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Water Stress in China: Shortage and
PollutionCHEN Ying
Research Centre for Sustainable Development (RCSD)
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)
CASS-Nottingham Environmental Infrastructure Workshop, 22 – 24 June, 2005
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Content Natural Endowment of Water Resources
Increasing Demand for Water Resources
Driven by Industrialization and Urbanization
Unsustainable Water Utilization
Overall Objectives of Water Management
Potential Options to Promote Sustainable
Development by Improving Water
Management
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1. Natural Endowment of Water Resources
2200
9600
19000
29100
45900
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
China US AUS RUS BRA
Total volume: 2.8Trillion m3
Per capita: 2200 m3
m3
¼ of world average
level
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1.2 Uneven Distribution of Rainfall
Annual rainfall
Dry/Wet Regions
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1.3 Frequent Occurrence of Natural Disasters
DroughtMain natural disaster in northern ChinaEven in southern China, some regions may be
suffered from drought in the driest months
Hunan ProvinceHainan Province
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FloodIn most areas, precipitation of
the four wettest months take up about 70% of the annual total, often resulting in flooding.
2005-6-11
2001
1999
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1.4 Severe Soil Erosion
Soil Erosion takes place in an area of 3.56million km2, about 37% of the total land area in China
Annual quantity of soil eroded reaches 5 billion tons.
Upstream of Yellow River across Hexi Corridor
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2.1 Water Use Pattern
117.7
63.1 8
343.3
Agr.
Ind.
Res.
Eco.
Total: 532 billion m3 Water Use in 2003
(64%)
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2. Increasing Demand for Water Resources Driven by Industrialization and
Urbanization During 1952-2002:
GDP increased 40 times, GDP per capita up 17 times;
Water use increased 4.3 times, water use per capita 1.3 times higher;
Water demand projections for 2020:
Agr.% Ind. % Res. % Eco. %
Scenario I: 595.5 b. m3
54.6 26.4 15.1 3.9
Scenario II: 663.5 b. m3
60.3 22.6 13.6 3.5
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3. Unsustainable Water Utilization
Low efficiency of water useAgricultural irrigation: water use co-
efficiency is only 0.4-0.5 in China comparing to 0.7-0.8 in developed countries;
Industry: 24.1 m3 water /1000 RMB industrial production, about 5-10 times that in developed countries; water consumption per ton steel produced 4-6 times higher than developed countries
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3. Unsustainable Water Utilization
Water pollution
4.6%20.9%
16.3%
21.6%
8.7%
27.9%Grade I
Grade II
Grade III
Grade IV
Grade V
inferior Grade V
Water quality monitoring for 7 rivers in 2004
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3. Unsustainable Water Utilization
Waste of waterLeakage of water supply pipes can be 5-10%,
some up to 15-17%;
Over-extracted underground waterCones of depressionsDry wellsSeawater intrusionsLand subsidence
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4. Overall Objectives of Water Management
To guarantee access to safety
drinking water for human health;Water supply under threats in urban
area;
360 million people in rural area lack of
safety drinking water, 190 million
people suffer from drinking water
harmful to their health;
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4. Overall Objectives of Water Management
To mitigate disasters of drought and flood To guarantee food security;To promote economic development;To protect ecological environment;
Yellow River going dry
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5. Potential Options to Promote Sustainable Development by
Improving Water Management
Water transfer?Waste water treatment?Water saving?
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5.1 South-to-North Water Transfer Project
Three routes (east, middle and west) connecting four major rivers to form a new pattern of water resource allocation (4 latitudinal and 3 longitudinal);
44.8 billion m3 by 2050, equivalent to the annual usable quantity of water resources of Yellow River;
13.4 billion m3 for Phase I to relieve water shortage in Beijing, Tianjin and cities in eastern Shandong Province;
High costs lead to high price
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5.2 Waste Water Treatment
Among water pollution control projects of main river basins in the tenth “Five-year-plan”, only 32% finished, 28% under construction and 40% not started;
Some newly built waste water treatment facilities rarely operate;
Wei RiverInvested 79 million, Upstream of
Three Gorges
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5.2 Waste Water Treatment
Despite some successful pilot projects, the use of treated water from wastewater treatment plant has been very limited;
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Some Key Elements of Efficient Water
Management SystemPublic awarenessLegislationTechnologyEconomic incentivesIntegrated management
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Water Pricing System Reform
Beijing planned to introduce progressive water prices but finally delayed to implement;
Public Hearing
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Integrated management
Coordinating interests betweenAgricultural irrigation, industrial and
residential uses;Upstream and downstream;Surface and underground waterWater quantity and water quality
Seven “River Commissions”, as bureaus of the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR) were sep up to take this responsibility.