Download - Von Neumann Machine Architecture (CSO)
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Chapter 02: Computer Organization
Lesson 01:Von Neumann Machine Architecture
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Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer ArchitectureCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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• Understand von Neumann stored program architecture• Understand alternate architecture─ Harvard Machine architecture• Understand the meaning of a program
Objective:
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von Neumann machine architecture
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Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer ArchitectureCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Storing of Program and Data in Memory
• A stored program concept is one in which first the program and data are stored in the main memory and then the processor fetches instructions and executes them, one after another
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von Neumann’s stored-program computer architecture
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Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer ArchitectureCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Before Stored-program computer architecture
• Many computers programmed• Setting the switches or rewiring circuit boards to
define the new program• Required a great deal of time• Prone to errors
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First significant aspect of stored-program computer architecture
• Allows programs to be easily stored and loaded into the machine (processor) from the main memory
• Same set of control signal (s) for the instructions and data fetch
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von Neumann’s Stored-program computer architecture
• Once a program has been developed and debugged, the numbers that represent its instructions can be written out onto a storage device, allowing the program to be loaded back into (main) memory at some point in the future
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Second aspect of the stored-program abstraction
• Perhaps even more significant than first• Allows programs to treat themselves or other
programs as data
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Stored-program abstraction
• Second aspect facilitates compilers, debuggers, programming tools designing
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Stored-program abstraction as the self-modifying programs
• Programs that treat themselves as data can also function as the self-modifying programs
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Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer ArchitectureCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Use of self-modifying codes
• Have become much less common in more-modern machines
• May not be needed due to the powerful instruction set in the new machines
• Changing the program during execution makes it harder to debug
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Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer ArchitectureCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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von Neumann’s architecture Self-modifying codes
• Feature not Required • Computers have become faster• Ease of program implementation and debugging
has become more important than the performance improvements achievable in most earlier programming cases in which self-modifying codes were used
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Stored-program computer architecture
• The stored-program abstraction (representing instructions as numbers stored in memory)─ A major breakthrough in early computer architecture
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Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer ArchitectureCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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von Neumann Stored-program computer architecture
• Almost most computers in use today─stored-program computers
• They represent programs as numbers that are stored in the same address space as datain case of von Neumann architecture
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von Neumann’s stored-program computer memory architecture
• In the program instructions and data are stored in the main memory units without distinguishing these words (bytes) from one another
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Example of von Neumann Architecture and addresses for stored program
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Harvard machine memory architecture
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An aspect of Harvard Machine architecture
• Allows programs to be separately stored and loaded into the machine (processor) from the program memory and data from data memory
• The set of control signal (s) different for the instructions and data fetches
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Harvard Architecture for stored programs
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Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer ArchitectureCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Few aspects of Harvard Machine architecture
• Enables single instruction operating on multiple data (SIMD)
• Allows programs to be separately stored and loaded into the machine (processor) from the read only program memory while data from data read and write memory
• The set of control signal (s) different for the instructions and data fetches
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Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer ArchitectureCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Meaning of a Program
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Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer ArchitectureCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Meaning of Program
• Programmer’s view─ sequences of instructions that tell the computer what operations to do
• The computer's view of the instructions that make up a given program─ often very different from the program writer's view
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Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer ArchitectureCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Meaning of Program to the computer
• Program made up of a sequence of numbers that represent individual operations.
• These operations known as machineinstructions or just instructions
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Meaning of Instruction Set
• The set of operations that a given processor can execute
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Programmer’s view
• Program─ y = i * * 4
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Computer's view it as MACHINE INSTRUCTIONS
• Assume Program y = i * * 4 (i) Move bits from address of i into A register
[A ≡ i] (ii) Move A register into B register [B ≡ i]
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Meaning of Program
(iii) Multiple A register * B register and put result in A itself [A ≡ i2]
(iv) Multiple A register * B register [A ≡ i3] (v) Multiple A register * B register [A ≡ i4] (vi) Put the result at the address of y [y ≡ i4]
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Summary
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Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer ArchitectureCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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We learnt
• Stored program concept─ store instruction and data in main memory before execution
• von Neumann stored-program architecture stores instruction and data in main memory without distinguishing them from one another
• Store instruction and data in main memory at the same address space
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Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer ArchitectureCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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We learnt
• Harvard architecture program stores instruction and data in different memory with distinguishing them from one another
• Store instruction and data in different memory at the different address spaces
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Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer ArchitectureCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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We learnt
• Meaning of Program To the programmer• Meaning of Program To the computer
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End of Lesson 01 on
Von Neumann Machine Architecture