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Human Rights Policy - best practice workshopWhich Human Rights are relevant to Business & Legal
FrameworkHnin Wut Yee, Research and Civil Society Outreach Manager, Myanmar Centre for
Responsible Business
ျမနမာစးပြားေရးက႑ တာ၀နယမႈရေရး AေထာကAကျပဌာန (MCRB) 5 September 2016
www.mcrb.org.mm
Aမတ ၁၅၊ ရမးရပသာလမး
(ဆာကရာ ေဆးရAနး)
စမးေခာငးၿမ ႔နယ၊ ရနကနၿမ႕
ဖနး / ဖက(စ) ၀၁ ၅၁၀၀၆၉
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What are Human Rights?လ႔AခြငAေရးဆတာ ဘာလညး?
Human Rights and Business Link?လ႔AခြငAေရးႏင စပြားေရးလပငနးမား၏ ဆကႏြယမႈ
What is a Business Case?စပြားေရးလပငနးမားAတြက Aကးရလဒ
Domestic Legal Frameworkျပညတြငး Uပေဒမေဘာင
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Universal rights for all human beings= ”rights holders” လသားAားလးႏင သကဆငေသာAခြငAေရးမား
Freedom and Human dignity လြတလပမႈ ႏင လသားဂဏသကၡာ
Without discrimination as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. ခြၿခားမႈမရ
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Protected in international Conventions ratified by States ႏငငတကာစာခပစာတမးမားAရAကာAကြယေပးထား
State is responsible for protecting the rights of its people = main ”duty bearer”ကာကြယရန Aစးရတာ၀န
Individuals and others organs of society including business also have to respect rights of others ေလးစားရန စးပြားေရးလပငနးတာ၀န
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Economic, social and cultural rights
စးပြားေရး၊ လမႈေရး ႏင ယUေကးမႈ ဆငရာAခြငAေရးမား
Right to housing, food, water လေလာကေသာ Aမရာေနထငမႈ။AစားAစာရရမႈ။ ေရ ရရမႈ
Right to non-discrimination and equality
ခြျခားဆကဆခရမႈမားမ လြတေျမာကျခငး ႏင႔ညမမႈ
Right to rest and leisure Aနားယ Aပနးေၿဖ ပငခြင႔
Right to a family life မသားစဘ၀ ရပငခြင႔
Right to education ပညာသငၾကား ပငခြင႔
Right to freely participate in the cultural life of the community
ယU ေကးမႈ၊ ရးရာဓေလ႕ႏငဆငေသာAေလAထမားတြငပါ၀ငခြငရမႈ
Right to work – just and favourable conditions at work
သငတငမတမႈရေသာ၊ေဘးကငးလျခေသာလပငနးခြင AေၿခAေန၌ Aလပလပပငခြင
EXAMPLES OF HUMAN RIGHTS
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Core labour standards Aဓက Aလပသမား AခြငAေရးမား
Freedom from child labour ကေလးAလပသမား ပေပာကေရး
Freedom from discrimination in employment/occupation
Aလပခန႔ထားမႈႏင လပငနးခြငဆငရာ ခြျခားဆကဆခရမႈ မားမ လြတေျမာကျခငး
Freedom of association and collective bargaining
လြတလပစြာAသငးAပငးဖြ႔စညးခြငႏင မမAခြငေရးက စေပါငးေစစပေျပာဆ၍သေဘာတညမႈ က ရယပငခြင
Freedom from forced or compulsory labour
AတငးAဓၶမေစခငးမႈမားမ လြတေျမာကပငခြင
EXAMPLES OF HUMAN RIGHTS
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Civil and political rights ႏငငသား Aခြင႔AေရးRight to life, liberty and security of person
c
Right to non-discrimination and equality
ခြျခားဆကဆခရမႈမားမ လြတေျမာကျခငးႏင႔ညမမႈ
Freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
ညငးပနးႏပစကခရမႈ (သ႔) ႏမခဆကဆခရမႈ (သ႔) Aျပစဒဏေပးခရမႈမား မ လြတေၿမာကမႈ
Right to an effective remedy ထေရာကေသာ ကစားမႈ ရပငခြင႔Freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention or exile
မတရား ဖမးဆး ခပေႏာငခရမႈ၊ ႏင႔တငးတပါး၌ ခလႈရၿခငးမ လြတေၿမာကမႈ
Right to a fair trial တရားမတေသာ Uပေဒရ AကAညကရရပငခြင
Right to privacy မမ ကယပငဘ၀ ရပငခြင႔Right to own property ပစၥညး၊ UစၥာပငဆငခြငRight to freedom of thought,conscience and religion
လြတလပစြာ ေတြးေခၚႏငခြင၊ ေဖာျပႏငခြင၊ကးကြယႏငခြင
Right to be free from slavery မတရားခငးေစခရမႏင ကၽနျပခရျခငးတမ
EXAMPLES OF HUMAN RIGHTS
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Specific standards
Indigenous Peoples’ Rights
ဌာနတငးရငးသား Aခြင႔Aေရးမား
Children’s rights ကေလး Aခြင႔Aေရးမား
Women’s Rights Aမးသမး Aခြင႔Aေရးမား
Peoples with disabilities မသနစြမး Aခြင႔Aေရးမား
Migrant workers ေရႊ႔ေၿပာငး AလပသမားAခြင႔Aေရးမား
Protection for specific groups
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Principle 1: Businesses should support and respect internationally proclaimed human rights.
Principle2 : Businesses should ensure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses
GLOBAL COMPACT PRINCIPLES 1 and 2
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Aေျခခမ ၁- စးပြားေရးလပငနးမားသည ႏငငတကာက လကခသေဘာတထားသည လ႔AခြငAေရးကာကြယေစာငေရာကမႈမား က ေလးစားလကနာၿပးAေထာကAပျပရမည။
Aေျခခမ ၂- လ႔AခြငAေရးခးေဖာကမႈမားတြငမမတ႔ပါ၀ငပကသကမႈမရမေစရ။
GLOBAL COMPACT PRINCIPLES 1 and 2
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1. 12. 23. 34. 45. 56. 67. 78. 89. 910. 10
17%
2%0%
11%
15%
4%
28%
17%
6%
0%0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Q 1. စာရြကတြငပါရေသာ လ႔AခြငAေရး (၁၀)ခကတြငမညသည AခြငAေရးသည သငဘ၀Aတြက Aေရးၾကးဆးျဖစသနညး၊
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Q 2. စာရြကတြငပါရေသာ လ႔AခြငAေရး (၁၀)ခကတြငမညသည AခြငAေရးသည သငကမၸဏAတြက Aေရးၾကးဆး ျဖစသနညး၊
1. 12. 23. 34. 45. 56. 67. 78. 89. 910. 10 0%
8%4% 4%
48%
16%
4%8%
4% 4%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Q 3. မမ ကမၸဏက လ႕AခြငAေရးက ေလးစားျမင႔တငေပးသညဟထငပါသည။
1. Yes2. No 92%
8%0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Yes No
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Q 4. မမ ကမၸဏ လပငနးခြငAတြငး လ႔AခြငAေရး ခးေဖာကမႈမား ရႏငသည ဟထငပါသည။
1. Yes2. No 55%
45%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Yes No
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Q 5. မမ ကမၸဏ၌ လ႕AခြငAေရး ခးေဖာကမႈမား ရႏငလငလပငနးခြင ျပငပ၌ Aမားဆးဟထငပါသည။
1. Yes2. No
35%
65%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%
Yes No
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1. Yes2. No
86%
14%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Yes No
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Human Rights and Business Link?လ႔AခြငAေရး ႏင စးပြားေရးလပငနးမား၏ ဆကႏြယမႈမား
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A company produces and sells organically grown food at an accessible price to consumers
(ကမၸဏတစခက သဘာ၀Aတငး စကပးထားေသာ AသးAႏ၊ AစားAေသာကမားက ေစးႏႈနးမတစြာ ထတလပေရာငးခသည။)
= supports right to food, right to health, right to a healthyenvironment (AစားAစာရပငခြင၊ ကနးမာေသာဘ၀ရပငခြင၊ ကနးမာေသာ ပတ၀နးကင၌ေနထငခြင )
A company provides internet cheap access( ကမၸဏတခကေစးသကသကသာသာျဖင Aငတာနက၀နေဆာငမႈေပး
= enables the right to information, right to participation(သတငးAခကAလကရပငခြင၊ ပါ၀ငေဆာငရြကပငခြင)
SOME EXAMPLES: POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION TO HUMAN RIGHTS
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Company does not hire young women in age of having children (ကေလးေမြးမညAရြယ Aမးသမးမားက Aလပမခန႔)
= Discrimination against women, violation of the right to work (AမးသမးမားAားခြျခားဆကဆျခငး၊ AလပAကငရပငခြငက ခးေဖာကျခငး)
Company terminates contract of trade union representatives for organing or participating in union activities (ကမၸဏက AလပသမားကယစားလယမားကAလပသမားAသငးAဖြ႔လပငနးမားတြင ပါ၀ငမႈ (သ႕) စညးရးမႈAတြက Aလပျဖတ
= violation of the right to freedom of association( လြတလပစြာAသငးAပငးဖြ႔စညးခြငက ခးေဖာက)
Company destroys informal settlement close to its factory (ကမၸဏက၄ငး၏စကရႏငနးကပသည ပကေနထငေသာတမားက ဖကဆး )
= violation of the right to housing (Aမေနရာ ေနထငပငခြငက ခးေဖာက)
Company’s waste water pollutes farmland( ကမၸဏမား၏စြန႔ပစေရမားကလယယာေျမမားက ဖကဆး )
= violation of the right to food ( AစားAေသာကရပငခြငက ခးေဖာက)
Company sells unsafe food products to consumers ( ကမၸဏကကနးမာေရးAတြကစားသးရန မသငေသာ AစားAေသာကမားက ေရာငးခ)
= violation of the right to health( ကနးမာေသာဘ၀ရပငခြငက ခးေဖာက)
SOME NEGATIVE EXAMPLES: DIRECT INVOLVEMENT
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Mining company contracts private security guards who sexually harass women of the community (သတကမၸဏက ငားရမးေသာ လျခေရး၀နထမးကရပရြာလထမ Aမးသမးက မတရားကငၾက)
= linked to violation of right to personal security, women´s rightsလျခေသာဘ၀ ရပငခြင Aမးသမး AခြငAေရး
Internet company provides government with private messages political opponents send on email which leads to their arrest (AငတာနကကမၸၸဏကႏငငေရးAျမငမတေသာဆနကငတကျကြသမား၏ ကယေရး AခကAလကကAစးရAား ေပး)
= complicit in violation of freedom of thoughts, expression, arbitrary arrestလြပလပစြာ ေတြးေခၚခြင၊ ထတေဖာေျပာဆခြင ၊ မတရားဖမးဆးခရျခငးမ Aကာကြယရပငခြင
SOME NEGATIVE EXAMPLES OF INDIRECT INVOLVEMENT
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Garment company buys fabric from a supplier who uses child labour(Aထညခပကမၸဏက ကေလးAလပသမားAသးျပသည ပစၥညးေပးသထမAထညစမား၀ယ)
= linked to violations of children rightsကေလး AခြငAေရးႏင ဆကႏြယ
Manufacturing company hires another company to transport its goods and imposes very short time to deliver its products : drivers have excessive hours, too little rest, and cause accidents (ပစၥညးထတလပသညကမၸဏတခက ယငး၏ကနပစၥညးမားက Aခနတ Aတြငးပ႔ေပးရန ပ႔ေဆာငေရးကမၸဏတစခက ငားရမး)
= contribution to violation of decent work and right to security/lifeေကာငးမြနေသာ Aလပခြင ႏင လျခေသာဘ၀ ရပငခြင
SOME NEGATIVE EXAMPLES OF INDIRECT INVOLVEMENT
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What is a Business Case?စးပြားေရးလပငနးမားAတြက Aကးရလဒ
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Responsible business can be a ”win-win situation”Example: Health and Safety
Actions(လပေဆာငမႈ)
Costs (ကနကစရတ)
Result (ရလဒ) Benefits for business (စးပြားေရးAတြကAကးေကးဇး)
Benefits for society (လထAတြကAကးေကးဇး)
Equipment and training of workers on safety (Aလပသမားမားကလျခေရးဆငရာသငတနးႏငပစၥညးကရယာမားေထာကပျခငး)
Cost of personal protective equipment
Cost of training workers and management about safety procedures
Reduce safety incidents and accidents(လျခေရးဆငရာမေတာတဆထခကမႈမား ျဖစျခငးကေလာကေစသည)
Less financiallosses due to disruption of production(AကနAကသကသာ) Safe and healthyworkforce(ကနးမာေသာလပသားAငAားထ) Increase workerstrust towardsmanagment(Aလပသမားမားကမၸဏစမခန႔ခြမႈAေပၚယၾကညမႈ)
Less injuries/deaths(ဒဏရာရမႈနညးပါး)
Better situation for workers and their families(Aလပသမားမားႏင သတ႕၏မသားစမားAတြက ပမေကာငးမြနေသာ AေျခAေန)
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Example: Reduction of energy consumption (စြမးAငသးစြမႈေလာချခငး)
Actions Costsincurred
Result Benefitsfor business
Benefitsfor society
Change lamp bulbs in factory to energy-saving lamps (မးလးမားလ)
Cost of new lamp bulbs
Electricity consumptionreduced (လပစစေခြတာ)
Reduce energy costs (စြမးAငAတြကကနကစရတေလာ)
Electricityis a scarce resource
Reduce volume of packaging of products (ထပပးမႈပမာဏေလာခ)
Cost of rethinkingpackaging
Reduced volume of plastic/paper(ပလစတစ/စကAေရAတြကေလာခ
Reducecosts for packaging
Encourageinnovation
Less waste to manageစြန႔ပစပၸစညးစမမႈနညး
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Improve working conditions : ”Companies who attract the best people perform the best” (လပငနးခြင AေျခAေနတးတက)
Action Costs Results Benefits for business Benefits for society
Better wages (ပေကာငးေသာလပခ)
Highercost (ကနကစရတျမင)
Workers get a fair wage (သငတငေသာလပခရ)
Retain and attract good workers (ေတာေသာAလပသမားမားကစြေဆာင၊ေရရညျမ) Reduce costs of turnover and recruitment
Socio-economicconditions improve (လမႈဘ၀ တးတက)
Reduceworking hoursand overtime
Immediate cost?
Workers getmore rest
Less incidents due to fatigueWorkers are more productive
Betterlife/workbalance
Skillsdevelopment
Cost of trainingfor workers
Workers morequalified
Higher productivty
Innovation
Increasededucation
Socialdialogueေတြ႔ဆ ညႏႈငးေျပာဆျခငး
None Workers and management discussworkplace issues together
Prevent conflicts/disruptionsWorkforce suggestsimprovements Motivated and engaged workers deliver better ပဋပကၡ ေရာငရား
Workers feel respected
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Suppliers and partners requested to comply with environmental and social criteria (သဘာ၀ပတ၀နးကငႏငလမႈ ေရးဆငရာစႏႈနးမားလကနာရနလ)
Auditing and corrective measures လပငနးဆငရာ စႏႈနးမား လကနာမႈရ/မရစစေဆးျခငး
Control extends beyond direct contractors: second tier suppliers and subcontractors (တကရက contractor မားAျပင ဒတယAဆငပစၥညးေပးသြငးသမား၊ subcontractor မားႏငလညးဆင)
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Risks of disturbances and shutdowns (လပငနးေႏာငယက၊ပတသမးခရ)
Cost of conflicts: very high (ပ႗ပကၡကနကစရတ)
Consult community on a project (စမကနးAေၾကာငး ရပရြာလထကAသေပးေဆြးေႏြး )
Prevent/ mitigate negative impact on land and environment (ေျမယာႏငသဘာ၀ပတ၀နးကငAေပၚဆးကးသကေရာကမႈကာကြယ)
Discuss expectations of community (ရပရြာ၏ေမာမနးခကမားက ေဆြးေႏြး )
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Examples of Domestic Legal FrameworkျပညတြငးUပေဒမေဘာင Uပမာမား
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ကေလးAလပသမား
၂၀၁၆ ခႏစ၊ ဆငမားႏင Aလပဌာနမား Uပေဒ
၁၃။ (က) Aသက၁၄ ႏစမျပညေသးေသာ မညသ႔ကမဆ ဆငတခခ၌ ျဖစေစ၊ Aလပဌာနတခခ၌ျဖစေစ Aလပမလပေစရ သ႔ လပခြငမျပရ။
(ခ) ဆငတခ၌ျဖစေစ၊ Aလပဌာန တခခ၌ျဖစေစ ၁၆ႏစ မျပညေသးသAား သတမတAလပခနထကေကာလြန၍ Aခနပလပခြင မျပရ။
၁၄။ (က) Aသက၁၄ ႏစျပညၿပး Aသက ၁၆ႏစ မျပညေသးသမားက Aလပလပရန သငေတာေၾကာငး လကမတထတေပးခြငရသည တာ၀နခဆရာ၀န၏ ခြငျပခကရယ လပကငေစႏငသည။ သ႔ရာတြင တစရကလင ေလးနာရထကပ၍ လပကငခြင မျပရ။
(ခ) Aသက၁၄ႏစျပညၿပး Aသက၁၆ႏစမျပညေသးသည မညသကမ ညေျခာကနာရမ နနက ၆နာရ AခနAတြငး မခငးေစရ သ႔ Aလပလပခြငမျပရ။
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ကေလးAလပသမား
၂၀၁၆ ခႏစ၊ ဆငမားႏင Aလပဌာနမား Uပေဒ
၁၄။(ဂ) Aသက၁၄ ႏစျပညၿပး Aသက၁၆ႏစမျပညေသးသည မညသ႔ကမ ဆင သ႔ Aလပဌာန တစခခတြင Aလပလပၿပးေသာရက၌ Aျခားဆင သ႔ Aလပဌာန တခခ၌ ခငးေစျခငးမျပရ သ႔ Aလပလပခြငမျပရ။
(ဃ) Aသက၁၈ ႏစမျပညေသးေသာ မညသည Aလပသမားကမ Aႏရာယရသညဟ သတမတထားေသာ လပငနး သ႔ လပငနးခြငတြင Aလပမလပေစရ သ႔ လပခြငမျပရ။
(င) Aသက၁၈ ႏစမျပညေသးေသာလညး Aသက၁၆ႏစျပညၿပး သမားAနကမ သကဆငရာလပငနးAလက Aသကေမြး၀မးေကာငးသငတနးမား တကသေAာငျမငသမားျဖစျခငး၊ လပငနးခြင ေဘးAႏရာယကငးရငးေရးႏင ကနးမာေ၇းဆငရာ ညြနၾကားခကမားက နားလညသရ လကနာႏငသ ျဖစျခငး၊ ကနးမာၾကခငသ ျဖစျခငးတ႔ႏင စတဓာတက မထခကေစႏငသည လပငနးမားတြင Aလပလပရန သငေတာေၾကာငး တာ၀နခလကမတ ထတေပးသည ဆရာ၀န၏ေထာကခခကျဖင လပကငခြင ျပႏငသည။
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ကေလးAလပသမား
၁၉၅၁ ခႏစ၊ AလပရမားAကUပေဒ
လငယမား Aလပခန
-တစရကလင ၄နာရထကပ ၍Aလပလပခြင မျပရ။ (ပဒမ ၇၉ (၁)(က))
-ညေန ၆ နာရမ နနက ၆နာရၾကာ မခငးေစရ။ (ပဒမ ၇၉ (၁)(ခ))
-Aလပရ တစခခ ၌ Aလပလပျပးေသာ ကေလးက AျခားAလပရ တစခခတြင Aလပလပခြငမျပရ။ (ပဒမ ၇၉(၄))
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ကေလးAလပသမား၁၉၅၁ ခႏစ၊ AလပရမားAကUပေဒက ျပငဆငသည Uပေဒ
၃၀။ ၁၉၅၁ခနစ၊ AလပရမားAကUပေဒ ပဒမ၇၅ တြင ပါရေသာ Aသကတဆယသးႏစမျပညေသးသည ဆသညစကားရပက Aသကတစဆယေလးႏစမျပညေသးသည ဆသညစကားရပျဖင Aစားထးရမည။
၃၁။ ၁၉၅၁ ခႏစ၊ AလပရမားAကUပေဒ ပဒမ၇၅ ၏ေနာကတြင ပဒမ ၇၅-က AျဖစေAာကပါAတငး ျဖညစြကရမည-
၇၅-က။ မညသညလငယကမ ေဘးAႏရာယရေစေသာ၊ ကနးမာေရးထခကေစေသာ ပညာသငၾကားႏငသည AခြငAေရးက AေႏာငAယကျဖစေစေသာ၊စာရတႏင ဂဏသကၡာက ထခကေစေသာ နညးလမးမားျဖင Aလပခငးေစျခငးမျပရ။
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ကေလးAလပသမား၁၉၅၁ ခႏစ၊ AလပရမားAကUပေဒက ျပငဆငသည Uပေဒ
၃၄။ ၁၉၅၁ ခႏစ၊ AလပရမားAကUပေဒ ပဒမ ၇၈၊ ပဒမခြ (၂)၏ ေနာကတြင ပဒမခြ (၃)Aျဖစ ေAာကပါAတငးျဖညစြကရမည။
(၃) Aလပလပရန သငေလာေၾကာငး မတပတင ဆရာ၀န ေထာကခခကလကမတမရရေသာ မညသညလရြယကမ Aလပရ၌ ညေနေျခာကနာရ မနကေျခာကနာရAခနAတြငး မခငးေစရ သ႔မဟတ Aလပလပခြငမျပရ။
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Aလပခန၊ Aနားယပငခြင႔ ၊သငတငမတမႈရေသာ၊ေဘးကငးလျခေသာ လပငနးခြငAေၿခAေန၌ Aလပလပပငခြင ၁၉၅၁ ခႏစ၊ ခြငရကႏင Aလပပတရက AကUပေဒ
Aမားျပညသ Aလပပတရက (ပဒမ -၃)-ျပညေထာငစ ျမနမာႏငငAတြငးရ Aစးရရးမား၏ ရးပတရကမား နညးတျဖစသည။ -လပခလစာAျပညျဖင Aနားေပးရမည။ ထေန႔ Aလပလပရပါက Aေျခခလစာ ၂ဆႏင ရားပါးစရတ ခစားခြငရသည။-Aမားပတရကသည ရကသတပတ Aလပပတရကႏင တကဆငေနပါက AမားAလပပတရကAား AျခားAလပပတရကသ႔ ေျပာငးလခြငမရ။ ထေန႔က AမားAလပပတရကAျဖစ မတယရမည။ -AမားAလပပတရကတြင Aလပလပရေသာ Aလပခနသည ၈ နာရထကေကာလြန လပကငရေသာ ေကာလြနလပကငရေသာ Aခနပ နာရAတြက Aခနပခစားခြငျပရမည။
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Aလပခန၊ Aနားယပငခြင႔ ၊သငတငမတမႈရေသာ၊ေဘးကငးလျခေသာ လပငနးခြငAေၿခAေန၌ Aလပလပပငခြင
၂၀၁၆ ခႏစ၊ ဆငမားႏင Aလပဌာနမား Uပေဒ
၁၁။(က) ဆင သ႔ Aလပဌာန၌ Aလပလပေသာ AလပသမားတစUးက တစရကလင ၈နာရထကပ၍၄ငး၊ ရကသတလင ၄၈နာရထကပ၍၄ငး Aလပမလပေစရ။ သ႔ရာတြင တစရကလင ၈ နာရထကပ၍ ၄ငး၊ ရကသတလင ၄၈ နာရထကပ၍၄ငး Aလပသမား၏ သေဘာဆႏၵရယ၍ UပေဒႏငAည Aခနပလပကငႏငသည။
(ခ) Aခနပလပေသာ နာရစစေပါငးသည မညသည ရကသတပတ၌မဆ ၁၂ နာရထပမပေစရ။ သ႔ရာတြင AထးကစၥရပAေနျဖင လAပခကရပါက ရကသတပတ၌ ၁၆ နာရထက မပေစရ။ ထ႔ျပင ညသနးေခါင ၁၂ နာရထက ေကာလြနလပကငျခငး မျပရ။
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Aလပခန၊ Aနားယပငခြင႔ ၊သငတငမတမႈရေသာ၊ေဘးကငးလျခေသာ လပငနးခြငAေၿခAေန၌ Aလပလပပငခြင
၂၀၁၆ ခႏစ၊ ဆငမားႏင Aလပဌာနမား Uပေဒ
၁၂။ (က) ဆင သ႕ Aလပဌာနတခခ၌ လပကငေသာ AလပသမားတU းU းက မညသညေန႔ရက၌မဆ Aနညးဆး မနစ၃၀မေပးဘ တစဆကတညး ေလးနာရ ထကပ၍ Aလပ မလပေစရ သ႔ လပခြငမျပရ။ ထ႔Aျပင နားခနႏင Aလပခနစစေပါငးသည ဆငႏင ကနသြယAလပဌာန၊ Aမားေပာရႊငေရး AလပဌာနAတြကျဖစပါက နားခနတစနာရ AပါA၀င တစရကလင ၁၁ နာရထက မပေစရ။
(ခ) Aေစာင၊ လျခေရး Aျဖစျဖင Aလပလပသတ႔Aတြက ပဒမခြ (က)ပါ Aနားယရန Aားလပခနမေပးဘ ေနႏငသည။
၁၅။ Aလပရငသည-(က) ဆငႏင AလပဌာနAသးသး၌ ရကသတလင Aနညးဆး တစရကက Aလပသမား နားရကAျဖစ သတမတေပးရမည။
(ခ) ပဒမခြ (က)ပါ နားရကတစရကAတြက ထAလပသမား၏ ရသငေသာ Aခေၾကးေငြက ျဖတေတာကျခငးမျပရ။
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လြတလပစြာAသငးAပငး ဖြ႕စညးခြင႔AလပသမားAဖြ႔Aစညး Uပေဒ ၂၀၁၁
ေဘးကငး လၿခေသာ လပငနးခြငတြင လပပငခြင႔လပငနးခြင ေဘးAႏရာယကငးရငးေရးနငကနးမာေရးUပေဒ (ေရးဆြလကရ)
ခြျခား ဆကဆမႈ ခရျခငးမ ကငးလြတပငခြင႔၂၀၁၅ မသနစြမးသမား၏AခြငAေရးAခနး ၁၀း မသနစြမးသမား AလပAကင Aခြင႔Aလမး ရရေရး
ကနးမာေသာဘ၀ရပငခြင႔၂၀၁၄ စားသးသကာကြယေရး Uပေဒ
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သတငးAခကAလကရပငခြင႔၊ ဆးၿဖတခက ခရာ၌ ပါ၀ငေဆာငရြကပငခြင႔
၂၀၁၅ ပတ၀နးထခကမႈဆနးစစျခငးဆငရာ လပထးလပနညး
၁၃။ စမကနးAဆျပသသည -
(က) ဤလပထးလပနညး Aပဒ ၃၄၊၅၀၊၆၁ Aရ ကနU း ပတ၀နးကငဆနးစစျခငးႏင ပတ၀နးကင ထခကမႈဆနးစစျခငးလပငနးစU ၏ AဆငAားလးတြင Aမားျပညသႏင သငေလာေသာ တငပငေဆြးေႏြးမႈမားက စစU ေဆာငရြကရမည။
(ခ) ၀နႀကးဌာနက Aသေပးထားသည Aမးသားလျခေရးဆငရာ ထပါးေစႏငသည ကစၥရပမားမတစပါး Aမားျပညသႏငသကဆငေသာ စမကနးဆငရာ သတငးAခကAလကမားက Aခနႏင တစေျပးည ထတေဖာရမည။
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သတငးAခကAလကရပငခြင႔၊ ဆးၿဖတခက ခရာ၌ ပါ၀ငေဆာငရြကပငခြင႔
၂၀၁၅ တငးရငးသား လမမား Aခြင႔Aေရး ကာကြယသည႔ Uပေဒ
“ဌာေနတငးရငးသား မားသည ယငးတ႔၏ ေဒသနယေျမAတြငး သဘာ၀သယဇာတမား တးေဖာထတလပမႈႏင Aျခားစးပြားေရး လပငနးမား မစတငမၿပးျပညစၿပး တကေသာ သတငးAခကAလကမား ရရရန လAပေၾကာငး၊သ႔မသာ Aစးရ သ႔မဟတ ကမၸဏမားႏင ေဒသခမားAၾကား ေဆြးေႏြးမႈမားျပလပႏငမညျဖစေၾကာငး ပါရပါသည။ ဤAခက၏ Aေရးပါပက ေAာကတြငဆကလကေဆြးေႏြးသြားပါမည
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2016 ေျမယာAသးခမႈ မ၀ါဒ
(၇-ဂ) ေျမႏင႔သဘာဝAရငးAျမစမား စမAပခပမႈဆငရာ ဆးျဖတခကမားခမတေဆာငရြကရာတြင ျပညသမား Aထးသျဖင႔ တငးရငးသားလမးမား၊ Aမးသမးမားႏင႔ လပကြကငယေတာငသလယသမားတ႔၏ ပးေပါငးပါဝငေဆာငရြကမႈကပမျမင႔တငရန။
(၈-င)ေျမAသးခမႈႏင႔ ေျမAရငးAျမစမား စမခန႔ခြျခငးတ႔ႏင႔ စပလU း၍ဆးျဖတခကမား ခမတေဆာငရြကရာတြင ျပညသမားပမ ပါဝင ဆးျဖတခြင႔ျပရန။
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2016 ေျမယာAသးခမႈ မ၀ါဒ
Aခနး (၅) - ၃၈။ ။ေျမသမးဆညးျခငး နင ေျမခြေဝေနရာခထားျခငး တ႔ေၾကာင႔လညးေကာငး ေျမကမတရားသမးဆညးခရျခငး သ႔မဟတ စစေဘးစစဒဏခရ၍ ေျမကစြန႔လြတခ႔ရျခငးေၾကာင႔လညးေကာငး၊ ေျဖရငးေဆာငရြကရနလAပသည႔ ျပနလညေနရာခထားျခငး၊ေလာေၾကးေပးျခငး၊ ျပနလညထေထာငျခငးႏင႔ ျပနလညAစားထး ျဖည႔ဆညးေပးျခငးဆငရာ ကစၥရပမားကစမခန႔ခြရာတြင ၿမ႔နယ၊ ရပကြက သ႔မဟတ ေကးရြာAပစAဆင႔ရ Aကးသကဆငသမား၊ AရပဘကလမႈAဖြ႔Aစညးမား တငးရငးသားလမးစကယစားလယမားႏင႔ က ြမးကငသမားပါဝင၍ Aျပညျပညဆငရာ ရငးလငးသည႔Aေကာငးဆးနညးလမးမားႏင႔ လ႔Aခြင႔Aေရးစမားက ကင႔သးေဆာငရြက ရမည။
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2016 ေျမယာAသးခမႈ မ၀ါဒAပငး၈။ ။တငးရငးသားလမးမား၏ ေျမAသးခမႈ Aခြင႔Aေရးမား ေရး႐းစUလာ ေျမက ႐းရာနညးလမးမားႏင႔ စကပးေသား တစသးပဂၢလ
Aကးသကဆငသမား သ႔မဟတ Aဖြ႔Aစညးမား၏ေျမလပပငခြင႔ႏင႔ စပလUး၍ဆးျဖတခကခမတျခငး၊ ေစာင႔ၾကည႔ေလ႔လာျခငးႏင႔ AျငငးပြားမႈAပၚဆးျဖတသည႔လပငနးစUမား၌ တငး႐ငးသားလမးစေခါငးေဆာငမား ၊ရပမရပဖမားႏင Aမးသမးမား ပါဝငေစရမည။
Aပငး (၉ )တြင Aမးသမးမားႏင႔ Aမးသားမား ေျမAသးခမႈကတနးတညမမႈရေစရန ျပ႒ာနးထားျပး။ Aမးမးေသာ ေျမရာကစၥရပမားတြငပါဝငေဆာငရြကခြင႔ႏင႔ လ႔Aဖြ႔Aစညးက ကယစားျပပငခြင႔Aစရသည႔တနးတAခြင႔Aေရးရရရနလညး ပါဝငပါသည။
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