
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Foot-transmitted Vibration
• In a recent field study by Leduc et al., 2010, FTV characteristics were reported:
Machine
awz
(m/s2) DFz (Hz)
Locomotive-1 0.43 6.3
Locomotive-2 0.36 3.15
Jumbo-1 Boom 0.44 31.5
Wooden Raise 1.13 40
Metal Raise 1.08 40
Dominant Frequency btw 3.15 – 6.3 Hz
Dominant Frequency btw 31-5-40 Hz
According to ISO 2631-1 Raise workers were above the 8hr HCGZ
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Foot-Transmitted Vibration
Raise Platform Workers
• 100 % hand problems
• 75 % had foot problems
• Raise workers were exposed to the greatest magnitude of FTV
• Dominant exposure frequency was 40 Hz
2 of 3 raise workers were diagnosed by their doctor to have VWFt and HAVS
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Mining and FTV
• 6/27 miners displayed Raynaud’s phenomenon in their feet after having stood on platforms with attached drills (Hedlund, 1989)
• Case study report – a miner (bolter) with vibration induced white foot without corresponding HAV syndrome (Thompson et al., 2010)
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FTV Exposure Mining Equipment Operation
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Toe Waveforms at Room Temperature Right Foot Left Foot
Toe Waveforms Post-cold Stress Right Foot Left Foot
Finger Waveforms Post-cold Stress Right Hand Left Hand
Finger Waveforms at Room Temperature Right Hand Left Hand
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Interventions and Prevention Strategies
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Hierarchy of Controls
Personal Protective Equipment
Administration
Engineering
Substitution
Elimination
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Factors Influencing WBV Exposure
Risk potential (ISO 2631-1)
Exposure duration Vibration characteristics
Road condition Maintenance
Suspension Seat design
Vehicle load
Tire pressure
Driving style
Shift length
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Driving Speed
G1 G2 G3 AS
Terrain Rough
Maintained
Haulage Loaded
Unloaded
Driving Task
Forward Backward Mucking
Ride Control
On Off
7.2 m3 bucket capacity 5.7 m3 bucket capacity
Frequency-Weighted RMS Vibration (floor/seat interface)
(operator/seat interface)
ISO 2631-1 HGCZ A(8)
VDVtotal
EU Directive A(8)
VDVtotal
X X X X
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Ride Control
WBV exposure was lower with Ride Control engaged
5.7 m3 Bucket LHD
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Decrease Speed
Decreased WBV exposure with reduced speed - avoid 4th gear
5.7 m3 Bucket LHD
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Maintain Roadways
Decreased WBV exposure with maintained roadways
5.7 m3 Bucket LHD
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Seat “performance” matters
Decreased WBV exposure with a seat SUITED to the equipment Exposure was still within ISO HGCZ BUT below EU 2002/44/EC action value
5.7 m3 Bucket LHD
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Field Test Evaluation of a NEW “Ergonomic” Seat
BLUE = seat RED=floor
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S.E.A.T. (seat effective amplitude transmissibility)
Vibration measured at the seat
_________________ Vibration measured
at the floor
A rigid seat = ratio of 1.0 A value greater than 1 = amplification A value less than 1 = attenuation
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Seat Performance
FIELD TESTING:
Evidence was found to indicate seats in LHD vehicles were AMPLIFYING the vibration
Laboratory Study Seat Evaluation
Frequency Response H1(Coussin,Base) - Mark 1 (Magnitude)
Working : Set85kg(75%course)_LoadPDrouin(85kg)_Pot50_Capacitif : Input : FFT Analyzer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
200m
400m
600m
800m
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
[Hz]
[(m/s²)/(m/s²)] Frequency Response H1(Coussin,Base) - Mark 1 (Magnitude)
Working : Set85kg(75%course)_LoadPDrouin(85kg)_Pot50_Capacitif : Input : FFT Analyzer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
200m
400m
600m
800m
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
[Hz]
[(m/s²)/(m/s²)]
LAB testing CONFIRMED the seat amplified
the vibration (in the DF range)
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Seating Innovations
• New seating was intended to – Improve seating posture
• Allow greater adjustability
– Improve seating comfort • Avoid end-stops due to
vibration impacts
– Attenuate vibration • Decrease WBV exposure
NEW does not always mean BETTER
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Seat Selection is Important
• Paddan and Griffin (2002) evaluated the vibration isolation efficiency for 100 seats found in 14 different types of vehicles and found 94 % of the vehicles evaluated would have improved vibration attenuation if a seat from one of the other vehicles tested in the study was used over the current seat.
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30 of the most common field vibration profiles were used to evaluate the seats
Seat Testing
(Dickey et al., 2013)
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Access new, ½ worn, fully worn out
KAB 525 new, ½ worn, fully worn out
KAB 301 new, CAT new, ISRI worn out
Seat Evaluations
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(Dickey et al., 2013)
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What does this mean? Based on the vibration profiles (created from UG mining equipment operation) the CAT seat generally performed better.
(Dickey et al., 2013)
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Don’t Forget Posture
Posture Matters
Increased low-back injury risk when WBV exposure is combined with non-neutral working postures
Port workers – cranes & lift trucks (Bovenzi et al., 2002)
Farm workers – tractors (Wikstrom, 1993; Bovenzi & Betta, 1994)
Construction – excavators, pavers etc. (Kittusamy and Buchholz, 2004)
Locomotive operators (Johanning et al., 2002 ) LHD operators (Eger et al., 2009)
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WBV Interventions
• Remove the worker from vibration source
• Purchase equipment with lower vibration emissions
• Maintain equipment (and roadways)
• Reduce driving speed
• Install suspension and seating suited to the conditions
• Maintain a neutral driving posture
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Interventions HAV and FTV
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Procedures to Reduce Vibration Exposure of Tools
• Purchase lower vibration tools – Purchasing policy for company
• Tool maintenance – Set up maintenance and replacement program for vibrating
tools – Keep cutting tools sharp
– Replace worn parts
– Replacing anti-vibration mounts & suspended handles before they deteriorate (cracking, swelling, hardening)
– Checking/replacing defective vibration dampers, bearings, gears
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Better Equipment Drill with an “anti-vibration” intervention
LOCOMOTIVE1
LOCOMOTIVE2
JUMBO DRILL
WOODEN RAISE
METAL RAISE
METAL RAISE "ANTI-VIBRATION" DRILL
BOLTER
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
A(8
) V
alu
e (m
/s2)
EQUIPMENT TYPE
HEALTH GUIDANCE CAUTION ZONE
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
Below 0.45 m/s2 – Health effects are unlikely 0.45-0.9 m/s2 – Health Guidance Caution Zone: Health effects are possible Above 0.9 m/s2 – Health effects are likely
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Better Equipment Jumbo with a isolation platform
LOCOMOTIVE1
LOCOMOTIVE2
JUMBO DRILL
WOODEN RAISE
METAL RAISE
METAL RAISE "ANTI-VIBRATION" DRILL
BOLTER
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
A(8
) V
alu
e (m
/s2)
EQUIPMENT TYPE
HEALTH GUIDANCE CAUTION ZONE
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
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Administrative Controls
• Minimizing exposure time – Job rotation/Scheduling
• If working in cold ambient conditions, provide opportunity for re-warming – Warm building/shelter for breaks
– Portable hand warmers
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Personal Protective Equipment
Anti-vibration gloves
• ISO/ANSI certified – Full fingered
– Meet the vibration dampening requirements (ISO) • 31.5-200 Hz: Transmission < 1.0
• >200 -1000Hz: Transmission < 0.6
PPE for FTV
Matts
Boots
Insoles
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Vibration Induced Injury
Whole-Body Vibration (WBV)
Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVs)
Vibration Induced White Foot
• spine disorders
• neck disorders
• gastrointestinal
disorders
• osteoarticular, neurological and vascular disorders including vibration induced white finger and vibration induced white feet
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OHS Legislation
No occupational health and safety regulations specifically related to vibration in Ontario
–General Duty Clause
• 25.(2)(h) every reasonable precaution.. “take every precaution reasonable in the circumstances for the protection of a worker.” (OHSA)
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Vibration Workshop December 2nd
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Helpful Resources
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Other Information on Vibration
http://www.hse.gov.uk/vibration/index.htm
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Industry Partners Workplace Safety North Ontario Mining Industry Mining Equipment Manufacturers
Research Partners Dr. Paul-Emile Boileau, IRSST (Montreal, QC) Dr. James Dickey, University of Western Ontario Dr. Ron House, St. Michael’s Hospital Dr. Michele Oliver, University of Guelph Dr. Aaron Thompson, St. Micheal’s Hospital
Acknowledgements
Funding Agencies
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For more information contact: Tammy Eger, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, School of Human Kinetics
Director, Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health
Laurentian University
Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, Canada, P3E 2C6
Tel: 705-675-1151 ext. 1005
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.crosh.ca
Twitter: @crosh_crsst
CROSH Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health
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Standards
• International Organization for Standardization. ISO-5349 Mechanical Vibration Measurement and Evaluation of Human. Exposure to Hand-transmitted Vibration Part 1: General Requirements. 2001.Geneva, Switzerland.
• International Organization for Standardization, 1997. ISO 2631-1 Mechanical Vibration and Shock—Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration—Part 1: General Requirements, Geneva, Switzerland. Reference number ISO 2631-1:1997(E).
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO): Mechanical vibration and shock – Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration – Part 5: Method for evaluation of vibration containing multiple shocks (ISO 2631-5). [Standard] Geneva, Switzerland: ISO, 2004.
• Directive 2002/44/EC of the European parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (vibration) (sixteenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC)
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• Bovenzi, M., Health effects of mechanical vibration, G Ital Med Lav Erg, 2005, 27(1), 58-64. • Bovenzi, M., Betta, A., 1994. Low-back disorders in agricultural tractor drivers exposed to whole-body vibration and postural stress. Applied
Ergonomics 25 (4), 231–241. • Bovenzi, M., Pinto, I., Stacchini, N., 2002. Low back pain in port machinery operators. Journal of Sound and Vibration 253 (1), 3–20. • Cann, A., Vi, P., Salmoni, A. and Eger, T. An exploratory study of whole-body vibration exposure and dose while operating heavy equipment in the
construction industry. Applied Occupational Environmental Hygiene, 2003, 18(12), 1999-2005. • Cann, A., Salmoni, A. and Eger, T. Predictors of whole-body vibration exposure in transport truck operators. Ergonomics, 2004, 47(13), 1432-1453. • Dong, R.G., Schopper, A.W., McDowell, T.W., Welcome, D.E., Wu, J.Z., Smutz, W.P., Warren, C. and Rakheja, S., Vibration energy absorption (VEA) in
human fingers-hand-arm system, Medical Engineering & Physics, 2004, 26(6), 483-492. • Edwards, D., and Holt, G. 2010. Analysis of hand-arm vibration risk to highway maintenance and repair operatives. Automation in Construction.
19:580-587 • Eger, T., Stevenson, J., Boileau, P. E., Salmoni, A., & VibRG. Predictions of health risks associated with the operation of load-haul-dump mining
vehicles: Part 1—Analysis of whole-body vibration exposure using ISO 2631-1 and ISO-2631-5 standards. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2008, 38, 726-738.
• Eger, T., Contratto, M., and J.P. Dickey (2011) Influence of Driving Speed, Terrain, Seat Performance and Ride Control on Predicted Health Risk Based on ISO 2631-1 and EU Directive 2002/44/EC. Journal of Low Frequency Noise Vibration and Active Control. Vol.30(4) 291-312
• Hagberg M (2002). Clinical assessment of musculoskeletal disorders in workers exposed to hand-arm vibration. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 75:97-105
• Johanning, E., Fischer, S., Christ, E., Gores, B., Landsbergis, P., 2002. Whole-body vibration exposure study in US railroad locomotives—an ergonomic risk assessment. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 63, 439–446.
• Kittusamy, N., Buchholz, B., 2004. Whole body vibration and postural stress among operators of construction equipment: a literature review. Journal of Safety Research 35, 255–261.
• Leduc, M., Eger, T., Godwin, A., Dickey, J.P., and House, R. (2011) Examination of vibration characteristics and reported musculoskeletal discomfort in workers exposed to vibration via the feet. Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control. Vol 30(3); 197-206.
• Pelmear PL. The clinical assessment of hand-arm vibration syndrome. Occup Med (Lond) 2003;53:337–341. • Scutter, S., Turker, K., Hall, R., 1997. Headaches and neck pain in farmers. Australian Journal of Rural Health 5 (1), 2–5. • Schweigert, M., The relationship between hand-arm vibration and lower extremity clinical manifestations: a review of the literature, International
Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2002, 75, 179-185. • Seidel, H. Selected health risks caused by long-term whole-body vibration. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1993, 23(4), 589-604. • Seidel, H. On the relationship between whole-body vibration exposure and spinal health risk. Industrial Health, 2005, 43, 361-377. • Thalheimer, E., Practical approach to measurement and evaluation of exposure to whole-body vibration in the workplace, Seminars in Perinatology,
1996, 20(1), 77-89. • Thompson, A.M.S., House, R., Krajnak, K. and Eger, T., Vibration-white foot: a case report, Occupational Medicine, 2010, 60, 572-574. • Wikstrom, B., 1993. Effects from twisted postures and whole-body vibration during driving. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 12, 61–75
References
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Quantifies risk to the lumbar spine
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ISO 2631-1 & ISO 2631-5 Predicted Health Risk Variables
“Health Risk”
ISO 2631-1 ISO 2631-5
A(8) VDVtotal Sed R Factor
(m/s2 ) (m/s1.75) (MPa)
low < 0.45 < 8.5 < 0.5 < 0.8
moderate 0.45 - 0.90 8.5 - 17 0.5 - 0.8 0.8 - 1.2
high > 0.9 > 17 > 0.8 > 1.2
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