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War Erupts!The Civil War
Chapter 16
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First Shots at Fort Sumter!
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*Southern states began seceding from the Union!!
*State officials took over most federal forts inside their borders.
*One was Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.
*It was running low on supplies.
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*Lincoln knew that supplying the fort might lead to war, but if he withdrew troops, rebels would take it.
*Lincoln decided to send supplies!
*Confederate leaders responded by attacking the fort on April 12th, 1861.
*Lincoln called on Northerners to put down the rebellion.
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*Southern states reacted angrily and seceded from the Union!
*The Confederacy was happy to have Virginia: large and wealthy state. Also home to Robert E. Lee, a talented/respected military leader. *Confederacy’s capital: Richmond, VA
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Confederate General Robert E. Lee
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Choosing Sides: Strengths and Weaknesses:
*Border states: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri were slave states that bordered the North.
*B/c of their resources and location, these states could tip the scales toward one side of the war!
*All four states stayed in the Union. *In all – 24 states made up the Union.*11 states joined the Confederacy.
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Union Advantages: (North)
*More than twice as many citizens than the South.
*More than 80 percent of the nation’s factories were located in the North.
*President Lincoln was a very able leader.
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Confederate Advantages: (South)
*Great generals, including Robert E. Lee.
*Dedicated soldiers ready to defend their homes and families.
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Confederate Strategy: *Didn’t want to conquer the North!
Only wanted to be independent!*Hoped to win foreign support by
using cotton*South grew most of the cotton for
Europe’s textile mills. *Southern planters withheld cotton
from the market hoping to force France and Britain to their aid.
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*France and Britain had a surplus of cotton and did not help the Confederacy and Europe had NO involvement in the war!
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Union Strategy: *Goal: Bring Southern states
back into Union.*Anaconda Plan!! North would
squeeze the Southern economy like a giant anaconda snake smothering its prey.
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Anaconda Plan
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*Plan: naval blockade of the South’s coastline to prevent the transportation of goods or people into or out of an area.
*Also gain control of Miss. river to split the Confederacy in two.
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Battle of Bull Run: *Summer 1861: Lincoln ordered
invasion of Virginia*Goal: conquer Richmond (capital).*Battle happened next to river called
Bull Run.*Confederacy won! Thrilled South!
Shocked North!*North realized it had underestimated
its opponent*Lincoln began to prepare for a long
war.
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Life in the Army Ch. 16, Section 2
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Who Fought
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Who Fought*In all, about 3 million Americans
fought. -Roughly 2 million served the
Union.-Just under 1 million served the
Confederacy.*Majority of soldiers between the
ages of 18 and 30.*Majority born in the U.S.
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*Immigrants from other countries served both sides.
*Native Americans also served both sides.
*As conflict wore on, North allowed African Americans to serve.
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Why Did They Enlist?*Many were volunteers.*Enlisted for a variety of reasons:-sought adventure and glory-escape a life of boredom-fought for loyalty-the recruitment money*Hours of drills and exercises each
day, dug trenches, cut firewood, and cleaned camp.
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*Union soldiers: blue uniforms*Confederate soldiers: gray
uniforms*Rations included: beef or salt
pork, flour, vegetables, and coffee.
*Battlefield: more limited. Some soldiers went hungry b/c supply trains could not reach them.
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Hardships of Army Life*Fields: wet, muddy, and cold. *Camps: unclean due to piled up
garbage and outdoor toilets. *Soldiers filthy going weeks
without bathing or washing their clothes.
*Became overrun with fleas and lice.
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*Hygiene: conditions and practices that promote health was poor during the war.
*Widespread sickness! Diseases killed more soldiers during the Civil War than battle wounds.
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Changes in Military Technology:
*Military technology advances led to higher death rates for both sides.
1. Development of the rifle - gun with a grooved barrel causing a bullet to spin giving it more distance and accuracy.
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2. Minie Ball – bullet with a hollow base – expands upon firing to fit the grooves of the barrel.
3. Ironclad – warship covered with iron. These ships could withstand attack better than wooden ships.
Union Ironclad: Monitor fought the Confederate ironclad: Merrimack. (no clear winner)
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