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What is a learning object, technically?
Albert IpProf. Iain Morrison
Mike Currie
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Confusing definition of “Learning Object”
• IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee (LTSC)– “any entity, digital or non-digital,
that can be used, re-used, or referenced during technology supported learning”
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Confusing definition of “Learning Object”
• Computer-based training (CBT) vendor NETg, Inc.– a learning objective, – a unit of instruction that teaches
the objective, – a unit of assessment that
measures the objective.
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Confusing definition of “Learning Object”
• Another CBT vendor, Asymetrix– “pre-scripted elements that
simplify programming … provide instantaneous programming power”
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Confusing definition of “Learning Object”
• Educational Objects Economy– Java Applets only
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Avoid using “learning object”
• SCORM - “content object”• David Merrill - “knowledge objects”• ARIADNE - “pedagogical documents”• ESCOT - “educational software
components”• MERLOT - “resources”• Ip & Canale - “Virtual Apparatus”
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Learning Technologist’s focus
• Granularity• Metadata description (LOM)• Internal Structure
– layers– NETg vs Ip
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Educator focus
Pedagogical designs review
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Tutorial, Drill and Practice
• a tutorial environment• a testing/assessment environment
• Reuse unit:– items– tests
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Case Method
• A teaching case is a story describing, or based on, actual events, that justifies careful study and analysis by students
• discussion-based and experiential
• Reuse Unit– teaching case
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Goal-based learning
• simulations in which there is a problem to resolve, or a mission to complete.
• require learners to assume the main role in the resolution of the problem or the pursuit of their mission
• Reuse Unit– scenario– Supporting experience
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Learning by designing
• core learning activity is the design of an artifact.
• practice-based disciplines (engineering & architecture)
• Reuse Unit– none
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Web-based role-play simulation
• learners take on the role-profiles of specific characters in a contrived educational game (Linser, Naidu, & Ip, 1999)
• acquire the intended learning outcomes & make learning enjoyable
• Reuse Unit– scenario, role descriptions– resources
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Distributed problem-based learning
• exemplifies authentic learning and emphasizes solving problems in rich contexts
• Reuse Unit– problems
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Critical incident-based computer supported
learning• A critical incident (from the
workplace) presents a learner with a learning opportunity to reflect in and on action.
• Reuse Unit– none
• learning support needed
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Rule-based simulation
• Microworlds, or computer simulations of restricted environments
• Reuse Unit– agents in microworlds
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Exploratory Learning
• Through the process of discovery, or guided discovery, the student learns facts, concepts, and procedures.
• Reuse Unit– resources and related metadata
description for discovering the resources
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Cognitive tool
• learn “with” interactive learning tools
• Reuse unit– tools
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Resource-based Learning Environment
• emphasizes a transformation of meaning through learner-centered, system-facilitated action
• Reuse unit– resources
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What was the issue again?
Communities GAP!
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Blind men & the elephant
John Godfrey Saxe's ( 1816-1887) version of the famous Indian legend
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Types of resources
• specifically written up reading material• resources originally created for other
purposes• multimedia resource (content, situations
and authority)• structured resources (together with
interactivity)• special software
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Observations
• NOT only “information shoveling”• Learning vs Teaching Resources• Reuse:
– content– interactivity supporting software
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Relationship between communities
• Consumer / producer relationship• Goods: interactivity software• Value-chain:
– s/w + content
• Other players– discovery services ….– Standards to support interoperability