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What is a soundscape?
How should soundscapes be
quantified and characterized?
Christine ErbeJASCO Applied SciencesAustralia, Canada, USA, UK
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Overview
1. The Marine
Soundscape
a) Ambient (physical)
Sounds
b) Biological Sounds
c) Anthropogenic Sounds
2. Quantification &
Characterisation
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Soundscape:
• an acoustic environment consisting of natural
sounds (including animal vocalizations and the
sounds of weather) and anthropogenic sounds
Acoustic Ecology:
• the study of the relationship—mediated
through sound—between organisms and their
environment
1. Marine Soundscape > Definitions
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Natural
Ambient
Sound
[Wenz 1962, JASA 34(12): 1936-1956]
Frequency [Hz]
Spe
ctru
m D
ensi
ty L
evel
[dB
re
1 µ
Pa2
/Hz]
1. Marine Soundscape > a. Natural Ambient Sound
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Rain
Fre
quen
cy [H
z]
Time [min:sec]
1. Marine Soundscape > a. Natural Ambient Sound
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Ice Noise• Due to deformation, fracturing, breaking & collision of ice
sheets & floes, caused by wind, currents, waves, melting & freezing, internal & surface stresses
• Broadband: Hz – 10s of kHz• Quietest during stable or warming conditions with low winds• Loudest during periods of rapid cooling or strong winds
Correlate noise spectrum with environmental parameters [Greene & Buck 1979; Oard1987; Yang et al. 1987; Wen et al. 1989, 1990; Xie & Farmer 1991, 1992; Feller 1994; Greening & Zakarauskas 1994; Uscinski & Wadhams 1999; Stein et al. 2000 etc.]1. Marine Soundscape > a. Natural Ambient Sound
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1. Marine Soundscape > a. Natural Ambient Sound
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1b. Biological Sounds
• Marine Mammals
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
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Ocean water conducts light very poorly but
sound very well.
⇒ Marine mammals rely primarily on their
acoustic sense for
• Social interaction
• Communication
• Navigation
• Foraging
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
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Odontocete Sounds• generated within the nasal system, not the larynx
• can be classified into 3 categories: tonal whistles, burst-pulse
sounds and echolocation clicks
• echolocation used for navigation & foraging
• Ǝ geographic differences in call characteristics of the same
species
• Dialects (sound differences between populations sharing the
same geographic region) have been identified for killer whales
and sperm whales.
http://staff.more.net/denise/whales/lesson1.htm
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
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Killer Whales
Time [min:sec]
Fre
quen
cy [
Hz]
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
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Ford 1991, Can J Zool 69: 1454-1483
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
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1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
http://orcasound.net/
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Beluga Whales
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
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Fre
quen
cy [H
z]
Time [min:sec]
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
Humpback Song & Sonar[Patrick Miller]
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Fish
Haddock
Cusk-eel
Toadfish
[http://www.fishecology.org/soniferous/justsounds.htm]
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
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Tropical Ambient
(fish & crustaceans)
1. Marine Soundscape > b. Biological Sounds
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1c. Types and Characteristics of
Anthropogenic Noise
1. Marine Soundscape > c. Anthropogenic Sounds
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Airguns
1. Marine Soundscape > c. Anthropogenic Sounds
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Pile Driving
[Erbe 2009]
1. Marine Soundscape > c. Anthropogenic Sounds
Fre
quen
cy [
Hz]
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Large Vessels
Propeller Cavitation Noise
[Erbe & Farmer 1998, 2000]
1. Marine Soundscape > c. Anthropogenic Sounds
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Pleasure
Craft
1. Marine Soundscape > c. Anthropogenic SoundsF
requ
ency
[H
z]
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How do we measure
soundscapes?
=> after the coffee break…
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2. Quantification:
Ambient Noise Percentiles
2. Quantifying the Marine Soundscape
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Night-time chorus of snapping shrimp
Humpback whales
Distant seismic survey
Fish
Tidal flow
Spectrograms
2. Quantifying the Marine Soundscape
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2. Quantifying the Marine Soundscape
Sandpump
17%
Boats
19%
Humpbacks
17%
F3 pinger
14%
F10 pinger
14%
Snapping
shrimp
19%
Total Energy [dB] / Day
The problem with these pie charts…
Same data as in slide 24:
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2. Quantifying the Marine Soundscape
Sandpump
4%
Boats
35%
Humpbacks
2%
F3 pinger
0%
F10 pinger
0%
Snapping
shrimp
59%
Linear Energy / 24hSame data:
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2. Quantifying the Marine Soundscape
Sandpump
5%
Boats
73%
Humpbacks
1%
F3 pinger
0%
F10 pinger
0%
Snapping
shrimp
21%
Linear PowerSame data:
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2. Quantifying the Marine Soundscape
Sandpump
0%
Boats
36%
Humpbacks
0%F3 pinger
29%
F10 pinger
0%
Snapping
shrimp
35%
1/3 Oct SPL @ 6kHzSame data:
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30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10 100 1000 10000
Bilogical noiseWind dependent noiseTraffic noise
Winddependentnoise
CA 60s
CA 90s
Shrimps
Shrimpsinshore
chorusesEveningchorus
Fish
5 kn
10 kn
20 kn
30 kn
RD
IO
TS
FREQUENCY (Hz)
NO
ISE
SP
EC
TR
UM
LE
VE
L (d
B r
e 1
µPa2 /H
z)
2. Quantifying the Marine Soundscape
(Doug Cato)
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• Modelling Soundscapes => later today
• Noise Effects on Animals => tomorrow
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http://AquaticAcousticArchive.com
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Thank You !Thank You !Thank You !Thank You !