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1. What causes waves (in general)? What do waves transfer?
•Waves are caused by vibrations• Pulse = single vibration• Oscillation – repeating vibration• ENERGY
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2. What does the period of a pendulum depend on?
• The period (T) of a simple pendulum depends on:
(1) length of the pendulum(2) acceleration due to gravity
• It is NOT affected by the mass
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3. Label the parts of the waves:
TRANSVERSE WAVECREST WAVELENGTH (λ)
AMPLITUDE TROUGHEXAMPLE: LIGHT
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3. Label the parts of the waves:
LONGITUDINAL WAVECOMPRESSION RAREFRACTION
EXAMPLE: SOUND
WAVELENGTH (λ)
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4. Do longitudinal waves require a medium though which to travel? Do transverse waves?
• Longitudinal waves DO require a medium.• Transverse waves DO NOT.
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5. What is the unit of measure of a wavelength?
•Meters (m)
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6. If the amplitude of a wave is 5 m, how much is the top-to-bottom disturbance?
• 10 m• Amplitude of crest (5 m) plus the
amplitude of the trough (5 m).
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7. As waves dissipate what happens to the wave’s amplitude?
• Amplitude decreases as the wave’s energy dissipates/turns into heat.
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8. What does frequency tell you? What is the unit of frequency?
• The number of waves that pass a given point in a period of time (usually 1 second).• The unit is the Hertz (Hz)
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9. What is interference? What type of interference occurs when waves are in phase? Out of phase?
• Interference is occurrence of multiple waves in the same place at the same time.• Waves in phase exhibit constructive
interference / waves out of phase exhibit destructive interference.
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10. What causes the Doppler effect and when does it occur?
• The Doppler effect is the observed shift in frequency caused by motion – either the source or the observer.• It occurs when objects move at a
rate less than the speed of sound.
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11. What is the equation for wave speed? What are the units for wave speed?• v = λ x f• Units are meters/second (m/s)
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12. If a wave has a wavelength of 20 meters and a frequency of 0.5 Hz, what is speed?
G U E S S
λ = 20 mf = 0.5 Hz v = ? v = (20 m)(0.5 Hz) 10 m/s
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13. Does the speed of light change in a vacuum? What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
• NO• The speed of light (c) = 3.00x108 m/s
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14. Light travels fastest through which phase of matter? Why is this?
• Air, because the molecules in the air are the most spread out, therefore slowing light down less.
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15. How does the speed of light change when going from a gas to a liquid to a solid?
• Light slows down when going from gas to liquid, and from liquid to solid (and vice versa).
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16. If a beam of light leaves water and moves into air, how is the beam bent?
• As light speeds up when entering the air, the angle is bent away from the normal.• When moving from air into water
(the reverse), the angle is bent toward the normal.
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17. What is reflection?
• When a wave bounces off a material & goes in a new direction.
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18. What is refraction?
• When a waves passes through a material & bends.
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19. What is diffraction?
• When a wave bends around or passes through an opening in a material.• When plane waves go through an
opening, they become circular waves
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20. What is an echo and what property of waves is responsible for it (reflection, refraction, diffraction)?
• An echo occurs when a sound wave reflects off a distant surface / the observer hears the sound wave returning.
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21. What causes a rainbow?
• Refraction of visible (white) light through a prism (in nature, rain droplets in the air)
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22. List all components of the elecromagnetic (EM) spectrum from lowest frequency to highest.
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23. If a light ray strikes a flat mirror at a given angle, at what angle will the reflected ray be?
• An equal angle on the opposite side of the normal.• If the angle of
incidence () is 39°, the angle of reflection () is ___39°___.
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24. What is a virtual image and how does it differ from a real image?
• A virtual image is seen in the mirror (behind the mirror) – light rays DO NOT actually come together.• A real image is seen reflected back
out of the mirror.
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25. Which type(s) of mirror(s) form a real image? Which form a virtual image?
• REAL – Concave mirror (when object is behind the focal point)• VIRTUAL – Plane mirrors, Convex
mirrors, & Concave mirrors (when object is in front of the focal point).
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26. When you look at a flat mirror, how do you see your image?
• VIRTUAL & UPRIGHT
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27. When looking at a flat mirror from a distance of X m, your reflected image appears to be how far away from the mirror? How far is it from you?
• Reflected image is X m away from the mirror.• The distance from you is 2X m.
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28. Why are ray diagrams used?
• Ray diagrams are used to find out where an image will be located.
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29. What is the difference between red and blue light?
• frequency (wavelength)
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30. Plane Mirror
p q
RAY 1
• VIRTUAL• UPRIGHT• SAME SIZE
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31. Concave Mirror – Behind Focal Point
c f
RAY 1RAY 2RAY 3
• REAL• INVERTED• SMALLER
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32. Concave Mirror – In Front of Focal Point
c f
RAY 1RAY 2RAY 3
• VIRTUAL• UPRIGHT• LARGER
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33. Convex Mirror
cf
RAY 1RAY 2RAY 3
• VIRTUAL• UPRIGHT• SMALLER
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34. Converging Lens
f f
RAY 1RAY 2RAY 3
• INVERTED• SAME SIZE
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35. Diverging Lens
f f
RAY 1RAY 2RAY 3
• REAL• UPRIGHT• SMALLER
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36. The lowest pitch that the average human can hear has a frequency of 20.0 Hz. If sound with this frequency travels through air with a speed of 331 m/s, what is its wavelength?
G f = 20.0 Hz v = 331 m/s
U λ = ?E λ = v / f
S λ = (331 m/s) / (20.0 Hz)
S λ = 16.6 m
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37. Cicadas produce a buzzing sound that has a wavelength in air of 2.69 m. If the speed of sound in air is 346 m/s, what is the frequency of the sound produced by a cicada?
G λ = 2.69 m v = 346 m/s
U f = ?
E f = v / λ
S f = (346 m/s) / (2.69 m)
S f = 129 Hz
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37. (b) What is its period?
G f = 129 Hz
U T = ?
E T = 1/f
S T = 1 / 129 Hz
S T = 7.75 x 10-3 s (0.00775 s)
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38. A dolphin can typically hear sounds with frequencies up to 150 kHz. What is the speed of sound in water if a wave with this frequency has a wavelength of 1.0 cm?
G f = 150,000 Hz(150 kHz)
λ = 0.010 m(1.0 cm)
U v = ?
E v = λ·f
S v = (0.010 m)·(150,000 Hz)
S v = 1500 m/s