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CS452/552; EE465/505
Finale!
4-23–15
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! Non-Photorealistic Rendering ! What’s Next?
Read: Angel, ✦Section 6.11 Nonphotorealistic Shading ✦Color Plate 11 Cartoon-shaded teapot
Final Exam: Monday, April 27th, 3:15 to 6:15, SC162
Outline
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Goals of Computer Graphics
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Non-Photorealistic Rendering
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Non-Photorealistic Rendering
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! Pen-and-Ink illustration ■ Techniques: cross-hatching, outlines, line art, etc.
! Painterly rendering ■ Styles: impressionist, expressionist, pointilist, etc.
! Cartoons ■ Effects: cartoon shading, distortion, etc.
! Technical ■ Characteristics: matte shading, edge lines, etc.
! Scientific ■ Methods: splatting, hedgehogs, etc.
Some NPR Categories
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Outline! Pen-and-ink Illustrations ! Painterly Rendering ! Cartoon Shading ! Technical Illustrations
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Hue
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Tone
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Pen-and-Ink Illustrations
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Pen-and-Ink Illustrations
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Rendering Pipeline: Polygonal Surfaces with NPR
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! Stroke generated by moving along straight path ! Stroke perturbed by
■ Waviness function (straightness) ■ Pressure function (thickness)
! Collected in stroke textures ■ Tone dependent ■ Resolution dependent ■ Orientation dependent
! How automatic are stroke textures?
Strokes and Stroke Textures
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Stroke Texture Examples
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Stroke Texture Operations
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! Selective addition of detail
! Difficult to automate
! User places detail segments interactively
Indication
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Indication Example
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Rendering Parametric Surfaces
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Parametric Surface Example
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Hatching + Standard Rendering
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Orientable Textures
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Orientable Stroke Texture Example
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Outline! Pen-and-ink Illustrations ! Painterly Rendering ! Cartoon Shading ! Technical Illustrations
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! Physical simulation ■ User applies brushstrokes ■ Computer simulates media (paper + ink)
! Automatic painting ■ User provides input image or 3D model ■ User specifies painting parameters ■ Computer generates all strokes
Painterly Rendering
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Physical Simulation Example
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Computer-Generated Watercolor
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Fluid Dynamic Simulation
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Interactive Painting
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Automatic Painting Example
https://mrl.nyu.edu/projects/npr/painterly/
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! Start from color image: no 3D information ! Paint in resolution-based layers
■ Blur to current resolution ■ Select brush based on current resolution ■ Find area of largest error compared to real image ■ Place stroke ■ Increase resolution and repeat
! Layers are painted coarse to fine ! Styles controlled by parameters
Automatic Painting from Images
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Layered Painting
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! Style determined by parameters ■ Approximation thresholds ■ Brush sizes ■ Curvature filter ■ Blur factor ■ Minimum and maximum stroke lengths ■ Opacity ■ Grid size ■ Color jitter
! Encapsulate parameter settings as style
Painting Styles
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Style Examples
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! “Impressionist” ■ No random color, 4 ≤ stroke length ≤ 16 ■ Brush sized 8, 4, 2; approximation threshold 100
! “Expressionist” ■ Random factor 0.5, 10 ≤ stroke length ≤ 16 ■ Brush sizes 8, 4, 2; approximation threshold 50
! “Pointilist” ■ Random factor ~0.75, 0 ≤ stroke length ≤ 0 ■ Brush sizes 4, 2; approximation threshold 100
! Not completely convincing to artists (yet?)
Some Styles
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Outline! Pen-and-ink Illustrations ! Painterly Rendering ! Cartoon Shading ! Technical Illustrations
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Cartoon Shading
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Cartoon Shading as Texture Map
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Shading Variations
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Outline! Pen-and-ink Illustrations ! Painterly Rendering ! Cartoon Shading ! Technical Illustrations
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Technical Illustrations
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Conventions in Technical Illustrations
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Technical Illustration Example
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! Smart graphics ■ Design from the user’s perspective ■ HCI, AI, Perception
! Artistic graphics ■ More tools for the creative artist ■ New styles and ideas
The Future
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! Beyond photorealism ■ Artistic appeal ■ Technical explanation and illustration ■ Scientific visualization
! Use all traditional computer graphics tools ! Employ them in novel ways ! Have fun!
Summary
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! Create basic 3D web applications ✦can integrate with other HTML5 packages
!Work with event-driven input ! Use a variety of texture-based methods ! Make use of off-screen rendering
What we can do now
Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
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! More OpenGL capabilities ! Modeling ! Alternate renderers ! Integration with Web !Where are things going
What we haven’t covered
Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
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! Much more control and many more options ✦Geometry,Tessellation and Compute Shaders ✦Level of Detail (LOD) ✦1-4 Dimensional Textures ✦Many more texture options
! Vertex Array Buffers ! Occlusion Queries
What’s in desktop OpenGL
Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
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! Movement of more desktop OpenGL features to ES and WebGL
!WebCL 1.0 released March 2014 ! ES 3.0 and ES 3.1 ! ECMA 6 Script draft (new version of JS) ! Many JS variants such as Coffee Script
What should we expect soon in APIs
Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
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! Originally hardware and software was dominated by the scientific and CAD communities
✦SGI key for both hardware and software ✦OpenGL developed by SGI
!With PCs and graphics cards leadership moved to Microsoft and game users
✦DirectX ✦Video Toaster
The Players have Changed
Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
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! Development of GPUs ✦Nvidia, AMD and Intel dominate ✦OpenGL makes a comeback ✦Cg (Nvidia) leads to GLSL ✦ Interactive games control direction of hw and sw
!Web and smart phones ✦Google, Mozilla, Nokia and others dominate software
✦ARM dominates smart phone chips
Players Have Changed
Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
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! Level of Detail (LOD) ! Image based rendering ! Light field rendering ! Ray Tracing ! Volume Rendering ! Point Clouds ! Particle Systems ! Information Visualization
Advanced Topics
Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
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! Need more courses ✦Digital Storytelling ✦Game AI ✦HCI ✦Real-time graphics
What about Games?
Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
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! Fastest supercomputers use GPUs for floating point operations
✦GPGPU ✦OpenCL/WebGL ✦Compute shaders
! Low power is a major issue ✦Exascale machine will require 20MW ✦ Intel vs ARM?
Supercomputing
Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
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