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Week 5 - Vowels
Mark Huckvale
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Last Week
• Phonation is the main sound source in speech
• Phonation has a number of important linguistic and paralinguistic uses
• Modal voice is characterised by complete approximation, regular cycles, sharp closures
• Whisper, Breathy, Creaky and Falsetto voice can be contrasted with Modal voice
• Signal measures exist which can be used to characterise voice quality
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Phonology of English Vowels
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Speech Chain
Phonology
Phonetics Acoustics
Audition
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Short Long Diphthong
hid heed bade head hard bide had hoard buoyed hudd who’d beard hod heard bared hood hoe vanilla how
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Short Long Diphthong
hid ɪ heed iː bade eɪ head e hard ɑː bide aɪ had æ hoard ɔː buoyed ɔɪ hudd ʌ who’d uː beard ɪə hod ɒ heard ɜː bared eə hood ʊ hoe əʊ vanilla ə how aʊ
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STRUT FOOT
STRUT FOOT
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Vowel Articulation
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Close
Open
Front Back
i
e
æ ɑ
ɔ
u
Lip Rounding
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Vowel Quadrilateral
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Cardinal Vowel System
Daniel Jones (1881-1967)
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British English Monophthongs
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Acoustics of Vowel Production
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Larynx buzz
/iː/
/ɑː/
/uː/
Source-Filter Model
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Frequency response
Output spectrum ----------------------- Input spectrum
=
Output spectrum
Input spectrum
Frequency response
= x
vowel = source x filter
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The characteristic frequency response of an unobstructed vocal tract shows a small number of peaks caused by resonances of the tube. Phoneticians call these formants
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Frequency Frequency Frequency
Am
plit
ud
e
Res
po
nse
Am
plit
ud
e
Source Filter Vowel
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Frequency Frequency Frequency
Am
plit
ud
e
Res
po
nse
Am
plit
ud
e
Source Filter Vowel
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Frequency Frequency Frequency
Am
plit
ud
e
Res
po
nse
Am
plit
ud
e
Source Filter Vowel
F1 F2
The acoustic effects of the filter can be characterised by measuring the resonant frequencies of the first few formants (vocal tube resonances).
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Vowels on Spectrograms
[i] [ɑ] [u]
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Formant Space
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Vowel Formant Frequencies
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Vowel quadrilateral with one person’s formant frequencies superimposed
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Peterson & Barney, 1952
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British English Vowels
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Diphthongs
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British English Diphthongs
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Mechanical Speaking Machines
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Example Videos
• Martin Riches Talking Machine
• 3D printed vocal tract shapes
• Takanishi Lab at Waseda University
• Animatronic Tongue at Sheffield University
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Coursework
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Coursework
• Coursework counts for 25% of assessment for course
• The coursework is designed to assess how well you can write in a scientific manner about speech science.
• You will be assessed on the content, writing style and presentation of the coursework.
• An introduction to the articulation, phonology and acoustics of vowels at a level suitable for a new first year undergraduate to understand.
• Incorporate data from the lab session on vowels
• Hand in through Moodle in last week of term
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Summary
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Summary
• Vowels may be described in terms of phonology, phonetics, acoustics and audition.
• There are abut 20 phonological choices for vowels in English. • The Cardinal Vowel system can be used to describe the quality of
any vowel in any language. • Vowel quality can be described using terms such as front-back,
open-close, rounded-unrounded, short-long, monophthong-diphthong.
• The source-filter model of vowel production explains the acoustic form of vowels
• The frequency response of the vocal tract pipe used for vowels can be characterised using the frequencies of the first few formants.
• Formant frequencies for a given phonological vowel vary across speakers, even of the "same" articulation.
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Lab Session
• Measure the formant frequencies of your 4 “corner” vowels: /iː/, /æ/, /ɑː/ & /uː/
• Attempt to synthesize copies of your vowels using an articulatory synthesizer