Vocational guidance and multicultural challenges
in Poland
POLANDUniversity of
Lodz
Anna Paszkowska-Rogacz
Labour market integration of immigrants in Europe - Implications for guidance policy, practice and research
Thessaloniki, 29-30 September 2011.
Agenda
Situational analysis Consequences Challenges Government’s response Guidance response Publications Resources
Basic information
Area: 312.685 sq. km.
Population: 38.181.000
Capital City: Warsaw
Political system: Republic
Executive authority: President of the Republic of Poland
Currency: Polish zloty (PLN)
Situational analysis
Historical development to current situation
The democratic system has been functioning in Poland since 1989
On 29 July 1989 the Parliament changed the country's name and constitution
The People's Republic of Poland became a thing of the past. The age of the Republic of Poland commenced
Since that time social, economic and political changes began to take place gradually
On 1st May 2004 the EU welcomed 74 million new European Citizens whose right to take up employment freely in any of the Member States undeniable East-West labour migration occurred however at the same time, there was evidence of some West-East
migration too, nevertheless, to a lesser extent
Situational analysis
Historical development of multiculturality
Before 1939 Poland was a big mosaic of different ethnic and religious groups (e.g. Ukrainians, Jews, Byelorussians, Germans, - Polish only 65.5%)
After 1945 Poland was changed into a one of the least differentiated countries in Europe – (minorities only 0.80% of citizens)
Between 1945 – 1989 all migration processes were officially prohibited
Experience of multiculturality - very inherent in Polish society in 1918 – 1939 - has been forgiven
Situational analysis
National and ethnic minorities in Poland in 2002 (305 938 = 0.8%)
Germans – 147 094
Byelorussians – 47 640
Ukrainians – 27 172
Lithuanians – 5 639
Russians – 3 244
Slovaks – 1710
Jews – 1055
Roms 12 731
Lemkos – 5850
Tartars – 447
Czechs – 386
Armenians – 262
Karaites – 43
Kaschubs (regional
language) – 52 655
Situational analysis
Foreigners living in Poland in 2009 (Polish population of 38,2 million)
Numbers of foreigners living in the country are about 45.000 people including 14.800 EU citizens
Foreigners accounted for only 0.1 percent of Poland's population - the lowest percentage in the European Union, according to Eurostat
(14.07.2011) Employed: 12.398 of which
women 3.726
On average in 2009, foreign citizens living in Poland were significantly older than the population of nationals (median age years 42.4 compared with 37.8 years).
Situational analysis
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Liczba osób ubiegających się o nadanie statusu uchodźcy w RP w latach 2001-2010
Foreign citizens applying for refugee status between 2001-2010
Situational analysis
Nationalities applying for refugee status in Poland in 2010
ARMENIA2%
VIETNAM1%
BELARUS1%
OTHERS7%
GEORGIA17%
RUSSIA72%
Situational analysis
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Wnioski o legalizację pobytu złożone przez cudzoziemców w latach 2001-2010
Applications and requests in matters concerning legalisation of the foreigners' stay on the territory of Republic of Poland between 2001-2010
Situational analysis
Residence permits for a long-term EC resident in 2010
Situational analysis
2862
1 825
611 591 541441
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
OTHERS GERMANY ITALY UK FRANCE BULGARIA
Residence permits for a specified period of time in 2010
Situational analysis
14306
8 477
2243 2274 2260
1166
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
OTHERS UKRAINA VIETNAM BELARUS CHINA ARMENIA
Settlement permits in 2010
Situational analysis
795
1 566
630
151118 103
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
OTHERS UKRAINA BELARUS RUSSIA ARMENIA VIETNAM
Work permits in 2010
10304 1075412153
18022
29340
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Situational analysis
Nationalities of employed foreign workers in 2011
Nationality # Nationality #Ukraine 9.504 Nepal 838
China 4.536 Korea 624
Vietnam 2.577 Armenia 619
Belarus 1.669 Moldova 601
Turkey 1.422 Japan 551
India 1.164 Russia 540
Situational analysis
Main sectors in which foreign workers were employed in 2009
Manufacturing (2.739) Education (2.401) Trade; repair of motor vehicles
(1.607) Transportation and storage
(1.105) Professional, scientific and
technical activities (957) Administrative and support
service activities (743) Information and communication
(498)
Financial and insurance activities (473)
Construction (461) Accommodation and catering (458) Human health and social work
activities (317) Arts, entertainment and recreation
(298) Agriculture, forestry and fishing
(86)
BUT……………
Situational analysis
…obstacles to accept work mobility in Poland become evident (1)
General problems of Polish economic transformation e.g. high unemployment rate (11.7% - 07.2011)
Legal/administrative obstacles - the misinformation, the complicated system of work permit applications (where appropriate), the lengthy procedure of applications, the difficulty in the recognition of professional qualification and experiences, the portability of social security rights and health insurance
Situational analysis
Material obstacles - the travel costs, the cost of living in a foreign country (housing problems are very often), the cost of money transfers, weak system of social welfare
Social and psychological obstacles: Polish society is not prepared enough to the debate about
conditions and consequences of contemporary migration processes
Knowledge about mechanisms of mobility and their influence on integration and globalisation is insufficient e.g. difference between immigrants and refugees are not disseminated
Attitudes toward foreigners are still based on stereotypes, attitudes and resentments
Situational analysis
…obstacles (2)
Example – some figures- foreigners in Poland
30% Polish know at least one person from different country (improvement of 5% in last 5 years)
73% Polish accept foreigners on national labour market - 31% without limitations; 42% in special jobs (e.g. construction); 22% is against their employment
At work respondents prefer to make contacts with Polish people then with foreigners; 49% prefer co-workers from Poland; for 45% it is not important; only 4% prefer to work with foreigners
51% prefer Polish as a manager; for 39% respondents it is not important
Situational analysis
Consequences
the possible isolation of the migrant workers from the host community; the feeling of being a foreigner or even worse, a “second class” citizen
the dilemma of the “difficult, dirty and dangerous” jobs, which isolates them even more from the host community
cases exploitation at the workplace, non-respect of individual rights or abuse. (e.g. workers from Ukraine, Vietnam, Belarus, Korea)
Challenges
The reception of migrant workers by a foreign country is first of all a demand-driven phenomenon, whereas migration can not occur unless there are jobs available on the Polish labour market
From the other side
A number of studies and researches pointed out that post-enlargement labour migration has had a positive impact on national production and also on consumption
Examples of government’s response
„Polish social strategy 2007 – 2013 – one of priorities: „social and vocational integration of immigrants” by four tasks:
Implementation of social and vocational integration policy in all public institution
Implementation of anti-dyscrimination policy against xenophobic attitudes towards groups of immigrants
Training of public administration and to prepare them to work with refugees
Developing of the process of creation of elites and empowerment of refugees’ society
Examples of guidance response
Project INTI (2005-2006): „Empowering migrants: Integration through Information and Training of Public Officials and NGOs” (www.migrant.info.pl).
Project ESF (2008): „Migration policy as an element of employment and downsize reduction”
Project EQUAL: (2004-2008) „Intercultural Centre of Vocational Adaptation”
Guidance centre for migrants
Postgraduate study for guidance practitioners
University of Lodz. Postgraduate study for career counsellors – module „Multicultural counselling”
National Centre of Vocational and Permanent Education – short term courses for guidance practitioners (also e-learning)
Publications (1)
Vocational Guidance and Multicultural Challenges
Practical guidelines for practitioners how to work with clients form other cultures
http://www.euroguidance.pl/publikacje/Career.pdf
Publications (2)
Developing Multicultural Competences of Guidance Practitioners
http://www.euroguidance.pl/index.php?id=5
Intercultural Centre
of Vocational Adaptation
Publications (3)
http://www.euroguidance.pl/index.php?id=5
Workshop of Multicultural Competences.
Manual for trainers
Publications (4)
http://www.euroguidance.pl/index.php?id=5
Intercultural Centre of Vocational Guidance
Publications (5)
http://www.euroguidance.pl/index.php?id=5
Resources
http://www.udsc.gov.pl http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus www.mswia.gov.pl http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/
ITY_PUBLIC/3-14072011-BP/EN/3-14072011-BP-EN.PDF
Thank you for your attention
Anna Paszkowska-Rogacz
Institute of Psychology
Department of Occupational Psychology and Career Counsellingul. Smugowa 10/12, 91-433 Lodz Polandphone: +48 426655581fax: +48 426655583e-mail: [email protected]://www.psych.uni.lodz.pl