Download - Waves Notes
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Waves Notes
•Ch. 10• P. 290
(1-4)• P. 296
(1-7)• P. 303
(1-5)•Ch. 11
• P. 327 (1-6)
•Ch. 12• P. 354
(1-3)P. 360 (1-7)
•Ch. 13• P. 384
(1-5)
Vocabulary
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Waves Notes• LINEAR MOTION= motion from
one point to another without repeating.– Distance– Time– Speed– Acceleration
• HARMONIC MOTION= motion that repeats over and over.
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HARMONIC MOTION • Cycle (cyclic motion) = a unit of motion
that repeats. • Oscillator (oscillating system) = a
system that shows harmonic motion. • clocks• solar system• Seasons• music & musical instruments• cell phones• fm radio
• Period = time it takes for one cycle to occur.
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Frequency= the number of cycles per second.
unit = Hertz (Hz) 1 Hertz = 1 cycle/second ex: human heartbeat = ½ to 2 beats per
second ex: human voice = 100 to 2000 cycles per
second
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Amplitude
• a measure of how large the cycle is.
• This is the energy of a wave.ex: waves = height of the wave sound = volume
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WAVESTransfer energy from place to place
without transferring matter
• a disturbance in a medium. • medium = matter that are able to
carry a wave.– ex: air carries sound waves– water carries waves
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QUESTION: Can sound travel in space, in other words, could you hear in outer space?
ANSWER: NO! Sound requires a medium to carry its energy. Since matter does not exist in space the sound energy
would have nothing to travel on.
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Transverse Waves• = oscillations that are perpendicular
(90º) to the direction the waves is moving.
• oscillation^ wave motion >
ex: water, light, S-waves in an earthquake
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Longitudinal (compression) Waves
• = oscillations that are in the same directions as the motion of the waves.
• oscillation> wave motion >
• ex: sound, shock waves, P-waves -- earthquake
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NOTE CHECKTAKE 2 MINUTES:
With a partner, check each other’s notes to be sure both
filled in all blanks
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WAVESCan be:
transverseMatter moves:
@ right angles to wave directionWavelength
is measured: Crest to
Crest
Examples:Wave on a ropeWaves on
a lake
Can be:compressiona
lMatter moves:
Along wave directionWavelength is
measured: Compress
ion to Compress
ion
Examples:Sound wavesShock waves
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WAVE TERMS• Frequency (f) = waves per second
(measured in Hertz)– known as Pitch in sound & music
• Amplitude = the height of the waves, the energy of the wave.– Measured from the resting position
to the crest.
• Wavelength (λ) = the length of one cycle. Distance from a point on a wave to the identical point on the next wave.
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Which of the graphs has an amplitude of 10
centimeters?
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5
31
Name five parts of a wave:1. __________________________________2. __________________________________3. __________________________________4. __________________________________5. __________________________________
Compare and contrast the 2 types of waves:1. Both = _______________________________2. Matter = ______________________________
3. Matter = ______________________________A wave is =1. _____________________________________
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WAVE SPEED• Speed = the velocity the wave is
traveling.• velocity = wavelength x
frequency• v = λ x f• units
f = Hertz (Hz)λ = meters (m)v = meters/second (m/s)
Ex: An ocean wave has a frequency of 2 Hz and a speed of 20 m/sec. What is the wavelength of this wave?
λ = v/f λ = 20 m/s ÷ 2 Hz = 10 m
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Examples of the Speed of Waves
• Speed of Light
300,000,000 m/s
300,000 km/s
186,000 miles/s
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NOTE CHECKTAKE 2 MINUTES:
With a partner, check each other’s notes to be sure both
filled in all blanks
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Examples of the Speed of Waves
• Speed of Sound
– Approx 340 m/s
– Approx 770 miles/hr– This will vary a great
deal due to temperature and atmospheric pressure
•Calculate the Speed of Sound
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WAVES INTERACTIONSwhat results from waves
hitting objects• Reflection = The wave can bounce
off and go in a new direction.• Angle of Incidence = inbound
angle• Angle of Reflection = outbound
angle
• measured from the perpendicular and both angles are EQUAL
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Which is the angle of incidence?Which is the angle of reflection?
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Refraction = The wave can pass straight into and through the obstacle and are bent due to the change in density of the medium.
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Diffraction = The wave can bend around or through holes in the obstacle.
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Absorption = The wave can be absorbed and disappear.
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NOTE CHECKTAKE 2 MINUTES:
With a partner, check each other’s notes to be sure both
filled in all blanks
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WAVE INTERFERENCE• when 2 or more waves meet.
• Constructive Interference = When waves meet “in phase” trough to trough or crest to crest. The resulting waves become larger.
• ex: Sound = resonanceResonating Chambers = sinuses,
guitar, musical instrumentsWind Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse in the
1940s
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Tacoma Narrows Bridge
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“in phase”
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WAVE INTERFERENCE• Destructive Interference = When
waves meet “out of phase” crest to trough. The resulting waves become smaller or even cancel each other.
• ex: Dissonance = sound waves meet out of phase and noise results.
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“out of phase”
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THE DOPPLER EFFECT • radar speed detectors• metrology to detect wind speeds & on
coming weather fronts• very noticeable in auto racing
• Approaching Object = sound wave are compressed due to the speed of the approaching object thus increasing the frequency or pitch of the sound of the object.
• Departing Object = sound waves are stretched because the object is moving away from the listener thus decreasing the frequency or pitch of the sound of the object.
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NOTE CHECKTAKE 2 MINUTES:
With a partner, check each other’s notes to be sure both
filled in all blanks
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THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
• Electrons = the negatively charged particle in the atom is involved in light.– Electrons can absorb energy by various
ways causing them to jump to a higher energy level(s).
– Then they give off energy in the form of light when they move from the higher to lower energy level(s).
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Parts of the electromagnetic spectrum
• Radio waves Longest Wavelength Lowest Frequency
• Microwaves• Infrared• Visible Light
– ROY G BIV• Ultraviolet• X-rays• Gamma rays Short Wavelength Highest Frequency
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THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
• Radiowaves(1 km to 30 cm)
– ex: AM & FM radio, TV signals
• Microwaves (30 cm to 1 mm)
– ex: microwave ovens, cellular communication
• Infrared (1 mm to 70 nm)
– ex: heat, sensors, guidance systems
• Visible Light (70 nm - 400 nm)
– ex: ROY G BIV
• Ultraviolet– ex: sunburns,
harmful to eyes, disinfect by killing bacteria
• X-Rays– ex: medical &
dental uses, inspect metal welding
• Gamma Rays– ex: originate
from the sun, atomic radiation
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ROY G BIV • Red Longest wavelength Lowest frequency
• Orange• Yellow• Green• Blue• Indigo• Violet Shortest wavelength Highest
frequency
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Visible Light • Optics = the study of light• Lasers = a single frequency of light
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COLOR
• Primary Colors of Light
the color of transmitted light you see.
The light source–Red –Green –Blue• Red + Green + Blue =
White
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COLORPrimary Colors of
PigmentA pigment is a colored
material that is used to change the color of other substances.
Reflected light color–Magenta–Yellow –Cyan • Magenta + Yellow + Cyan = Black
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Computer Settings• pixel = dot = 3 numbers to assign the color
(0-256)
• Red, Green, Blue = RGB – ex: (0, 0, 0) = black
• 256 x 256 x 256 = 16,777,216 *possible different colors
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The Eye• Lens = Tiny muscles around the eye
change the shape of the eye to focus the image when light passes through.
• Iris = The colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye.
• Retina = A membrane lining the inside of the back of the eye composed of light sensitive receptors that are stimulated by the different wavelengths of light that makeup the image.
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The Retina • Rods = Rod-shaped receptors
involved in night vision, peripheral vision (corners of the eyes) and making out the outline of objects.
• Cones = Cone-shaped receptors that contain color-sensitive pigments to detect red, blue, green and all their combinations.
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Optical Illusion• seen images that “trick” the brain
into observing something that is not real.
Mirage• A false image in the distance produced by
the refraction of light through air layers of different densities.
Ex. The appearance of water in the distance
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Mirage
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SOUND • a pattern of air oscillations consisting of
areas of high pressure to low pressure. Sound consists of longitudinal (compression) wave thus it is impossible for sound to travel in space.
• Acoustics = the science or study of sound
• Amplitude = Loudness or Volume measured in Decibels (dB)
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Decibels (dB) • 10 – 15 dB whisper (3 ft away)• 65 dB normal conversation (3 ft
away)• 70 dB city traffic• 90 dB jackhammer (10 ft away)• 120 dB threshold of physical pain
• 90 dB is 2x louder than 70 dB
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Frequency (Pitch)– 20 Hz thunder– 100 Hz bass guitar– 500 Hz average male voice– 5000 Hz highest note on a piano– 10,000 Hz jet turbine engine– 20,000 Hz highest human limits
• human range 20 to 20,000 hertz (best 100 to 2000) *test ???
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Speed of Sound• approx. 340 m/s or 770 mi/hr (in
air)• Calculate • speed varies greatly based on the
density of the medium
• ex: in air factors include altitude, humidity and temperature
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Supersonic
• super = above• sonic = sound• motion that is faster than the speed
of sound.
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Ultrasound• Medical use of sound waves to give
internal images of the human body.• Sonogram = Images of the baby
during pregnancy.