VOLUNTARY FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS THAT RESPECT, PROTECT, AND FULFILL HUMAN RIGHTSA Conceptual Framework
AUGUST 2013
Cover photo credits (clockwise): Davis Dennis, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Shreyans Bhansali
Suggested citation: Hardee, K., K. Newman, L. Bakamjian, J. Kumar, S. Harris, M. Rodriguez, and K. Willson. 2013. Voluntary Family Planning Programs that Respect, Protect, and Fulfill Human Rights: A Conceptual
Framework. Washington, DC: Futures Group.
ISBN: 978-1-59560-015-8
This report is based on research funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The findings and conclusions contained within are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect positions or policies of
the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
VOLUNTARY FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS
THAT RESPECT, PROTECT, AND FULFILL
HUMAN RIGHTS
A Conceptual Framework
By Karen HardeeKaren Newman
Lynn Bakamjian Jan KumarShannon Harris Mariela RodríguezKay Willson
August 2013
� � �
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................iv
Executive Summary................................................................................................................. v
Abbreviations.........................................................................................................................viii
I. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1
II. Human Rights and Health and the Foundation for Voluntary, Rights-Based Family
Planning .............................................................................................................................. 3� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �III. Human Rights-based and Public Health Programming .................................................. 6
IV. Programming Voluntary, Rights-based Family Planning ................................................ 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! "V. The Framework for Voluntary, Right-based Family Planning........................................ 12# � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! &� � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! �� � � $ � � ' � � � � � � � ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! )* � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! +, - . / 0 1 2 , - / 0 3 4 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 78 - 9 : ; 2 < 3 = 3 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 7> 3 1 = : ; 3 < 3 = 3 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ? @, - A A . / : 0 2 < 3 = 3 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ? 6B / C : = : C . D 9 < 3 = 3 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ? EF � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � & �F � � � � � � � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � & GVI. Summary and Recommendations.................................................................................. 27
Annex 1. Treaties, Declarations, and Conventions Establishing Reproductive Rights...... 29
References ............................................................................................................................. 34
Glossary of Terms................................................................................................................... 43
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“When I travel and talk to women around the world, they tell me that access to contraceptives can often be the difference between life and death. Today is about listening to their voices, about meeting their aspirations, and giving them the power to create a better life for themselves and their families.”
Melinda Gates, co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation at the London Family Planning Summit, July 11, 2012
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Box 1. Family Planning and Sexual
Reproductive Health and Rights in the
London FP Summit
“The Summit and its follow-up will align fully with the broader SRHR [sexual reproductive health and rights] framework established by the [ICPD] almost 20 years ago. The Summit will have a strong focus on equity and rights and will emphasise freedom of access to a range of contraceptives for married and unmarried women, marginalized communities, and adolescents.”
London Summit on Family Planning, 2012: 2
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II. HUMAN RIGHTS AND HEALTH AND THE FOUNDATION FOR
VOLUNTARY, RIGHTS-BASED FAMILY PLANNING
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“By focusing only on blatant violations—such as sterilization without consent—human rights methodologies also can miss subtler but more widespread and persistent violations of human rights.”
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“The underlying assumption is that in a human rights approach individual rights are protected at all costs….Yet a rights-based approach does not privilege protection of individual rights over the public good.”
Gruskin and Loff, 2002: 1880
“In trying to make the world a better place, there are merits to using both the public health approach and the rights-based approach. Although we look at the world through different lenses, we must look for ways to harmonize our efforts.”
Shelton, 2001: 22
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Figure 1: The Quality of Human Rights and Public Health in a Program
Source: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the François-Xavier Bagnoud Centre for Health and Human Rights, 1999; cited in WHO, 2001.� � � � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � N � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � S � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � O� � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � S � � �� � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � M � � � � N F � � � � S & " " G ] P � F S & " " ! O �
Needs to improve PH
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Poor HR and PH quality
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Needs to improve HR
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IV. PROGRAMMING VOLUNTARY, RIGHTS-BASED FAMILY
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`� � � � � � opportunity to choose
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S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Sa broad range of methods and
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� � � � � � � � � � � � Q � � � � � � � % � � � � l V � � � � � � � $ � � % � � � m � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � _ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � M � � � � � � � $ � � � � � � � N T � Q � � � S ! ^ ^ � ] T � � � � � � ' � � � � S ! ^ ^ + O S � � � � �� F � ( N ( � � � � � � � � S & " " � O S ' � � � � � � � � � � � � � N J � � � � � � � S ! ^ ^ s O S � � � m � � � % * � � � � � � � � � � �
Box 2. Access, Quality, and Medical Barriers to Family Planning
“Access to family planning, quality of care, and medical barriers to services are key factors in the adoption of contraceptive care. Access helps determine whether the individual makes contact with the family planning provider, while quality of care greatly affects the client’s decision to accept a method and the motivation to continue using it. Medical barriers are scientifically unjustified policies or practices…that inappropriately prevent clients from receiving the contractive method of their choice or impose unnecessary process barriers to access to family planning services.”
Bertrand et al., 1995: 64
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Charter of Sexual and Reproductive Rights
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based approachS � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � � N F � � � � S& " " G ] K � � � % � � S � � � S & " " s ] Z U � � S & " ! " O `Õ / D 9 2 Ö : / c 0 e 3 : / 3 × . D 9 : 0 : 3 d � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � � % � � � � ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � � � � D / ; e - 1 3 C : / D d 2 d 0 3 A - f 1 : c e 0 d D / C; - 1 1 3 d b - / C : / c - i 9 : c D 0 : - / d � � M � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � e . A D /1 : c e 0 d b 1 : / ; : b 9 3 d � � � � � b D 1 0 : ; : b D 0 : - / Ø D ; ; - . / 0 D i : 9 : 0 2 Ø / - / C : d ; 1 : A : / D 0 : - / Ø � � � 3 A b - g 3 1 A 3 / 0P � � % � � � � $ � � � 3 × . : 0 D i 9 3 � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � R D = D : 9 D i : 9 : 0 2 Ø D ; ; 3 d d : i : 9 : 0 2 Ø D ; ; 3 b 0 D i : 9 : 0 2 Ø D / C× . D 9 : 0 2 $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �Ù A b - g 3 1 : / c b 3 - b 9 3 � � � � � R � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Q � R � b D 1 0 : ; : b D 0 3 � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � M � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � P � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Ú � � � � � � � � � � N & " ! & O � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S
legally required priorities� � � � � � ( � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � M � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � _ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � $ � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
Box 4. Describing a Human Rights-based
Approach
“In recent years, two distinct but complementary approaches have evolved. The first is a legal approach. This
uses human rights standards, the formal system of international human rights law, to emphasize legal obligations to respect, protect and fulfill rights. The second is a broader development-centered approach.
This draws from the standards and principles of human rights and demands adherence to ‘good development practices’ such as participation and inclusion.”
DFID, 2005: 2
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( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � % � � $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � J � � � � � � � � � � � � _ � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � �( � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � % � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � % � � � L ) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ' � � � � � � � � � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � �Box 5. Principles to Support the Goal of Reaching 120 Million Additional Women by 2020
Protection of the human rights of women and girls, including through policies and mechanisms to ensure informed choice of a broad range of high-quality, safe, effective, acceptable, and affordable contraceptive methods; nondiscrimination, and assurance that women and girls are fully informed and not coerced by any means.
Integration of family planning within the continuum of care for women and children (including HIV-related services); and development of mechanisms that address barriers to access to affordable and high-quality information, supplies, and services for family planning, yet are adaptable and can be expanded to meet a broader set of unmet health and development needs of women and children.
Universal access to voluntary contraceptive information, services, and supplies, within the context of integrated programmes to achieve sexual and reproductive health and rights and the health-related MDGs.
Equity in policies and program design and implementation, such as the removal of policy and financial barriers and the development of public and private delivery mechanisms, so that the poorest and most vulnerable women and girls have ready access to affordable, high-quality family planning information, supplies, and services.
Empowering women to decide whether and when they wish to become pregnant as well as how many children they wish to have.
Participatory development of country plans based on consultations with, and the views of, all stakeholders, especially poor and marginalised girls and women.
Strong partnerships among and between a broad base of stakeholders—community, governments, political leaders, civil society organisations (including faith-based organisations), the private sector, donors, and multilaterals—to help ensure high-quality service delivery, outreach to more disadvantaged groups, [the] building [of] community support, and programme accountability to the people served.
Commitment to results, transparency, and accountability to ensure countries and the global community track progress towards results, as well as [to] monitoring and assessing [the] protection of human rights and the extent to which the poor and marginalised women and adolescent girls are reached.
London Summit on Family Planning, 2012: 5
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V. THE FRAMEWORK FOR VOLUNTARY, RIGHT-BASED FAMILY
PLANNING
Development and Purpose of the Framework� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � K � � � � S ( � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � I J � � � � � K � � � � � � � � � � � Û � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � % � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � # � � $ � � � � � � �� � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � L � � � � � � � � � $ � � % � S Ü � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �M � ( � � � � � � � � � � � % N & " " + O S � � � $Framework for Voluntary, Family Planning Programs that
Respect, Protect, and Fulfill Human Rights$ � � � � � � � � �# � � � � M % � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �F � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Q � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S� � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �W � � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � % � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � � � � � � Q � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � _ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � $ � � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � % � � S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � S � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � p � � � � M $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � w � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � L � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � q N � M � � � S � � F � � � � S & " " G ` � O � � � � � � $ � � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � $ � � � � � � $ � � � % � _ � � � � � � `P � � � � � M � � � R � � � M � � � � � � R � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � S � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Ú N � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � OP � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � %� � % Ú N � � � � � OP � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � S � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � Ú N � � � � � � OP � � � � � � � M � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � S � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Ú N � � � � � O
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Box 1. Treaties, Declarations, and Conventions with Particular Relevance for Reproductive Health and
Rights, Including Family Planning
Treaties (have the status of international law)International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966)International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (1969)Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979)Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)
Conference Documents (add content and meaning to human rights)Tehran Conference on Human Rights (1968)World Population Plan of Action (1974, 1984)International Conference on Population and Development Programme of Action (1994)Fourth World Conference on Women Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995)United Nations World Conference on Human Rights (1993)
Declarations (no legal status, but have “undeniable moral force and provide practical guidance to States in their conduct” [UNHCRH, n.d.])
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)Millennium Declaration (2000) and related Millennium Development Goals (2001), which included Target 5b (universal access to reproductive health) in 2007
For a more complete list of relevant treaties, conventions, and agreements related to reproductive health and rights, see UNFPA, 2012: 4–5. Also see OHCHR, n.d./b and n.d./c, for an explanation of the
legal force of these instruments.
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� � � � � � � S J � N & " " G O � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � * � � � � ` � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 - b . 9 D 0 : - / D / CM 3 = 3 9 - b A 3 / 0 Ñ 3 = : 3 g � & N � O ` G & ^ x G G s �� � � � � � � S J � N & " " + O � Ó D 0 D 9 I : d ; - / ; 3 b 0 : - / d � � � � � � ` � � � � � � � Z � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � S V � S K � � � � � S � S � � � � � � S � � N & " ! & O � Z � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � ö e 3 < D / ; 3 0 � + " N ^ + � s O ` ! s & x ! + " �� � � � � � � S V � S T � � � � � � S ( � S � � � M � S � J � S W � � � � S F � S ' � � � � � S J � S � � � K � � � % � � S ' � N & " ! " O � Z � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � L � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ` � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � % � � H . 9 9 3 0 : / - f0 e 3 r - 1 9 C Ò 3 D 9 0 e N 1 c D / : Ö D 0 : - / + + N s O ` ) ) ! x ) ) ) �� � � � � S � � N & " " ) O � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � J � � � � � � � � # � � � � � � K � � � � ` � J � � � � � � W � � % �> 0 . C : 3 d : / Ó D A : 9 2 8 9 D / / : / c � G N ! O ` s ! x s ^ �# � � � � S ' � N & " ! & O � J � � � � � � � � � U � � � � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 - 9 : ; 2 D / C B d d . 3 H 1 : 3 f �P � � � � � � � S # � ` � � � � � � � � � � � � � * � � � � � � � � � �# � � � � � � � � * � � � � � � � � � # � � � � � � N # � * # O � N & " " � O � > 3 4 . D 9 D / C Ñ 3 b 1 - C . ; 0 : = 3 Ò 3 D 9 0 e D / C Ñ : c e 0 d 5Õ 8 - d : 0 : - / 8 D b 3 1 5 W � � � � � ` # � * # �# � � � � � � � � * � � � � � � � � � # � � � � � � N # � * # O � N & " " ) O � Ò - g 0 - Ñ 3 C . ; 3 I D 0 3 1 / D 9 M 3 D 0 e d Ô Ñ : c e 0 d D / CÑ 3 d b - / d : i : 9 : 0 : 3 d � W � � � � � ` # � * # S � � � � � � # � � � � � � � �# � � � � � � � � * � � � � � � � � � # � � � � � � N # � * # O � N & " ! " O � , e - : ; 3 d f - 1 g - A 3 / j b 9 D / / 3 C b 1 3 c / D / ; : 3 d Ød D f 3 i : 1 0 e d D / C e 3 D 9 0 e 2 / 3 g i - 1 / d Ô ö e 3 Ó 1 D A 3 g - 1 h f - 1 Ñ 3 d . 9 0 d f - 1 B A b 1 - = : / c Ñ 3 b 1 - C . ; 0 : = 3 Ø I D 0 3 1 / D 9 D / CQ 3 g i - 1 / Ò 3 D 9 0 e : / 0 e 3 M 3 = 3 9 - b : / c r - 1 9 C � W � � � � � ` # � * # �# � � � � � � � � * � � � � � � � � � # � � � � � � N # � * # O � N � � � � O � Ñ 3 b 1 - C . ; 0 : = 3 Ø I D 0 3 1 / D 9 D / C , e : 9 C Ò 3 D 9 0 e � � ` l l $ $ $ � � � � � � � � � � � % l � � � � � � � � � V � � � � � � ! " S & " ! � �# � L � � � J � � � � S � � N ! ^ ^ � O � 8 - b . 9 D 0 : - / 8 - 9 : ; 2 D / C r - A 3 / R d Ñ : c e 0 d 5 � � � � � � S � F ` � � � � � �# � � � � � � � � S � V � N ! ^ ^ " O � Q D 0 . 1 3 Õ c D : / d 0 J d 5 ö e 3 J / : 0 3 C > 0 D 0 3 d D / C 0 e 3 r - 1 9 C 8 - b . 9 D 0 : - / , 1 : d : d Ø 6 S T U V6 S 7 @ 5 � � � � � � � � S U � ` Z � � � � � � � � � U � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �( � � � S � P � N & " " � O � K 9 - i D 9 8 - b . 9 D 0 : - / 8 - 9 : ; 2 Ô Ó 1 - A 8 - b . 9 D 0 : - / , - / 0 1 - 9 0 - Ñ 3 b 1 - C . ; 0 : = 3 Ñ : c e 0 d �P � � � � � � � � S # ( ` Z � � � � � � � � � # � � $ � � � � � � �( � � � S ' � N & " ! & O � 8 3 1 d b 3 ; 0 : = 3 - / 0 e 3 < - / C - / Ó D A : 9 2 8 9 D / / : / c > . A A : 0 Ô > 3 3 : / c 0 e 3 Ó - 1 1 3 d 0 D / C ö 1 3 3 d 5� � � � � � � S � � � � � � � � � % � � ` l l $ $ $ � � � � � � � � � % � � � � l � � � � � l & " ! & l " s l ! " l � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � # � � M � & ^ S & " ! & �( � � � � � � � � � N & " " � O � , N 8 Ù Ò D / C i - - h Ô Õ 8 1 - ; 3 d d f - 1 B A b 1 - = : / c ¿ . D 9 : 0 2 : / Ò 3 D 9 0 e > 3 1 = : ; 3 d � � � � � �( � � � � � � U $ y � � % ` ( � � � � � � � � �( � � � � � � � � � N & " ! ! O � > Ù Ù M W Õ d d 3 d d A 3 / 0 K . : C 3 f - 1 Ó D A : 9 2 8 9 D / / : / c 8 1 - c 1 D A A : / c 5 U $ y � � % `( � � � � � � � � �
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� � � % � � S ' � N & " " � O � � � � � $ � � % � � � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � � � � � � � _ � � � ` � � � � � � � � �� � F * � ( � ] - . 1 / D 9 - f Ò 3 D 9 0 e 8 - b . 9 D 0 : - / D / C Q . 0 1 : 0 : - / & ! N � O ` ! G + x ! + " �� � � � S ( � S ' � � � � S ' � � � S � � � � � � � S T � N & " " ^ O � K 3 / C 3 1 8 3 1 d b 3 ; 0 : = 3 d B A b 1 - = 3 Ñ 3 b 1 - C . ; 0 : = 3 Ò 3 D 9 0 eN . 0 ; - A 3 d Ô Q 3 g Ù = : C 3 / ; 3 5 P � � � � � � � S # � ` * � � � � � � � K � � � P � � % � � � K � � � � �� � M � � � � � S P � S � � � � � � � S V � ( � � � N & " " s O � ö e 3 K 9 - i D 9 Ó D A : 9 2 8 9 D / / : / c Ñ 3 = - 9 . 0 : - / Ô ö e 1 3 3 M 3 ; D C 3 d - f8 - b . 9 D 0 : - / 8 - 9 : ; : 3 d D / C 8 1 - c 1 D A d 5 P � � � � � � � S # � ` P � � � � � � � % �� � � � � � � Q S J � S � � � � � � S ' � S P � � � � � � S T � S � � � � � � � S T � N � � � � � � � � � O � õ - 9 . / 0 D 1 2 Ó D A : 9 2 8 9 D / / : / c8 1 - c 1 D A d 0 e D 0 Ñ 3 d b 3 ; 0 Ø 8 1 - 0 3 ; 0 Ø D / C Ó . 9 f : 9 9 Ò . A D / Ñ : c e 0 d Ô Õ > 2 d 0 3 A D 0 : ; Ñ 3 = : 3 g - f Ù = : C 3 / ; 3 �P � � � � � � � S # � ` � � � � � K � � � � �� � � � S V � S � � � � � � � S T � N & " ! & O � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � J � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Z � � ] - . 1 / D 9 - fH : - d - ; : D 9 > ; : 3 / ; 3 � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � ` ! " � ! " ! s l ' " " & ! ^ � & " ! & " " " s ! ) �� � � � S V � S � � � ' � � � S V � N & " ! " O � M 3 = 3 9 - b : / c D Ó D A : 9 2 8 9 D / / : / c K - D 9 f - 1 ? @ 6 U 0 e D 0 > . b b - 1 0 d I M K j U i �P � � � � � � � S # � ` Z ' * # Á � � � � � � � � � * � � � � � � S � � � % F � � � ! S � � � � � K � � � � �' � � � � � � S J � S ' � S � � S V � � � � � � � � � � S � � S � � � ' � � � � S ' � N & " ! " O � Õ 8 - 9 : ; 2 Ñ 3 d b - / d 3 0 - B / ; 1 3 D d 3Õ ; ; 3 d d 0 - Ó D A : 9 2 8 9 D / / : / c > 3 1 = : ; 3 d f - 1 0 e 3 8 - - 1 : / ] e D 1 h e D / C Ø B / C : D � P � � � � � � � S # � ` � � � � � K � � � � SZ ' * # Á � � � � � � � � � * � � � � � � S � � � % F � � � ! �' ( � ' � N & " " " O � I D : / d 0 1 3 D A : / c ¿ . D 9 : 0 2 B A b 1 - = 3 A 3 / 0 : / Ó D A : 9 2 8 9 D / / : / c D / C Ñ 3 b 1 - C . ; 0 : = 3 Ò 3 D 9 0 e> 3 1 = : ; 3 d M 3 9 : = 3 1 2 5 , - / 0 3 4 0 ^ , D d 3 > 0 . C : 3 d 5 � � � � � � � S � ` V � � ' � � $ S * � � � ' ( � ' * * � � � n � �' � Q � S V � S � � � K � � Q S � � N ! ^ ^ + O � Ó D A : 9 2 8 9 D / / : / c D / C 8 - b . 9 D 0 : - / 8 1 - c 1 D A d : / , - 9 - A i : D 6 S T U 0 - 6 S S _ Ø8 - b . 9 D 0 : - / ö 3 ; e / : ; D 9 Õ d d : d 0 D / ; 3 8 1 - P 3 ; 0 u � F � � ( � � v � u & v S L L � � S ^ � S u � " v � � ` � " � �' � Q � S V � � N & " " & O � � F � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � # � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �8 - b . 9 D 0 : - / I D 0 0 3 1 d 5 ' � � � J � � � � � S � ` � U # �' � S K � N & " ! " O � * � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � L � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ` � � � � �� � � � � � � Ú > 0 . C : 3 d : / Ó D A : 9 2 8 9 D / / : / c � ! N & O ` ! � � x ! � G �' � � � S V � N & " " ! O � p P � � � [ � � � � � � � � � � � � � ` � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � � q * � � � � � & " " ! �Ñ 3 b 1 - C . ; 0 : = 3 Ò 3 D 9 0 e Ø K 3 / C 3 1 D / C Ò . A D / Ñ : c e 0 d Ô Õ M : D 9 - c . 3 5 P � � � � � � � S # � ` � � � �' � � � � � � S V � S � � � m � � � � � � S T � N & " ! & O � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ` � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ö e 3 < D / ; 3 0 � + " N ^ + � s O ` ! + ! x ! + ) �' � � � � � � S � � S � � � $ � S V � S � � � # � � Q S J � N & " " & O � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � _ � � � � � � � � � � ` � �� � � $ � � � � � � � � � � > 0 . C : 3 d : / Ó D A : 9 2 8 9 D / / : / c � � N ! O ` G ! x s ) �' � � � � � � S ' � N & " " ) O � P � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Ú Õ d : D j 8 D ; : f : ; 8 - b . 9 D 0 : - / ] - . 1 / D 9& " N & O ` � x ^ �' � � � � � � S ' � N & " " s O � p F � � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � � q � � � � ! � � � � M � � � � � S P � � � � V � � � � � S ( � � � ö e 3 K 9 - i D 9Ó D A : 9 2 8 9 D / / : / c Ñ 3 = - 9 . 0 : - / Ô ö e 1 3 3 M 3 ; D C 3 d - f 8 - b . 9 D 0 : - / 8 - 9 : ; : 3 d D / C 8 1 - c 1 D A d 5 P � � � � � � � S # � `P � � � � � � � % �
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' � � � S ' � S # � � � � � S V � S � � � � � S W � S � � � � � � � � � � � S J � N & " ! & O 5 Õ C C : / c : 0 J b Ô ö e 3 , - d 0 d D / C H 3 / 3 f : 0 d - fB / = 3 d 0 : / c : / Ó D A : 9 2 8 9 D / / : / c D / C I D 0 3 1 / D 9 D / C Q 3 g i - 1 / Ò 3 D 9 0 e � U $ y � � % ` K � � � � � � � � Z U � � �' � � � S V � ' � N & " " ^ O � , 1 3 D 0 : / c D Q 3 g , - / d 3 / d . d - / 8 - b . 9 D 0 : - / Ô ö e 3 8 - 9 : 0 : ; d - f Ñ 3 b 1 - C . ; 0 : = 3 Ò 3 D 9 0 e ØÑ 3 b 1 - C . ; 0 : = 3 Ñ : c e 0 d D / C r - A 3 / [ d Ù A b - g 3 1 A 3 / 0 � W � � � � � ` ( � � � � � � �Z � � � U � � � � � N Z U O � N ! ^ G G O � * � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � � � � S ' � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � U $y � � % � Z � � � U � � � � � �Z � � � U � � � � � N Z U O � N ! ^ G + O � � � � � � � � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � & & � � � � R ! � J � � ! ^ G + � U $ y � � % ` Z � � � U � � � � � �Z � � � U � � � � � N Z U O � N ! ^ s � O � P � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � P � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! ^ s � �� � � � � � � U $ y � � % ` Z � � � U � � � � � �Z � � � U � � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � � � � S ' � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � N Z U � ( ' � � O � N & " " " O � * � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � ( � � � � � � � S ' � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! & S K � � � � � � � � � U � � ! � � & " " " � p � � � � � � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � q � ` l l $ $ $ � � � � � � � l M � l � � � � � � � l N � � � M � � O l ( � � � ! & � & " " " � � � ( � � � � � � � J � � � & � S & " ! � �Z � � � U � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � N Z U � � O � N ! ^ ^ � O � 8 1 - c 1 D A A 3 - f Õ ; 0 : - / - f 0 e 3 B / 0 3 1 / D 0 : - / D 9 , - / f 3 1 3 / ; 3- / 8 - b . 9 D 0 : - / D / C M 3 = 3 9 - b A 3 / 0 � U $ y � � % ` Z U � � �Z � � � U � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � N Z U � � O � N & " " + O � > 3 4 . D 9 D / C Ñ 3 b 1 - C . ; 0 : = 3 Ò 3 D 9 0 e Ó 1 D A 3 g - 1 h DÑ 3 D 9 : 0 2 f - 1 Õ 9 9 � U $ y � � % ` Z U � � �Z � � � U � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � N Z U � � O � N & " ! " O � Õ Ò . A D / Ñ : c e 0 d j i D d 3 C Õ b b 1 - D ; e 0 -8 1 - c 1 D A A : / c À 8 1 D ; 0 : ; D 9 B A b 9 3 A 3 / 0 D 0 : - / I D / . D 9 D / C ö 1 D : / : / c I D 0 3 1 : D 9 d 5 U $ y � � % ` Z U � � � � �� � � � � ` � � � � � � � ' � � � � � � � � M � � � � � � � � ` l l $ $ $ � � � � � � � � � � l $ M � � � l � � l � � � M � � l � � � � l � � � � � � � l � � M � � � � � � � � l & " ! " l � M � l � M � O � � � � � � O � � L & " �� � � � � � � � � � � � � # � � M � & ^ S & " ! & �Z � � � U � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � N Z U � � O � N & " ! & O � H 2 , e - : ; 3 Ø Q - 0 i 2 , e D / ; 3 5 > 0 D 0 3 - f r - 1 9 C 8 - b . 9 D 0 : - /? @ 6 ? � U $ y � � % ` Z U � � �Z U � � � � N � � � � O � Z U � � � U � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � W � $ � � � � � � � � � � �K � � � ` Z U � � � � � ` l l $ $ $ � � � � � � � � � l � � $ � � � � l � � � � � l � � " ! � ^ ! + � � � � � � � � � � � � � J � � � & s S & " ! � �Z � � � ' � � � � � � � � � * � � � � � � � � � # � � � � � � N Z ' * # O � N � � � � l � O � Ñ 3 b - d : 0 : - / : / c Ó D A : 9 2 8 9 D / / : / c 5 � ` l l � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � l � � � O $ � � % l � � � M � � O � � l � � � l � � � � � l � � � � � � � � � � � l � � � L � � � � � � � � �# � � M � & s S & " ! & �Z � � � ' � � � � � � � � � * � � � � � � � � � # � � � � � � N Z ' * # O � N � � � � l M O � J > Õ B M [ d Ó D A : 9 2 8 9 D / / : / cK . : C : / c 8 1 : / ; : b 9 3 d D / C J 5 > 5 < 3 c : d 9 D 0 : = 3 D / C 8 - 9 : ; 2 Ñ 3 × . : 1 3 A 3 / 0 d 5 � ` l l � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � l � � � O $ � � % l � � � M � � O � � l � � � l � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � U � � � M � ! & S & " ! & �Z � � � ' � � � � � � � � � * � � � � � � � � � # � � � � � � N Z ' * # O � N ! ^ + & O � J > Õ B M 8 - 9 : ; 2 8 D b 3 1 - /8 - b . 9 D 0 : - / Õ d d : d 0 D / ; 3 � P � � � � � � � S # � S Z ' * # �
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