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What are we seeing here? 10%What countries are in red? 10% eachWhat country is in teal? 20%What countries are in yellow and blue? 25% each
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CHRIS FOWLEROCTOBER 1ST 2010
Economic GeographyGeog 207
Lecture 2: The World Economy
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Chapter 1 World Economy: An Introduction
Geographic PerspectivesEconomic Geography of the World EconomyWorld Development ProblemsFour Major Questions of the World EconomyPolitical EconomiesGeographical Information Systems
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Geographic Perspectives
Barney Warf’s Style: anything goes Use what is useful
Key Points for this course: Why are activities located where they are?
- Requires a knowledge of economics, business practices, human behavior with regard to economic choices
- Interaction of space and time Why do these activities create such an uneven
(unequal) global landscape? Requires a knowledge of underlying inequalities and
differential access to resources of all types
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Do we need space to understand the global economy?
WRONG!
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Yes
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How does space effect the economy at small scales?
Many, many answers to this question. No two geographers likely to agree.
This course takes much of economics as a starting point Homo economicus Supply and demand Opportunity costs Profit seeking
But geographers are, in general, much more willing to accept that these “rules” are just poor approximations. Behavioralism Humanism Just the tip of the iceberg….
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How do we understand the economy at broader scales?
Interdependence What happens in one place or time will shape/influence
outcomes elsewhere Ex. U.S. housing crisis led to near collapse in several major
economiesDynamism
Relationships among places are constantly changing, and it is this change that makes space interesting
Ex. Low cost transportation is creating port cities in places with no history of economic activity at all
Structured The relationships among places need to be understood in
terms of historical processes like inequality, colonialism, racism, etc… because they will shape future relationships as well
Ex. Australia and Hong Kong have had very different economic trajectories despite their nominally similar colonial past.
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Some specific areas of investigation
Technological change GeopoliticsCultural homogenization/localizationTransport & communication cost reductionsFall of centrally planned economiesRise of global capital marketsRise of institutions such as World Bank,
IMF, WTO, OPEC, OECD….
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Four Major Questions of the World Economy
What should be produced, at what scale of output, and with what mix of inputs?
How should factors be combined? Labor, capital, resource factors, etc.
Where should production occur? Who should get output? How should it be
divided?
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Figure 1.1 Cartogram of GNPAreas are (supposedly) proportional to GNP
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Figure 1.2 GDP per capitaHighly variable among countries
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Figure 1.3 The Global North and the Global South
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Variations in Economic Structure Gross National Income
Source: World Bank (2010) World Development Indicators
Country GroupPopulation 2008
MillionsGNI/Capi
ta
GDI Growth
Rate per Capita
2007-2008
GNI/Capita at Purchasing
Power ParityLow Income 973 $564 4.1% $1,407Middle Income 4651 $3,260 5.0% $6,154High Income 1069 $39,345 zero $37,141World 6692 $8,613 0.8% $10,357
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Accessed at http://www.time.com access date October 1st 2010
High income
Per capita Income:$41,674
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Middle incomePer capita income Egypt: $5,049Per capita income Poland: $13,573
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Accessed at http://www.time.com access date October 1st 2010
Low incomePer capita income: $1749
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Global Shares of Population and Gross National Income (2008)
16%
70%
15%
73%
26%
1%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
High Income
Middle Income
Low Income
GNIPopulation
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Structure of Production (% of GDP)
Share of Global GDP/GNI Agriculture Agriculture Industry Industry Services Services
1965 2008 1965 2008 1965 2008 2003 2008Low 9% 3% 44% 25% 28% 29% 28% 46%Middle 12% 28% 19% 10% 34% 37% 45% 53%High 79% 69% 5% 1% 43% 26% 54% 73%World $1,759 $60,587 10% 3% 40% 28% 51% 69%
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The Clark-Fisher Model of Structural Change
Time
Shar
e of
Out
put
Agriculture
Manufacturing
Services
Is This Model Inevitable?
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Distribution of Gross Domestic Product (%)
Why so high &why the decline?
GDP = Final Sales to Government, Consumers & Investment
GlobalIncrease in TradeNote: 2008 Exports includes services
Consumption Investment Government Exports1965 2008 1965 2008 1965 2008 1965 2008
Low 70% 75% 19% 27% 11% 9% 7% 29%Middle 67% 56% 22% 30% 11% 14% 17% 29%High 61% 62% 17% 21% 22% 18% 13% 26%Japan 59% 57% 28% 24% 12% 18% 11% 14%U.S. 63% 70% 12% 19% 25% 16% 6% 11%World 63% 61% 18% 22% 19% 17% 12% 27%
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Imports/Exports 2006 ($ billions)
High Income havemuch stronger tradein services than Low and Middle Income
The U.S. Share ofServices Trade isvery high
Total Merchandise ServicesExports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports
Low 434 512 323 389 111 123Middle 3771 3456 3312 2958 459 498High 10651 10955 8451 8985 2200 1970Japan 765 714 650 580 115 134U.S. 1436 2227 1038 1919 398 308World 14852 14908 12085 12327 2767 2581
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Structure of Merchandise Exports (%)Fuels,
Minerals,Metals
OtherPrimary
Commodities
Machinery&
TransportEquipment
Other Mfg. Textiles &Clothing
1965 1992 1965 1992 1965 1992 1965 1992 1965 1992LowIncome
16 21 60 17 1 9 23 53 12 26
MiddleIncome
27 32 46 19 14 18 13 31 3 10
OilExporters
80 92 16 2 0 1 3 5 0.1 1
HighIncome
9 7 21 11 31 43 39 39 7 5
U.S. 8 6 27 14 37 48 28 32 3 2J apan 2 1 7 1 31 66 60 31 17 2World 15 13 26 13 25 37 34 38 7 6
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Food FuelsOtherPrimaryCommodities
Machinery&TransportEquipment
Other Mfg.
1965 1992 1965 1992 1965 1992 1965 1992 1965 1992LowIncome
20 9 5 9 8 9 31 34 34 40
MiddleIncome
15 11 8 10 11 6 30 38 34 35
OilExporters
22 15 2 2 5 5 32 40 40 39
HighIncome
19 10 11 9 20 6 19 35 31 41
U.S. 19 6 10 11 20 4 14 41 36 38
Structure of Merchandise Imports (%)
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IndustrialMarket
Economies
NonreportingNonmember
High Income OilExport
DevelopingCountries
(From/To) 1965 1985 1965 1985 1965 1985 1965 1985All Trade:Developing 67 63 8 7 1 2 25 30High Income OilEx.
70 59 (.) (.) 3 1 27 40
IndustrialMarket
70 71 2 2 1 3 27 24
ManufacturesDeveloping 47 56 19 8 2 4 32 32High Income OilEx.
30 47 0 0 21 16 49 36
IndustrialMarket
66 70 2 2 1 3 31 25
Origin and Destination of Merchandise Exports (%)
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Globalization
P.9 “processes that make the world, its economic system, and its society more uniform, more integrated, and more interdependent.” Some dispute uniform
Elements: culture, consumption, telecommunications, economy, transnational corporations, investment, labor, services, tourism. Role of IT.
Globalization & Local Diversity
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Globalization and MNC’s
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SampleU.S.
MNC’s Foreign Revenue
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FDI in the U.S. – similar diagram could be drawn for any country
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Another view of FDI
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World Development Problems
Environmental constraintsThe cycle of poverty (Fig 1.9)
Low Real
IncomeUnemploymentUnderemployment
LowOutput /Productivity
RapidPopulationGrowth
Low LevelOf Saving
Low LevelOf Demand
Low levels ofInvestment inCapital deficiency
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Four Major Questions of the World Economy
What should be produced, at what scale of output, and with what mix of inputs?
How should factors be combined? Labor, capital, resource factors, etc.
Where should production occur? Who should get output? How should it be
divided?
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The Four Questions for the World Economy
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Economics – Key Topics
Allocation of Scarce ResourcesMarkets for Production, Distribution, and
ConsumptionThe Division of LaborSolving What, How, What Price, What
Quantity, and Where Production Takes Place
Types of Economic SystemsNeoclassical versus Behavioral and
Structural Approaches
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Political Economies
Alternative Systems: capitalism, command, and traditional – with systems of power & class that shape output
Capitalist System (Fig 1.11)Command EconomiesTraditional economiesThe general demise of command and
traditional economies in the face of globalization
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The Circular Flow in the Capitalist System (set in space and time)
(sales)ResourceMarket(prices)
(consumption - resources)Businesses & Government(production)
(sales)ProductMarket(prices)
(production - labor)Households(consumption)
Goods &Services
$ to pay for consumption$ from product market
Goods &Services
Goods& Services Labor
Income from work
Savings &Investment:Capital Markets
Public Goods: Taxation & Provision
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Geographical Information Systems
Manifold applicationsdisplaying attributes-Examples in this figure-Many other layers possible-Display current patterns and changes-Integrated with data from remote sensed sources with human system data bases including geocoded economic information
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Summary and Plan
The chapter planLearning objectives at beginning of each
chapterStudy questions at end of each chapterKey termsSuggested readingsWeb sites