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WARMUP:
Please have a seat and take out your Hot Zone books.
Agenda:1. Discuss Microbiology Quiz and Hot Zone (pt 1 quiz)2. Discuss Karyotypes3. Introduce Embryology 4. Hot Zone Reading Session (if time)
HWK:
Articles are due on Tuesday (be prepared for 3-4 open note quizzes)
Please work on the Review Sheet (this is on my teacher site)
Embryology Quest and Review Sheet due Tuesday
Locate your textbook- Due on Friday 1/23
OBJECTIVES 1/15/2015
HONORS
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WARMUP:Please have a seat and take out your Final Review Sheet and Answers (#10-19)
Agenda:1. Discuss Microbiology Quiz 2. Discuss Karyotypes3. Introduce Embryology 4. Final Review Session (time to get ahead on your hwk)
HWK:Final Review Packet- due TuesdayEmbryology Quest and Embryo Review Sheet due TuesdayLocate your textbook- Due on Friday 1/23
OBJECTIVES 1/15/2015
ACADEMIC
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Karyotypes
FEMALESMALES
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23 pairs of chromosomes
How much DNA do we have?
23andMe
BrainPop-
Genetics
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Klinfelters Syndrome
Males who have have an XXY pattern.
Physical development: Don’t make as much testosterone as other boys.Tend to be taller, less muscular body, less facial and body hair, and broader hips), larger breasts, weaker bones, and a lower energy level and infertility .
1 of every 500 males has an extra X chromosome, but many don’t have any symptoms.
KS
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Downs SyndromeTrisomy 21, is a condition in which extra genetic material causes delays in the way a child develops, both mentally and physically. It affects about 1 in every 800 babies born in the United States.
Physically- flat facial profile, an upward slant to the eyes, small ears, and a protruding tongue.
Age 30 1 in 1,000 Age 351 in 400 Age 40 1 in 100.Downs
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Turners SyndromeGirls with Turner syndrome are born with only 1 X or they are missing part of one X chromosome.
Girls with Turner syndrome are usually short in height (4 feet 7in.)Heart & kidney problems, over weight, learning disabilities, webbed neck, drooping eyelids and more…
affects about 1 in every 2,500 girls.Turners
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Overview of Sexual Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction is the combination of genetic information from 2 different organisms
• Increases diversity in a population
• Sex cells AKA germ cells or gametes• Created By Meiosis
• Meiosis is made up of 2 nuclear divisions:• Meiosis I – homologous
chromosomes separate• Meiosis II – sister chromatids
separate
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Meiosis I
Interphase
Telophase I
Anaphase I
Metaphase IProphase I
Cytokinesis Images from: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/meiosis/teloi.html
What happens here?? What happens here??
What type of cell am I??
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Meiosis II Coming from Meiosis I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase IITelophase II
CytokinesisImages from: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/meiosis/teloi.html
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HUMAN GAMETES:
• The Human Gametes are…• Sperm – male (23 chromosomes)• Ovum (egg) – female (23
chromosomes)
• Gametes are made through a specialized form of meiosis…• Spermatogenesis – formation of
sperm• Oogenesis – formation of ova
• Gametes are made in the gonads…• Testes in males• Ovaries in females
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MEIOSIS
2n=4
sex cell
diploid (2n)
n=2
n=2
meiosis I
n=2
n=2
n=2
n=2
sperm
haploid (n)
meiosis II
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SPERM- 4 parts
1. Acrosome – holds powerful enzymes that help sperm enter egg cell
2. Nucleus – 23 chromosomes3. Midpiece – holds
mitochondria (provides energy)
4. Tail – 1 flagellum, allows sperm to ‘swim’
4
1
2
3
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Spermatogenesis
This process begins in puberty, continues until death
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Female AnatomyUTERUS
FALLOPIAN TUBE
OVARY
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OVUM Large cell with a nucleus =23
chromosomes Large cytoplasm containing:
Yolk – will be the precursor for blood and reproductive cells, in organisms other than mammals the yolk provides the nutrients for the developing embryo
Organelles – most importantly the mitochondria
Cell membrane – Which contains the rest of the cell
Layer of jelly – surrounds the cell membrane and protects the ovum
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Female Reproductive Organ
Fallopian tubes extend from the ovaries to the uterusThey provide the
pathway for ovum to reach the uterus
They are the site of fertilization
Uterus receives, retains, nourishes the fertilized ova
The ovaries are composed of sac-like structuresTheir job is to produce the ovum (eggs)
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The Process of Oogenesis
A female is born with a total supply of ovum (eggs)
Ability to release eggs begins at puberty and ends at menopause
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The Process of Oogenesis Only one primary oocyte goes through
meiosis at a time, this occurs once a month
If an egg is not fertilized it dies
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WARMUP:
..
Agenda:1. Finish Embryology2. Embryology Review Sheet 3. Hot Zone Reading Session with remaining time
HWK:
Articles are due on Tuesday (be prepared for 3-4 open note quizzes)
Please work on the Review Sheet (this is on my teacher site)
Embryology Quest and Review Sheet due Tuesday
Locate your textbook- Due on Friday 1/23
OBJECTIVES 1/16/2015
HONORS
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WARMUP:
WARMUP:
..
Agenda:1. Finish Embryology2. Embryology Review Sheet 3. Hot Zone Reading Session with remaining time
HWK:
Final Review Packet- due Tuesday
Embryology Quest and Embryo Review Sheet due Tuesday
Locate your textbook- Due on Friday 1/23
OBJECTIVES 1/15/2015
ACADEMIC
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Steps From Fertilization to Birth Fertilization Zygote Cleavage Morula Blastula Implantation Gestation Gastrula Embryo Fetus
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FertilizationFertilization or conception – ovum
and sperm combining Ovum has 48 hours from time released to
be fertilized If not fertilized they dissolve (menstruation
occurs)
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Fertilization
At the same time, when a man ejaculates… About 300 million sperm are deposited in the
vagina Only about 300 thousand reach the top of the
uterus And only 300 make it to the top of the
Fallopian tube where fertilization takes place Sperm, have approximately 48 hours before
they die
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Fertilization
Sperm breaks through layers meeting and fusing with the membrane surrounding the ovum
Sperm must burrow through layers of protective cells when they reach the ovum
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The steps of fertilization
1. Sperm contacts jelly layer and the egg cell recognizes the proteins on sperm cell
2. Acrosome breaks and releases enzymes that break the jelly layer around the ovum
3. Sperm forms a tube that pushes to the cell membrane
4. Tube fuses with cell membrane5. Sperm nucleus moves into the egg, tail
stays behind6. Fertilization – officially occurs when the 2
nuclei fuse
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FERTILIZATION Within ~20 seconds a reaction occurs to form
fertilization membrane – blocks additional sperm from entering the cell
Why would the entry of multiple sperm be bad?
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FERTILIZATION
A new cell called the zygote has been formedDiploidWill enter mitosisGenetic material will be
copied millions of times and it will divide over and over again
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WARMUP:
..
Agenda:1. Finish Embryology2. Embryology Review Sheet 3. Hot Zone Reading Session with remaining time
HWK:
Articles are due on Tuesday (be prepared for 3-4 open note quizzes)
Please work on the Review Sheet (this is on my teacher site)
Embryology Quest and Review Sheet due Tuesday
Locate your textbook- Due on Friday 1/23
OBJECTIVES 1/16/2015
HONORS
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WARMUP:
WARMUP:
..
Agenda:1. Finish Embryology2. Embryology Review Sheet 3. Hot Zone Reading Session with remaining time
HWK:
Final Review Packet- due Tuesday
Embryology Quest and Embryo Review Sheet due Tuesday
Locate your textbook- Due on Friday 1/23
OBJECTIVES 1/15/2015
ACADEMIC
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Stem Cells Cells with the potential to develop into
many different cell types in the body. Stem cells are unspecialized (they do
not have a job in the body). Stem cells can divide and renew for long
periods of time.
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CleavageZygote first divides after about 24
hours after fertilization = cleavage After 3 days a solid ball of cells form=the
morula Cells in the morula divide into hundreds of cells
and form a ring around a fluid filled cavity= blastocyst
The blastocyst embeds itself in the uterine lining - implantation
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Fertilized eggCleavage – cell cycle without growth
Solid ball of cells
Hollow ball of cells AKA: blastula
Implantation (blastula implants in the endometrium of the uterus)
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GestationPregnancy or
gestation begins at implantation
After implantation cells begin to differentiate or gradually change into specific cell types
The 9 month period of pregnancy is divided into three trimesters
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Embryo Or Fetus?What’s the difference between an
embryo and a fetus?
Embryo Fetus
Less than 8 weeks oldOrgan systems formingLooks like a ball of cells
More than 8 weeks oldAll organ systems presentLooks like a tiny human
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Gastrulation Gastrulation= the period of time when cells
differentiate into three major germ layers: Endoderm– digestive tract, respiratory
system, liver, pancreas Mesoderm – muscles, tissues, bones Ectoderm – skin, brain, nervous system
Results in a Gastrula= a hollow ball with 3 distinct germ layers
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Important Membranes of the FetusAmnion- forms the amniotic sac
surrounds and protects developing embryo
Yolk sac – provides nutrition & site of formation of first blood & reproductive cells
Chorion- Surrounds all other membranesChorionic villi –forms the placenta
See figure 52-9
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The Placenta The placenta
creates an area of exchange between the mother and baby Blood of mother
and baby never mix Constant exchange
of nutrients, gases, pathogens, drugs and other substances
Fetus is attached to the placenta by the umbilical chord
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Spermatogonium
1* Spermatocyte
2* Spermatocyte
Spermatide
SpermM
ITO
SIS
ME
IOS
IS I
ME
IOS
IS I
I
DIF
FE
RE
NT
IAT
ION
Oogonium
1* Oocyte
2* oocyte
Spermatogonium
oogonium
Polar Body
Otid
Polar Body
Ovum
MIT
OS
IS
ME
IOS
IS I
ME
IOS
IS I
I
DIF
FE
RE
NT
IAT
ION
SPERMATOGENISIS:
OOGENISIS
Word Bank:differentiation,
meiosis I,mitosis,
meiosis II,sperm
spermatogonium 1* spermatocyte
spermatid, 2* spermatocyte
ovum,polar body, oogonium, 1* oocyte2* oocyte
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First Trimester Month 1
Fertilization, Cleavage, Implantation, Gastrulation
HCG (hormone) is produced
Month 2 & Month 3 Nervous system is the
first organ system to form. Heart develops and
begins beating All other organ systems
begin to form. Placenta forms and the
umbilical cord connects mother and embryo.
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First Trimester
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Second Trimester Month 4, 5 & 6
Accessory organs form. (Nails,
eyelashes, eyebrows) Baby moves (can suck its
thumb, kick and punch) Doctors can tell if it is a
boy or girl Mother can feel baby
moving Skin is covered by soft hair lungs begin to develop
21 wks 28 wks
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Third TrimesterMonths 7, 8 and 9 Organs continue to
develop Starts to gain fat under
skin Size increases rapidly The immune system
develops Can sense light and
darkness and react to sounds
Labor will be triggered by the release of a hormone called oxytocin
36 wks
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Labor Dilation
Oxytocin is released causing:Contractions to beginCervix to dilate
baby’s head pushed down amniotic sac bursts (water
breaks) Expulsion
Cervix is fully dilated (10cm) Contractions occur every 1-2
min. The child is delivered
Afterbirth The placenta (afterbirth) is
delivered
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Premature Birth A baby can survive if born 23 weeks early (during
2nd trimester) Increased risk of developmental and medical
problems 1 in 10 babies are premature Causes:
Rupture of amniotic sac Certain infections Weak cervix (from previous pregnancy) Uterine abnormalities Previous premature delivery Substance abuse Malnutrition
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Twins Monozygotic twins
They are genetically identical
Occurs when the fertilized egg splits completely in half during cleavage
Dizygotic twins Non-identical twins Occurs when two or
more eggs are released by the mother at a time and are fertilized by two different sperm cells
Fraternal TwinsIdentical Twins