1950-70 1970-90 1990-2010 Henceforth
Protection of forests for goods and services, source of revenue to the State
Wildlife protection strengthens within the basic tenets of forestry
Inclusive management of forests for conservation and livelihood security
Landscape management for ecological security, Consultative management processes, Foresters as custodians and environmental diplomats
Shifting Trajectories
Emphasis on decentralized governance
Strengthening forest staff and self governments
Targeting the poorest and socially marginalized
Better management of natural resourcesPromoting rural growth and income generation
Eco-development A win-win formula
Empowerment of Tribals
• Individual land/ pepper crop mortgaged • Income/livelihood reduced• Heavy dependency on Park resources
Impacts
Issues
Approach
• Freeing tribals from debt burden • 10-fold increase in tribal income from pepper• 60% reduction in firewood collection for sale• Community revolving fund established• Joint patrolling by tribals & park staff
• Tribals organized into EDCs• Financial support to pay back debts• Assistance to raise crops in current season• EDCs empowered to collect & market pepper
Managing Pilgrimage • 5 million pilgrims over two months• 1000 vendors (60% outsiders)• Unregulated exploitation of fuelwood, small timber • Excessive solid waste
Impacts
• Local EDCs to provide pilgrim needs• Pilgrim facilities confined• Confederation of the EDCs for financing & monitoring • Participatory rules/ regulations-environmental & social audit
Issues
Approach
• Impacts confined to restricted area• No small timber exploitation (2 lakh poles p.a. saved)• 70% reduction in fuelwood collection - alternative LPG• Assured income to local communities • National award to confederation for conservation•
Critical Tiger Habitat
Critical Wildlife Habitat
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006
The Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act 2006
National Forest Policy of 1988 Orientation shift
Institutionalizing Inclusive Approach
Integrate biodiversity rich areas in the wider landscapes
Engendering benefits to people, andTo receive wider social acceptance for conservation
DMP vs. PMP Paradigm
Dominant Management Paradigm
Top heavy, centralized
Bureaucratic, hierarchical
Confidential, individualistic
Above social auditing
Official, arbitrary
Participatory Management Paradigm
Devolutionary, decentralized
People-centered, democratic
Open, transparent
Collective, socially accountable
Social, participatory