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200 million years agoPresent day
When mountains disappear where do they go? …and why it matters to you!
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Goals
• Cycles – what your textbook ISN’T telling you
• Study graphs from scientific article & draw conclusions
• Give you real data to graph & draw conclusions
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biogeochemistry
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The Water Cycle
Image: Campbell, N. and J. Reece. AP Edition Biology. 7th Ed. Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
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The Carbon CycleV
Organic
Image: Campbell, N. and J. Reece. AP Edition Biology. 7th Ed. Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
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200 million years ago
Mountain matter movement
Images: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Appalachian_Mountains.jpg, http://www.dec.ny.gov/education/92668.html
Present day
Weathering
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Limestone, not your average rock
Image: http://www.orionstonewholesale.com/lake-michigan-limestone/, www.tums.com
Limestone=
calcium carbonate
= CaCO3
=Inorganic C
What happens
to the
carbon?!
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What does this limestone businesshave to do with us
Michiganders?
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Reason #1: The world’s largest limestone quarry
Images: Google maps.
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Limestone = calcium carbonate
Coccolithophore – marine phytoplankton
Coral reef
Tube-building marine worm
Mollusc
Nautilus
“inorganic”
carbon
Reason #1 (con’t) why is there limestone in Michigan?
300 million
years ago
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Reason #2: Row crop agriculture
Images: KBS LTER/Julie Doll & http://nolandfarms.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/[email protected].
“Lime” = crushed limestone (CaCO3) AKA calcite or
crushed dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)
Lime buffers soil pH
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CO2 + NO3- + Ca2+
HNO3
N fertilizer
CO2
Ca2+ + 2HCO3-
H2CO3
Export to streams
Ca2+, NO3-
Export to streamsCa2+, HCO3
-
Lime
CaCO3
CO 2
source
CO2 sink
Respiration by roots & microbes
Lime weathering buffers (tummy &) soil pH
Image: Bonnie McGill, tums.com
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Mississippi River Basin (watershed)
Image: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-076-02/
Dr. Peter Raymond
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A
B
HCO
3- con
cent
ratio
n (m
g C/
L)
C
Tota
l mas
s of
HCO
3- exp
orte
d (1
03 g/y
r)
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1953
Ohio River
Mississippi River
Rainfall
Ohio River
Mississippi River
2003 More rainfall & tile drains
Ohio River
Mississippi River
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1 mL = 20 mg C / L
1 mL = 10 mg C / L
More rainfall
?
1 mL = 20 mg C / L
0.5 L -
1.0 L -
EXPORT: 20 mg/L * 0.5 L = 10 mg 10 mg/L * 1 L = 10 mg 20 mg/L * 1 L = 20 mg ?
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A
B
HCO
3- con
cent
ratio
n (m
g C/
L)
C
Tota
l mas
s of
HCO
3- exp
orte
d (1
03 g/y
r)
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1. Why is the alkalinity not being diluted by the increased water?
2. What else has changed in the Mississippi watershed since 1953?
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Graphing steps1. Plot points.2. Use ruler to draw trend line.3. Give your graph a title.4. What conclusions can you draw from the graph?
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800
5
10
15
20
25
% Cropland
HCO
3- e
xpor
t (g
C m
-2
yr-1
)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9002468
101214161820
% Forest
HCO
3- e
xpor
t (g
C m
-2
yr-1
)
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Conclusions
2. Whether weathering mountains, liming ag soils or eating TUMS: C is neither created nor destroyed, it enters a different phase—dissolved HCO3
- or CO2 gas—of the C cycle.
3. Ecosystem ecology is the study of natural processes (such as weathering) and cycles (such as C cycle) at large scales (such as the Mississippi River Basin).
1. Agricultural lime is both a source of CO2 to the atmosphere and a sink for C (as HCO3
- or alkalinity in water).
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This lesson was brought to you by the KBS GK-12 Partnership. For more information go to:
http://kbsgk12project.kbs.msu.edu/lessons/