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What is Anatomy? What is Physiology?
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Human Anatomy
• Egypt: 1600 BCE
• Greece: Hippocrates, Aristotle (4th century BCE)
• Galen (2nd century) was chief physician to the gladiators in AD 158 but mainly studied animal anatomy; his was THE authority for all medical writers and physicians for the next 1300 years
Cadaver dissection15th century painting
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Leonardo da Vinci1452 - 1519
1510
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Andreas Vesalius’s De Humani Corporis Fabrica
1543
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Introduction
• Anatomy = study of structure
• Physiology = study of function
• how do the parts work?
• what do the parts do?
• what controls them?
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Levels of Structure thatYou Will Learn
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Homeostasis and Feedback
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Homeostasis • Homeostasis refers to the
dynamic constancy of the internal environment.
• What happens if there is no homeostasis?
• How is homeostasis controlled?
What is the internal
environment?
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Feedback• Feedback is a process in which the effect
or output of an action is ‘returned’ (fed-back) to modify the next action (what happens affects what happens next)
• Feedback is essential in the management of all regulatory mechanisms
• Examples?
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Components of a Feedback Loop
1. Sensors (receptors) monitor the variable
2. Integrators compare the sensor information to the setpoint
3. Effectors cause an change (effect) on the variable
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Negative Feedback• Negative feedback is
stabilizing; as a variable deviates from a setpoint, negative feedback ‘pushes’ it back towards the setpoint
• "The more product or result you have...
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In physiological systems, is the setpoint fixed?
Hmmmm…..
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Another Example of Negative Feedback
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Positive Feedback• Destabilizes the system
• why would you want that?
• "The more you have...
• So what stops them?
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Positive Feedback Loops
What are other examples of variables in the body controlled by positive feedback loops?