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WaterWater-- Related DiseasesRelated Diseases
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Water Related DiseasesWater Related Diseases
••WHO recognizes that access to adequate WHO recognizes that access to adequate water supplies is a fundamental human right.water supplies is a fundamental human right.•• WaterWater--related diseases are a human related diseases are a human tragedy , killing millions of people each yeartragedy , killing millions of people each year(account for 80% of all deaths in developing (account for 80% of all deaths in developing countries).countries).
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Global Morbidity and Mortality Global Morbidity and Mortality Rates Rates
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• Improved water supply and sanitation will lead to reduced incidence of morbidity and mortality ( this may be up to 100% for some diseases such as tyhpoid or dracunculiasis).
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Potential Reductions in Morbidity for different Potential Reductions in Morbidity for different Diseases as a Result improvements in Water Diseases as a Result improvements in Water
Supply and SanitationSupply and Sanitation
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Disease TransmissionDisease Transmission
• Many diseases may be transmitted via the fecal-oral route ,and that occures when human faecal is ingested through drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated food .
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The Classical Waterborne Infection The Classical Waterborne Infection Cycle Cycle
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The The FaecalFaecal--Oral Route of Diseases Oral Route of Diseases TransmissionTransmission
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Pathogens in WaterPathogens in Water--related related DiseasesDiseases
CauseDisease
Bacterial infectionsTyphoid ,cholera ,Bacillary dysentery
Viral infectionsHepatitis ,poliomyelitis
Protozoal infectionsAmoebic dysentery
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WaterWater--related Diseases Can be related Diseases Can be Classified into :Classified into :
• Water-borne diseases .• Water-based diseases.• Water-related vector diseases.• Water-scarce ( also called water-washed )
diseases.
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Waterborne DiseasesWaterborne Diseases
• Water borne diseases are “dirty-water“diseases – those caused water that has been contaminated by human ,animal ,or chemical wastes .
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WaterWater--based Diseasesbased Diseases
• Water-based diseases :are caused by aquatic organisms that spend part of their life cycle in the water and another part as parasite of animals.
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WaterWater--related Vector Diseasesrelated Vector Diseases
• Water-related vector diseases: that are transmitted by vectors-insects or other animals .
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WaterWater--scarce Diseases ( Waterscarce Diseases ( Water--washed Diseases.washed Diseases.
• Water-scarce diseases: thrive in conditions where freshwater is scarce and sanitation poor
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Classification of WaterClassification of Water--related related DiseasesDiseases
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Major Waterborne DiseasesMajor Waterborne Diseases
• Cholera:CauseCause: BacteriaSymptomsSymptoms :diarrhoea
,vomiting, dehydration lead to death.
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Major Waterborne DiseasesMajor Waterborne Diseases
• Amoebic dysentry:CauseCause: ProtozoaSymptomsSymptoms :diarrhoea, dehydration.
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Major Waterborne DiseasesMajor Waterborne Diseases
• Diarrheal disease (including :amoebic and bacillary dysentery)
CauseCause: Bacteria ,Viruses ,and Protozoa
SymptomsSymptoms :diarrhoea, dehydration.
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Major Waterborne DiseasesMajor Waterborne Diseases
• HepatitisCauseCause: Viruses
HAV,HEVSymptomsSymptoms :body
weakness, loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort.
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Major Waterborne DiseasesMajor Waterborne Diseases
• TyphoidCauseCause: BacteriaSymptomsSymptoms :diarrhoea, dehydration.
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Major WaterMajor Water--Based DiseasesBased Diseases
• AscariasisCause Cause :parasitic
roundwormsSymptomsSymptoms: enlargement of
liver, toxicity, pneumonia ,nutritional deficiency. Transmission: Transmission:
Faecal –soil- oral
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Major WaterMajor Water--Based DiseasesBased Diseases
• Dracunculiasis(guinea worm)
Cause Cause : wormSymptomsSymptoms : fever,
burning sensationTransmission: Transmission: cutaneous – cyclops -
cutaneous
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How is Guinea worm disease How is Guinea worm disease contractedcontracted ??
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Major WaterMajor Water--Based DiseasesBased Diseases
• ParagoniamiasisCause Cause : wormSymptomsSymptoms : cough, nutritional deficiency.Transmission: Transmission: faecal – snail – fish- oral
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Major WaterMajor Water--Based DiseasesBased Diseases
• Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)Cause Cause : wormTransmission: Transmission: Urine/faeces – snail – cutaneous
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Major WaterMajor Water--Related Vector Related Vector DiseasesDiseases
• Denque fever( bone crusher disease)
Cause Cause : virusSymptomsSymptomsfever,chills,headache,pain
in joints Transmission: Transmission: mosquito
bite
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Major WaterMajor Water--Related Vector Related Vector DiseasesDiseases
• Filariasis (includes elephantiasis)Cause Cause : wormSymptomsSymptoms:damage and swelling in lymphatic vessels Transmission: Transmission: mosquito bite
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Major WaterMajor Water--Related Vector Related Vector DiseasesDiseases
• MalariaCause Cause : ProtozoaSymptomsSymptoms:Fever ,headache
,destroy liver and nerves
Transmission: Transmission: mosquito bite
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Causes of waterborne diseasesCauses of waterborne diseases
• Lack of proper sanitation ( sewage treatment is inadequate .Instead ,human wastes disposed in open canals) .
• Using contaminated sewage for fertilizers.• Agricultural chemicals , pesticides ,and
industrial wastes .
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Prevention of waterborne diseasesPrevention of waterborne diseases
• Improving public sanitation.
• Providing a clean water supply
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Causes of waterCauses of water--based diseasesbased diseases
• Stagnant water behind dams and water channels is ideal for snails .
• Lack of proper sanitation and clean water supply.
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Prevention of waterPrevention of water--based based diseasesdiseases
• Washing vegetables in clean water .• not entering infected rivers .• Eating well-cooked meat.• In areas where guinea worm is endemic ,people
can use piece of cloth to filter water .• Hygienic disposal of human wastes .• Building the water channels in fast –flowing
streams to make it difficult for snails to survive.
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Causes of waterCauses of water--related vector related vector diseasesdiseases
• Lack of appropriate water management .• Construction projects often increase the
mosquito population . Pools of stagnant water .
• Mosquitoes are developing resisitance to DDT.
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Prevention of waterPrevention of water--related vector related vector diseasesdiseases
• Eliminate the insects that transmit the diseases ( be careful when using pesticides).
• Use bednets .• Introduce natural predators .• Use of polystyrene spheres floating static
water ,the mosquito larvae die from lack of air.
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Prevention of waterPrevention of water--related vector related vector diseasesdiseases
• Covering water storage containers.• installing sprinkler instead of canals.• Integration education about disease
prevention into health sevices.
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Waterborne diseases caused by Waterborne diseases caused by chemical substanceschemical substances
• ArsenicosisCause Cause : high levels of
arsenic (GV =0.01mg/l)
SymptomsSymptomsSkin cancer diabetes,
bladder cancer ,high blood pressure ,..
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Waterborne diseases caused by Waterborne diseases caused by chemical substanceschemical substances
• FluorosisCause Cause : high levels of
fluorine(GV=1.5 mg\l)Symptoms:Symptoms:Severe skeletal
problems.
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Waterborne diseases caused by Waterborne diseases caused by chemical substanceschemical substances
• MethaeglobinemiaMain Cause Main Cause : high
levels of nitrates(GV=50mg/l)
Symptoms:Symptoms:Blueness around the
mouth ,vomiting , diarrhoea.
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Waterborne diseases caused by Waterborne diseases caused by chemical substanceschemical substances
• DDTand heptachlor (pesticides)(heptachlor GV=.03mg/l)Symptoms:Symptoms:Cause cancer , neurological disease(In Dakka , heptachlor residues in water
sources reached .789 mg/l ).
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Waterborne diseases caused by Waterborne diseases caused by chemical substanceschemical substances
• LeadSymptoms:Symptoms:• Affect the central nervous system.• PetrochemicalsSymptoms:Symptoms:• Cause cancer even at low exposure .